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Li SY, Xue ST, Li ZR. Osteoporosis: Emerging targets on the classical signaling pathways of bone formation. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 973:176574. [PMID: 38642670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a multifaceted skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass and structural deterioration, posing a significant public health challenge, particularly in the elderly population. Treatment strategies for osteoporosis primarily focus on inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation. However, the effectiveness and limitations of current therapeutic approaches underscore the need for innovative methods. This review explores emerging molecular targets within crucial signaling pathways, including wingless/integrated (WNT), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), hedgehog (HH), and Notch signaling pathway, to understand their roles in osteogenesis regulation. The identification of crosstalk targets between these pathways further enhances our comprehension of the intricate bone metabolism cycle. In summary, unraveling the molecular complexity of osteoporosis provides insights into potential therapeutic targets beyond conventional methods, offering a promising avenue for the development of new anabolic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Si-Tu Xue
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Zhuo-Rong Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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2
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Wu S, Zhou H, Ling H, Sun Y, Luo Z, Ngo T, Fu Y, Wang W, Kong Y. LIPUS regulates the progression of knee osteoarthritis in mice through primary cilia-mediated TRPV4 channels. Apoptosis 2024; 29:785-798. [PMID: 38517601 PMCID: PMC11055729 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease in middle-aged and elderly people. An imbalance in calcium ion homeostasis will contribute to chondrocyte apoptosis and ultimately lead to the progression of OA. Transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis. TRPV4 is expressed in primary cilia, which can sense mechanical stimuli from outside the cell, and its abnormal expression is closely related to the development of OA. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) can alleviate chondrocyte apoptosis while the exact mechanism is unclear. In this project, with the aim of revealing the mechanism of action of LIPUS, we proposed to use OA chondrocytes and animal models, LIPUS intervention, inhibition of primary cilia, use TRPV4 inhibitors or TRPV4 agonist, and use Immunofluorescence (IF), Immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot (WB), Quantitative Real-time PCR (QP) to detect the expression of cartilage synthetic matrix and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers. The results revealed that LIPUS altered primary cilia expression, promoted synthetic matrix metabolism in articular chondrocytes and was associated with primary cilia. In addition, LIPUS exerted a active effect on OA by activating TRPV4, inducing calcium inward flow, and facilitating the entry of NF-κB into the nucleus to regulate synthetic matrix gene transcription. Inhibition of TRPV4 altered primary cilia expression in response to LIPUS stimulation, and knockdown of primary cilia similarly inhibited TRPV4 function. These results suggest that LIPUS mediates TRPV4 channels through primary cilia to regulate the process of knee osteoarthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haiqi Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huixian Ling
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyan Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - ThaiNamanh Ngo
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Lian F, Li H, Ma Y, Zhou R, Wu W. Recent advances in primary cilia in bone metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1259650. [PMID: 37886641 PMCID: PMC10598340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1259650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that are widespread on the cell surface and play a key role in tissue development and homeostasis by sensing and transducing various signaling pathways. The process of intraflagellar transport (IFT), which is propelled by kinesin and dynein motors, plays a crucial role in the formation and functionality of cilia. Abnormalities in the cilia or ciliary transport system often cause a range of clinical conditions collectively known as ciliopathies, which include polydactyly, short ribs, scoliosis, thoracic stenosis and many abnormalities in the bones and cartilage. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of primary cilia and ciliary transport systems in bone development, we describe the role of cilia in bone formation, cartilage development and bone resorption, and we summarize advances in the study of primary cilia in fracture healing. In addition, the recent discovery of crosstalk between integrins and primary cilia provides new insights into how primary cilia affect bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Lian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Ma
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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4
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Moore ER, Maridas DE, Gamer L, Chen G, Burton K, Rosen V. A periosteum-derived cell line to study the role of BMP/TGFβ signaling in periosteal cell behavior and function. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1221152. [PMID: 37799511 PMCID: PMC10547901 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1221152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is a thin tissue surrounding each skeletal element that contains stem and progenitor cells involved in bone development, postnatal appositional bone growth, load-induced bone formation, and fracture repair. BMP and TGFβ signaling are important for periosteal activity and periosteal cell behavior, but thorough examination of the influence of these pathways on specific cell populations resident in the periosteum is lacking due to limitations associated with primary periosteal cell isolations and in vitro experiments. Here we describe the generation of a novel periosteum-derived clonal cell (PDC) line from postnatal day 14 mice and use it to examine periosteal cell behavior in vitro. PDCs exhibit key characteristics of periosteal cells observed during skeletal development, maintenance, and bone repair. Specifically, PDCs express established periosteal markers, can be expanded in culture, demonstrate the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes, and exhibit an osteogenic response to physical stimulation. PDCs also engage in BMP and/or TGFβ signaling when treated with the activating ligands BMP2 and TGFβ-1, and in response to mechanical stimulation via fluid shear. We believe that this PDC line will be useful for large-scale, long-term experiments that were not feasible when using primary periosteal cells. Anticipated future uses include advancing our understanding of the signaling interactions that occur during appositional bone growth and fracture repair and developing drug screening platforms to discover novel growth and fracture healing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Moore
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Tao D, Zhang L, Ding Y, Tang N, Xu X, Li G, Niu P, Yue R, Wang X, Shen Y, Sun Y. Primary cilia support cartilage regeneration after injury. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:22. [PMID: 37268650 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In growing children, growth plate cartilage has limited self-repair ability upon fracture injury always leading to limb growth arrest. Interestingly, one type of fracture injuries within the growth plate achieve amazing self-healing, however, the mechanism is unclear. Using this type of fracture mouse model, we discovered the activation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the injured growth plate, which could activate chondrocytes in growth plate and promote cartilage repair. Primary cilia are the central transduction mediator of Hh signaling. Notably, ciliary Hh-Smo-Gli signaling pathways were enriched in the growth plate during development. Moreover, chondrocytes in resting and proliferating zone were dynamically ciliated during growth plate repair. Furthermore, conditional deletion of the ciliary core gene Ift140 in cartilage disrupted cilia-mediated Hh signaling in growth plate. More importantly, activating ciliary Hh signaling by Smoothened agonist (SAG) significantly accelerated growth plate repair after injury. In sum, primary cilia mediate Hh signaling induced the activation of stem/progenitor chondrocytes and growth plate repair after fracture injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Tao
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Ding
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongchen Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingping Niu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Yue
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yidong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The periosteum, the outer layer of bone, is a major source of skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) for bone repair. Here, we discuss recent findings on the characterization, role, and regulation of periosteal SSPCs (pSSPCs) during bone regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Several markers have been described for pSSPCs but lack tissue specificity. In vivo lineage tracing and transcriptomic analyses have improved our understanding of pSSPC functions during bone regeneration. Bone injury activates pSSPCs that migrate, proliferate, and have the unique potential to form both bone and cartilage. The injury response of pSSPCs is controlled by many signaling pathways including BMP, FGF, Notch, and Wnt, their metabolic state, and their interactions with the blood clot, nerve fibers, blood vessels, and macrophages in the fracture environment. Periosteal SSPCs are essential for bone regeneration. Despite recent advances, further studies are required to elucidate pSSPC heterogeneity and plasticity that make them a central component of the fracture healing process and a prime target for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Perrin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Céline Colnot
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Creteil, France.
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Loss of Intraflagellar Transport 140 in Osteoblasts Cripples Bone Fracture Healing. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The primary cilium is a nonmotile microtubule-based organelle in most vertebrate cell types. The primary cilium plays a critical role in tissue development and homeostasis by sensing and transducing various signaling pathways. Ciliary proteins such as intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins as well as ciliary motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, comprise a bidirectional intraflagellar transport system needed for cilia formation and function. Mutations in ciliary proteins that lead to loss or dysfunction of primary cilia cause ciliopathies such as Jeune syndrome and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and cause abnormalities in tooth development. These diseases exhibit severe skeletal and craniofacial dysplasia, highlighting the significance of primary cilia in skeletal development. Cilia are necessary for the propagation of hedgehog, transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling during osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Ablation of ciliary proteins such as IFT80 or IFT20 blocks cilia formation, which inhibits osteoblast differentiation, osteoblast polarity, and alignment and reduces bone formation. Similarly, cilia facilitate chondrocyte differentiation and production of a cartilage matrix. Cilia also play a key role in mechanosensing and are needed for increased bone formation in response to mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - M. Liu
- Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - D.T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics,
School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA,
USA
| | - S. Yang
- Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Center for Innovation &
Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,The Penn Center for
Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, USA,S. Yang, Department of Basic and
Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental
Medicine, 240 S 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6243, USA.
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Gong X, Zhang H, Xu X, Ding Y, Yang X, Cheng Z, Tao D, Hu C, Xiang Y, Sun Y. Tracing PRX1 + cells during molar formation and periodontal ligament reconstruction. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:5. [PMID: 35078971 PMCID: PMC8789835 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to play an essential function during tooth and skeletal development. PRX1+ cells constitute an important MSC subtype that is implicated in osteogenesis. However, their potential function in tooth development and regeneration remains elusive. In the present study, we first assessed the cell fate of PRX1+ cells during molar development and periodontal ligament (PDL) formation in mice. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis was performed to study the distribution of PRX1+ cells in PDL cells. The behavior of PRX1+ cells during PDL reconstruction was investigated using an allogeneic transplanted tooth model. Although PRX1+ cells are spatial specific and can differentiate into almost all types of mesenchymal cells in first molars, their distribution in third molars is highly limited. The PDL formation is associated with a high number of PRX1+ cells; during transplanted teeth PDL reconstruction, PRX1+ cells from the recipient alveolar bone participate in angiogenesis as pericytes. Overall, PRX1+ cells are a key subtype of dental MSCs involved in the formation of mouse molar and PDL and participate in angiogenesis as pericytes during PDL reconstruction after tooth transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Gong
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Ding
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingbo Yang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyang Cheng
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dike Tao
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjiao Hu
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Sun Y, Yuan Y, Wu W, Lei L, Zhang L. The effects of locomotion on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell fate: insight into mechanical regulation and bone formation. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:88. [PMID: 34001272 PMCID: PMC8130302 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) refer to a heterogeneous population of cells with the capacity for self-renewal. BMSCs have multi-directional differentiation potential and can differentiate into chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes under specific microenvironment or mechanical regulation. The activities of BMSCs are closely related to bone quality. Previous studies have shown that BMSCs and their lineage-differentiated progeny (for example, osteoblasts), and osteocytes are mechanosensitive in bone. Thus, a goal of this review is to discuss how these ubiquious signals arising from mechanical stimulation are perceived by BMSCs and then how the cells respond to them. Studies in recent years reported a significant effect of locomotion on the migration, proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs, thus, contributing to our bone mass. This regulation is realized by the various intersecting signaling pathways including RhoA/Rock, IFG, BMP and Wnt signalling. The mechanoresponse of BMSCs also provides guidance for maintaining bone health by taking appropriate exercises. This review will summarize the regulatory effects of locomotion/mechanical loading on BMSCs activities. Besides, a number of signalling pathways govern MSC fate towards osteogenic or adipocytic differentiation will be discussed. The understanding of mechanoresponse of BMSCs makes the foundation for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Sport and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, 510500, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Le Lei
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, South China Normal University, 55 Zhongshan Road West, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.
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