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Sutton MM, Duffy MP, Verbruggen SW, Jacobs CR. Osteoclastogenesis Requires Primary Cilia Disassembly and Can Be Inhibited by Promoting Primary Cilia Formation Pharmacologically. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 213:235-244. [PMID: 37231815 PMCID: PMC10863750 DOI: 10.1159/000531098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a solitary, sensory organelle with many roles in bone development, maintenance, and function. In the osteogenic cell lineage, including skeletal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes, the primary cilium plays a vital role in the regulation of bone formation, and this has made it a promising pharmaceutical target to maintain bone health. While the role of the primary cilium in the osteogenic cell lineage has been increasingly characterized, little is known about the potential impact of targeting the cilium in relation to osteoclasts, a hematopoietic cell responsible for bone resorption. The objective of this study was to determine whether osteoclasts have a primary cilium and to investigate whether or not the primary cilium of macrophages, osteoclast precursors, serves a functional role in osteoclast formation. Using immunocytochemistry, we showed the macrophages have a primary cilium, while osteoclasts lack this organelle. Furthermore, we increased macrophage primary cilia incidence and length using fenoldopam mesylate and found that cells undergoing such treatment showed a significant decrease in the expression of osteoclast markers tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and c-Fos, as well as decreased osteoclast formation. This work is the first to show that macrophage primary cilia resorption may be a necessary step for osteoclast differentiation. Since primary cilia and preosteoclasts are responsive to fluid flow, we applied fluid flow at magnitudes present in the bone marrow to differentiating cells and found that osteoclastic gene expression by macrophages was not affected by fluid flow mechanical stimulation, suggesting that the role of the primary cilium in osteoclastogenesis is not a mechanosensory one. The primary cilium has been suggested to play a role in bone formation, and our findings indicate that it may also present a means to regulate bone resorption, presenting a dual benefit of developing ciliary-targeted pharmaceuticals for bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Sutton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. Duffy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefaan W. Verbruggen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and INSIGNEO Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher R. Jacobs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Chen Y, Huang C, Chen X, Cai Y, Li W, Fang X, Zhang W. Bone protein analysis via label-free quantitative proteomics in patients with periprosthetic joint infection. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104448. [PMID: 34883267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a catastrophic complication of arthroplasty. The treatment of PJI often requires multiple operations and long-term use of antibiotics, making PJI a substantial health and economic burden for patients. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the pathological mechanism of PJI to explore new therapeutic methods. This study aimed to explore proteomics changes in bone tissue around the prosthesis during PJI development, to explain the pathological mechanism and to provide new treatment ideas. Ten patients who underwent revision surgery at our institution were included: 5 patients with Staphylococcus aureus PJI and 5 patients with aseptic failure. The proteomics changes in bone tissues after PJI were investigated by label-free quantitative proteomics, and the pathways affected by the differential proteins were analyzed by GO annotation, GO enrichment analysis, KEGG enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis. We identified 435 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with 213 upregulated and 222 downregulated proteins. Analysis revealed activation of immune-related pathways, such as complement and coagulation cascades, phagocytosis, and neutrophil activation, and inhibition of energy metabolism pathways represented by the TCA cycle. We also observed an altered balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts during S. aureus PJI. We hope that these processes will reveal new treatment ideas. SIGNIFICANCE: PJI is a catastrophic complication of arthroplasty. When infection occurs, bacteria may invade periprosthetic bone tissue to escape immunity and cause damage. So far, only few studies focused on the changes of proteomics associated to PJI. This is the first study to describe the proteomics changes of periprosthetic bone tissue of patients with PJI. We found that the pathological process of S. aureus PJI mainly involves activation of the immune system, decreased energy metabolism, and an altered balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changyu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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McMullan P, Germain-Lee EL. Aberrant Bone Regulation in Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy dueto Gnas Inactivation: Mechanisms and Translational Implications. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:78-89. [PMID: 35226254 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the impact of Gnas inactivation on both bone remodeling and the development of heterotopic subcutaneous ossifications in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Here we discuss recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the aberrant bone development in AHO as well as potential translational implications. RECENT FINDINGS Gnas inactivation can regulate the differentiation and function of not only osteoblasts but also osteoclasts and osteocytes. Investigations utilizing a mouse model of AHO generated by targeted disruption of Gnas have revealed that bone formation and resorption are differentially affected based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation. Data suggest that Gnas inactivation leads to heterotopic bone formation within subcutaneous tissue by changing the connective tissue microenvironment, thereby promoting osteogenic differentiation of tissue-resident mesenchymal progenitors. Observed variations in bone formation and resorption based upon the parental origin of the Gnas mutation warrant future investigations and may have implications in the management and treatment of AHO and related conditions. Additionally, studies of heterotopic bone formation due to Gnas inactivation have identified an essential role of sonic hedgehog signaling, which could have therapeutic implications not only for AHO and related conditions but also for heterotopic bone formation in a wide variety of settings in which aberrant bone formation is a cause of significant morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 505 Farmington Ave, 2nd floor, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
- Albright Center, Connecticut Children's, Farmington, CT, USA.
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4
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McMullan P, Maye P, Yang Q, Rowe DW, Germain‐Lee EL. Parental Origin of
Gsα
Inactivation Differentially Affects Bone Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10570. [PMID: 35079678 PMCID: PMC8771002 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is caused by heterozygous inactivation of GNAS, a complex locus that encodes the alpha‐stimulatory subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gsα) in addition to NESP55 and XLαs due to alternative first exons. AHO skeletal manifestations include brachydactyly, brachymetacarpia, compromised adult stature, and subcutaneous ossifications. AHO patients with maternally‐inherited GNAS mutations develop pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) with resistance to multiple hormones that mediate their actions through G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) requiring Gsα (eg, parathyroid hormone [PTH], thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH], growth hormone–releasing hormone [GHRH], calcitonin) and severe obesity. Paternally‐inherited GNAS mutations cause pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), in which patients have AHO skeletal features but do not develop hormonal resistance or marked obesity. These differences between PHP1A and PPHP are caused by tissue‐specific reduction of paternal Gsα expression. Previous reports in mice have shown loss of Gsα causes osteopenia due to impaired osteoblast number and function and suggest that AHO patients could display evidence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD). However, we previously demonstrated PHP1A patients display normal‐increased BMD measurements without any correlation to body mass index or serum PTH. Due to these observed differences between PHP1A and PPHP, we utilized our laboratory's AHO mouse model to address whether Gsα heterozygous inactivation differentially affects bone remodeling based on the parental inheritance of the mutation. We identified fundamental distinctions in bone remodeling between mice with paternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−p) versus maternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−m) mutations, and these findings were observed predominantly in female mice. Specifically, GnasE1+/−p mice exhibited reduced bone parameters due to impaired bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. GnasE1+/−m mice, however, displayed enhanced bone parameters due to both increased osteoblast activity and normal bone resorption. These in vivo distinctions in bone remodeling between GnasE1+/−p and GnasE1+/−m mice could potentially be related to changes in the bone microenvironment driven by calcitonin‐resistance within GnasE1+/−m osteoclasts. Further studies are warranted to assess how Gsα influences osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Qingfen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Emily L. Germain‐Lee
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Connecticut Children's Farmington CT USA
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Shin B, Hrdlicka HC, Delany AM, Lee SK. Inhibition of miR-29 Activity in the Myeloid Lineage Increases Response to Calcitonin and Trabecular Bone Volume in Mice. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab135. [PMID: 34192317 PMCID: PMC8328098 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The miR-29-3p family (miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c) of microRNAs is increased during receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo, activation of a miR-29-3p tough decoy inhibitor in Cre recombinase under the control of the lysozyme 2 promoter-expressing cells (myeloid lineage) resulted in mice displaying enhanced trabecular and cortical bone volume because of decreased bone resorption. Calcitonin receptor (Calcr) is a miR-29 target that negatively regulates bone resorption. CALCR was significantly increased in RANKL-treated miR-29-decoy osteoclasts, and these cells were more responsive to the inhibitory effect of calcitonin on osteoclast formation. Further, cathepsin K (Ctsk), which is critical for resorption, was decreased in miR-29-decoy cells. CALCR is a Gs-coupled receptor and its activation raises cAMP levels. In turn, cAMP suppresses cathepsin K, and cAMP levels were increased in miR-29-decoy cells. siRNA-mediated knock-down of Calcr in miR-29 decoy osteoclasts allowed recovery of cathepsin K levels in these cells. Overall, using a novel knockin tough decoy mouse model, we identified a new role for miR-29-3p in bone homeostasis. In RANKL-driven osteoclastogenesis, as seen in normal bone remodeling, miR-29-3p promotes resorption. Consequently, inhibition of miR-29-3p activity in the myeloid lineage leads to increased trabecular and cortical bone. Further, this study documents an interrelationship between CALCR and CTSK in osteoclastic bone resorption, which is modulated by miR-29-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongjin Shin
- Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Henry C Hrdlicka
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anne M Delany
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Brewer N, Fong JT, Zhang D, Ramaswamy G, Shore EM. Gnas Inactivation Alters Subcutaneous Tissues in Progression to Heterotopic Ossification. Front Genet 2021; 12:633206. [PMID: 33574833 PMCID: PMC7870717 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.633206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the formation of bone outside of the skeleton, occurs in response to severe trauma and in rare genetic diseases such as progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH). In POH, which is caused by inactivation of GNAS, a gene that encodes the alpha stimulatory subunit of G proteins (Gsα), HO typically initiates within subcutaneous soft tissues before progressing to deeper connective tissues. To mimic POH, we used conditional Gnas-null mice which form HO in subcutaneous tissues upon Gnas inactivation. In response to Gnas inactivation, we determined that prior to detection of heterotopic bone, dermal adipose tissue changed dramatically, with progressively decreased adipose tissue volume and increased density of extracellular matrix over time. Upon depletion of the adipose tissue, heterotopic bone progressively formed in those locations. To investigate the potential relevance of the tissue microenvironment for HO formation, we implanted Gnas-null or control mesenchymal progenitor cells into Gnas-null or control host subcutaneous tissues. We found that mutant cells in a Gnas-null tissue environment induced a robust HO response while little/no HO was detected in control hosts. Additionally, a Gnas-null tissue environment appeared to support the recruitment of control cells to heterotopic bone, although control cell implants were associated with less HO formation compared to mutant cells. Our data support that Gnas inactivation alters the tissue microenvironment to influence mutant and wild-type progenitor cells to contribute to HO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niambi Brewer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John T Fong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Deyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Abstract
Skeletal development is exquisitely controlled both spatially and temporally by cell signaling networks. Gαs is the stimulatory α-subunit in a heterotrimeric G protein complex transducing the signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), responsible for controlling both skeletal development and homeostasis. Gαs, encoded by the GNAS gene in humans, plays critical roles in skeletal development and homeostasis by regulating commitment, differentiation and maturation of skeletal cells. Gαs-mediated signaling interacts with the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, both crucial regulators of skeletal development, remodeling and injury repair. Genetic mutations that disrupt Gαs functions cause human disorders with severe skeletal defects, such as fibrous dysplasia of bone and heterotopic bone formation. This chapter focuses on the crucial roles of Gαs signaling during skeletal development and homeostasis, and the pathological mechanisms underlying skeletal diseases caused by GNAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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