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Sun Y, Fede C, Zhao X, Del Felice A, Pirri C, Stecco C. Quantity and Distribution of Muscle Spindles in Animal and Human Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7320. [PMID: 39000428 PMCID: PMC11242712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Muscle spindles have unique anatomical characteristics that can be directly affected by the surrounding tissues under physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding their spatial distribution and density in different muscles is imperative to unravel the complexity of motor function. In the present study, the distribution and number/density of muscle spindles in human and animal muscles were reviewed. We identified 56 articles focusing on muscle spindle distribution; 13 articles focused on human muscles and 43 focused on animal muscles. The results demonstrate that spindles are located at the nerve entry points and along distributed vessels and they relate to the intramuscular connective tissue. Muscles' deep layers and middle segments are the main topographic distribution areas. Eleven articles on humans and thirty-three articles on animals (totaling forty-four articles) focusing on muscle spindle quantity and density were identified. Hand and head muscles, such as the pronator teres/medial pterygoid muscle/masseter/flexor digitorum, were most commonly studied in the human studies. For animals, whole-body musculature was studied. The present study summarized the spindle quantity in 77 human and 189 animal muscles. We identified well-studied muscles and any as-yet unfound data. The current data fail to clarify the relationship between quantity/density and muscle characteristics. The intricate distribution of the muscle spindles and their density and quantity throughout the body present some unique patterns or correlations, according to the current data. However, it remains unclear whether muscles with fine motor control have more muscle spindles since the study standards are inconsistent and data on numerous muscles are missing. This study provides a comprehensive and exhaustive approach for clinicians and researchers to determine muscle spindle status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Sun
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy; (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Caterina Fede
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy; (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (A.D.F.)
| | - Alessandra Del Felice
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy; (Y.S.); (X.Z.); (A.D.F.)
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmelo Pirri
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.F.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Stecco
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (C.F.); (C.P.)
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Zhou Z, Liu J, Xiong T, Liu Y, Tuan RS, Li ZA. Engineering Innervated Musculoskeletal Tissues for Regenerative Orthopedics and Disease Modeling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310614. [PMID: 38200684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders significantly burden patients and society, resulting in high healthcare costs and productivity loss. These disorders are the leading cause of physical disability, and their prevalence is expected to increase as sedentary lifestyles become common and the global population of the elderly increases. Proper innervation is critical to maintaining MSK function, and nerve damage or dysfunction underlies various MSK disorders, underscoring the potential of restoring nerve function in MSK disorder treatment. However, most MSK tissue engineering strategies have overlooked the significance of innervation. This review first expounds upon innervation in the MSK system and its importance in maintaining MSK homeostasis and functions. This will be followed by strategies for engineering MSK tissues that induce post-implantation in situ innervation or are pre-innervated. Subsequently, research progress in modeling MSK disorders using innervated MSK organoids and organs-on-chips (OoCs) is analyzed. Finally, the future development of engineering innervated MSK tissues to treat MSK disorders and recapitulate disease mechanisms is discussed. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying principles, engineering methods, and applications of innervated MSK tissues, paving the way for the development of targeted, efficacious therapies for various MSK conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Tiandi Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Alan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
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Hart DA. Regulation of Bone by Mechanical Loading, Sex Hormones, and Nerves: Integration of Such Regulatory Complexity and Implications for Bone Loss during Space Flight and Post-Menopausal Osteoporosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1136. [PMID: 37509172 PMCID: PMC10377148 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, the development of bone was critical for many species to thrive and function in the boundary conditions of Earth. Furthermore, bone also became a storehouse for calcium that could be mobilized for reproductive purposes in mammals and other species. The critical nature of bone for both function and reproductive needs during evolution in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth has led to complex regulatory mechanisms that require integration for optimization of this tissue across the lifespan. Three important regulatory variables include mechanical loading, sex hormones, and innervation/neuroregulation. The importance of mechanical loading has been the target of much research as bone appears to subscribe to the "use it or lose it" paradigm. Furthermore, because of the importance of post-menopausal osteoporosis in the risk for fractures and loss of function, this aspect of bone regulation has also focused research on sex differences in bone regulation. The advent of space flight and exposure to microgravity has also led to renewed interest in this unique environment, which could not have been anticipated by evolution, to expose new insights into bone regulation. Finally, a body of evidence has also emerged indicating that the neuroregulation of bone is also central to maintaining function. However, there is still more that is needed to understand regarding how such variables are integrated across the lifespan to maintain function, particularly in a species that walks upright. This review will attempt to discuss these regulatory elements for bone integrity and propose how further study is needed to delineate the details to better understand how to improve treatments for those at risk for loss of bone integrity, such as in the post-menopausal state or during prolonged space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, and McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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de Lima MDCC, Dallaire M, Tremblay C, Nicole A, Fortin É, Maluf IC, Nepton J, Severn AF, Tremblay P, Côté S, Bouchard J, da Silva RA. Physical and Functional Clinical Profile of Older Adults in Specialized Geriatric Rehabilitation Care Services in Saguenay-Québec: A Retrospective Study at La Baie Hospital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9994. [PMID: 36011629 PMCID: PMC9408348 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular and neurological diseases were the most commonly debilitating conditions and risk factors associated with pain, mobility limitations, increased risk of falls and disability. Studies barely address the profile of older adults in care within a specialized geriatric rehabilitation service (SGRS) to provide subsidies for new actions within the public healthcare to reduce falls and improve management in health investments. This study aimed to establish a clinical physical and functional profile of the patients with neuromusculoskeletal and cognitive disorders and fallers in interventions within SGRS. From a retrospective study design, 127 medical records were compiled and analyzed to determine the physical and functional profile of older adults and differences according to sex, age groups and the benefits for local physical therapy intervention. The users were between 76 and 85 years of age, with diverse clinical diagnoses and debilitating conditions and impairments. A higher proportion presented gait and balance impairments and had two or more falls in 12 months. A significant effect for advanced age was observed. Overall, real benefits were reported with intervention for functional improvement, although the absence of a control group. These results have direct implications for a better understanding of a local SGRS and provide subsidies for developing new approaches for the assessment and treatment of older adults with high a risk of falls in order to reduce costs for the public health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria do Carmo Correia de Lima
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Laboratoire de Recherche BioNR, Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Dallaire
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Laboratoire de Recherche BioNR, Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Catherine Tremblay
- Doctoral Neuropsychology Program, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Alexis Nicole
- Physical Therapy Program, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Émilie Fortin
- Physical Therapy Program, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Isabela Calixto Maluf
- Medical Clinical Residence, São Paulo Hospital, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Josée Nepton
- Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Services-Hôpital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada
| | - Anne-France Severn
- Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Services-Hôpital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada
| | - Patrice Tremblay
- Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Services-Hôpital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada
| | - Sharlène Côté
- Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Services-Hôpital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada
| | - Julie Bouchard
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Laboratoire de Recherche BioNR, Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Doctoral Neuropsychology Program, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - Rubens A. da Silva
- Centre Intersectoriel en Santé Durable, Laboratoire de Recherche BioNR, Département des Sciences de la Santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Physical Therapy Program, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Saguenay, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
- Centre Intégré de Santé et Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (CIUSSS SLSJ), Specialized Geriatrics Services-Hôpital de La Baie, Saguenay, QC G7H 7K9, Canada
- Doctoral and Master Programs in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anapolis 75083-515, Brazil
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Verschueren A, Palminha C, Delmont E, Attarian S. Changes in neuromuscular function in elders: Novel techniques for assessment of motor unit loss and motor unit remodeling with aging. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2022; 178:780-787. [PMID: 35863917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Functional muscle fiber denervation is a major contributor to the decline in physical function observed with aging and is now a recognized cause of sarcopenia, a muscle disorder characterized by progressive and generalized degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality, and strength. There is an interrelationship between muscle strength, motor unit (MU) number, and aging, which suggests that a portion of muscle weakness in seniors may be attributable to the loss of functional MUs. During normal aging, there is a time-related progression of MU loss, an adaptive sprouting followed by a maladaptive sprouting, and continuing recession of terminal Schwann cells leading to a reduced capacity for compensatory reinnervation in elders. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, increasing age at onset predicts worse survival ALS and it is possible that age-related depletion of the motor neuron pool may worsen motor neuron disease. MUNE methods are used to estimate the number of functional MU, data from MUNIX arguing for motor neuron loss with aging will be reviewed. Recently, a new MRI technique MU-MRI could be used to assess the MU recruitment or explore the activity of a single MU. This review presents published studies on the changes of neuromuscular function with aging, then focusing on these two novel techniques for assessment of MU loss and MU remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verschueren
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France.
| | - C Palminha
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - E Delmont
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - S Attarian
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS, CHU La Timone, Aix-Marseille University, 264, rue Saint Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
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Du Y, Baccaglini L, Johnson A, Puvvula J, Rautiainen RH. Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Farmers and Ranchers in the U.S. Central States. J Agromedicine 2022; 27:232-244. [PMID: 33645460 DOI: 10.1080/1059924x.2021.1893880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural work involves ergonomic and psychosocial strain, which contribute to musculoskeletal conditions. The aim of this study was to assess if specific ergonomic, psychosocial, and preventive factors are linked to musculoskeletal pain or discomfort symptoms (MSS) in farmers and ranchers. We analyzed data from the Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health survey that was conducted in 2018 in a seven-state region of the central United States. MSS were assessed with questions from the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire. The survey included questions on demographic, ergonomic, psychosocial and preventive factors. Farm production variables were added from the Farm Market iD database. We analyzed the data using Generalized Estimating Equations. The overall prevalence of MSS for all body sites combined was 59% among 4,354 farmers and ranchers who responded (19% response rate). After controlling for age, sex, and operator status, three factors (high stress level, sleep deprivation, and exhaustion/fatigue) showed the strongest associations with MSS in any body site, with adjusted odds ratios (OR) ranging from 4.8 to 5.6. Forceful exertions, repetitive tasks, awkward postures, frequent manual labor, and vibration were also significantly associated with MSS, with adjusted ORs ranging from 1.8 to 3.3. Recommended preventive techniques were not protective for MSS. New effective strategies are needed to reduce the high burden of musculoskeletal outcomes among farmers and agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Du
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lorena Baccaglini
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anthony Johnson
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jagadeesh Puvvula
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Risto H Rautiainen
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Luttrell SM, Smith AST, Mack DL. Creating stem cell-derived neuromuscular junctions in vitro. Muscle Nerve 2021; 64:388-403. [PMID: 34328673 PMCID: PMC9292444 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent development of novel therapies has improved mobility and quality of life for people suffering from inheritable neuromuscular disorders. Despite this progress, the majority of neuromuscular disorders are still incurable, in part due to a lack of predictive models of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) breakdown. Improvement of predictive models of a human NMJ would be transformative in terms of expanding our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin development, maintenance, and disease, and as a testbed with which to evaluate novel therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are emerging as a clinically relevant and non‐invasive cell source to create human NMJs to study synaptic development and maturation, as well as disease modeling and drug discovery. This review will highlight the recent advances and remaining challenges to generating an NMJ capable of eliciting contraction of stem cell‐derived skeletal muscle in vitro. We explore the advantages and shortcomings of traditional NMJ culturing platforms, as well as the pioneering technologies and novel, biomimetic culturing systems currently in use to guide development and maturation of the neuromuscular synapse and extracellular microenvironment. Then, we will explore how this NMJ‐in‐a‐dish can be used to study normal assembly and function of the efferent portion of the neuromuscular arc, and how neuromuscular disease‐causing mutations disrupt structure, signaling, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Luttrell
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David L Mack
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Gillon A, Steel C, Cornwall J, Sheard P. Increased nuclear permeability is a driver for age-related motoneuron loss. GeroScience 2020; 42:833-847. [PMID: 32002784 PMCID: PMC7286994 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass with age, the precise cause of which remains unclear. Several studies have shown that sarcopenia is at least partly driven by denervation which, in turn, is related to loss of motor nerve cells. Recent data suggests degradation of the nucleocytoplasmic barrier and nuclear envelope transport process are contributors to nerve loss in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Having recently shown that important components of the nuclear barrier are lost with advancing age, we now ask whether these emergent defects accompany increased nuclear permeability, chromatin disorganization and lower motoneuron loss in normal ageing, and if so, whether exercise attenuates these changes. Immunohistochemistry was used on young adult, old and exercised mouse tissues to examine nucleocytoplasmic transport regulatory proteins and chromatin organization. We used a nuclear permeability assay to investigate the patency of the nuclear barrier on extracts of the spinal cord from each group. We found increased permeability in nuclei isolated from spinal cords of old animals that correlated with both mislocalization of essential nuclear transport proteins and chromatin disorganization, and also found that in each case, exercise attenuated the age-associated changes. Findings suggest that the loss of nuclear barrier integrity in combination with previously described defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport may drive increased nuclear permeability and contribute to age-related motoneuron death. These events may be significant indirect drivers of skeletal muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Gillon
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Charlotte Steel
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jon Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Sheard
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand
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