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Groza T, Gomez FL, Mashhadi HH, Muñoz-Fuentes V, Gunes O, Wilson R, Cacheiro P, Frost A, Keskivali-Bond P, Vardal B, McCoy A, Cheng TK, Santos L, Wells S, Smedley D, Mallon AM, Parkinson H. The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium: comprehensive knockout phenotyping underpinning the study of human disease. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:D1038-D1045. [PMID: 36305825 PMCID: PMC9825559 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC; https://www.mousephenotype.org/) web portal makes available curated, integrated and analysed knockout mouse phenotyping data generated by the IMPC project consisting of 85M data points and over 95,000 statistically significant phenotype hits mapped to human diseases. The IMPC portal delivers a substantial reference dataset that supports the enrichment of various domain-specific projects and databases, as well as the wider research and clinical community, where the IMPC genotype-phenotype knowledge contributes to the molecular diagnosis of patients affected by rare disorders. Data from 9,000 mouse lines and 750 000 images provides vital resources enabling the interpretation of the ignorome, and advancing our knowledge on mammalian gene function and the mechanisms underlying phenotypes associated with human diseases. The resource is widely integrated and the lines have been used in over 4,600 publications indicating the value of the data and the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Groza
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Federico Lopez Gomez
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Hamed Haseli Mashhadi
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Violeta Muñoz-Fuentes
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Osman Gunes
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Robert Wilson
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Pilar Cacheiro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anthony Frost
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus OX11 7UE, UK
| | | | - Bora Vardal
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus OX11 7UE, UK
| | - Aaron McCoy
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus OX11 7UE, UK
| | - Tsz Kwan Cheng
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus OX11 7UE, UK
| | - Luis Santos
- Research Data Team, The Turing Institute, 96 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Campus OX11 7UE, UK
| | - Damian Smedley
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Research Data Team, The Turing Institute, 96 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DB, UK
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Bioinformatics Institute, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Welcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
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Assessment of Bone Microstructure by Micro CT in C57BL/6J Mice for Sex-Specific Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314585. [PMID: 36498911 PMCID: PMC9735535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains uncertain which skeletal sites and parameters should be analyzed in rodent studies evaluating bone health and disease. In this cross-sectional mouse study using micro-computed tomography (µCT), we explored: (1) which microstructural parameters can be used to discriminate female from male bones and (2) whether it is meaningful to evaluate more than one bone site. Microstructural parameters of the trabecular and/or cortical compartments of the femur, tibia, thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies, and skull were evaluated by µCT in 10 female and 10 male six-month-old C57BL/6J mice. The trabecular number (TbN) was significantly higher, while the trabecular separation (TbSp) was significantly lower in male compared to female mice at all skeletal sites assessed. Overall, bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) was also significantly higher in male vs. female mice (except for the thoracic spine, which did not differ by sex). Most parameters of the cortical bone microstructure did not differ between male and female mice. BV/TV, TbN, and TbSp at the femur, and TbN and TbSp at the tibia and lumbar spine could fully (100%) discriminate female from male bones. Cortical thickness (CtTh) at the femur was the best parameter to detect sex differences in the cortical compartment (AUC = 0.914). In 6-month-old C57BL/6J mice, BV/TV, TbN, and TbSp can be used to distinguish male from female bones. Whenever it is not possible to assess multiple bone sites, we propose to evaluate the bone microstructure of the femur for detecting potential sex differences.
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McMullan P, Maye P, Yang Q, Rowe DW, Germain‐Lee EL. Parental Origin of
Gsα
Inactivation Differentially Affects Bone Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10570. [PMID: 35079678 PMCID: PMC8771002 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) is caused by heterozygous inactivation of GNAS, a complex locus that encodes the alpha‐stimulatory subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gsα) in addition to NESP55 and XLαs due to alternative first exons. AHO skeletal manifestations include brachydactyly, brachymetacarpia, compromised adult stature, and subcutaneous ossifications. AHO patients with maternally‐inherited GNAS mutations develop pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) with resistance to multiple hormones that mediate their actions through G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) requiring Gsα (eg, parathyroid hormone [PTH], thyroid‐stimulating hormone [TSH], growth hormone–releasing hormone [GHRH], calcitonin) and severe obesity. Paternally‐inherited GNAS mutations cause pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), in which patients have AHO skeletal features but do not develop hormonal resistance or marked obesity. These differences between PHP1A and PPHP are caused by tissue‐specific reduction of paternal Gsα expression. Previous reports in mice have shown loss of Gsα causes osteopenia due to impaired osteoblast number and function and suggest that AHO patients could display evidence of reduced bone mineral density (BMD). However, we previously demonstrated PHP1A patients display normal‐increased BMD measurements without any correlation to body mass index or serum PTH. Due to these observed differences between PHP1A and PPHP, we utilized our laboratory's AHO mouse model to address whether Gsα heterozygous inactivation differentially affects bone remodeling based on the parental inheritance of the mutation. We identified fundamental distinctions in bone remodeling between mice with paternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−p) versus maternally‐inherited (GnasE1+/−m) mutations, and these findings were observed predominantly in female mice. Specifically, GnasE1+/−p mice exhibited reduced bone parameters due to impaired bone formation and enhanced bone resorption. GnasE1+/−m mice, however, displayed enhanced bone parameters due to both increased osteoblast activity and normal bone resorption. These in vivo distinctions in bone remodeling between GnasE1+/−p and GnasE1+/−m mice could potentially be related to changes in the bone microenvironment driven by calcitonin‐resistance within GnasE1+/−m osteoclasts. Further studies are warranted to assess how Gsα influences osteoblast–osteoclast coupling. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick McMullan
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Qingfen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
| | - Emily L. Germain‐Lee
- Department of Pediatrics University of Connecticut School of Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine Farmington CT USA
- Albright Center, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology Connecticut Children's Farmington CT USA
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