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Feng J, Huang Z, Lu J, Chan L, Feng X, Lei L, Huang Z, Lin L, Yao Y, Zhang X. Loss of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in osteoblasts impaired the bone healing in inflammatory microenvironment. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024; 39:136-151. [PMID: 37347649 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the effect of Stat3 on the osteoblast-mediated bone healing in the inflammatory lesion. METHODS The conditional knockout of Stat3 in osteoblasts (Stat3 CKO) was generated via the Cre-loxP recombination system using Osterix-Cre transgenic mice. The calvarial bone inflammatory lesions were established on both Stat3 CKO and wild-type mice, then harvested to assess the bone healing. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, osteoblasts from Stat3 CKO and wild-type mice were subjected to examine the formation of calcium deposits, the expression of osteogenic markers (i.e., Runx2, OPN, COL1A1), and osteoclast-related markers (i.e., RANKL, OPG). The EdU and transwell assays were performed to assess the proliferation and migration of the cells. RESULTS A decrease in bone mass and an increase in osteolysis were found in the inflammatory lesions on Stat3 CKO mice when compared with the control. More osteoclastic-like cells and an increased expression of RANKL were observed in Stat3 CKO mice. Both mRNA and protein expressions of Stat3 and osteogenic markers in the lesions were significantly decreased in Stat3 CKO mice. After co-cultured with osteogenic medium, the Stat3-deficient osteoblasts were found with a significant decrease in calcium deposits and the expression of osteogenic markers, and with a significant increased expression of RANKL. The impaired ossification of Stat3-deficient osteoblasts was even more pronounced with the presence of lipopolysaccharides in vitro. The most decrease in cell proliferation and migration was found in Stat3-deficient osteoblasts in response to LPS. CONCLUSIONS Loss of Stat3 in osteoblasts impaired bone healing in an inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Feng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jiarui Lu
- Department of Stomatology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Laiting Chan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Lei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhuwei Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lichieh Lin
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Yao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Moraes de Lima Perini M, Pugh JN, Scott EM, Bhula K, Chirgwin A, Reul ON, Berbari NF, Li J. Primary cilia in osteoblasts and osteocytes are required for skeletal development and mechanotransduction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.15.570609. [PMID: 38318207 PMCID: PMC10843151 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.570609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia have been involved in the development and mechanosensation of various tissue types, including bone. In this study, we explored the mechanosensory role of primary cilia in bone growth and adaptation by examining two cilia specific genes, IFT88 and MKS5, required for proper cilia assembly and function. To analyze the role of primary cilia in osteoblasts, Osx1-GFP:Cre mice were bred with IFT88 LoxP/LoxP to generate mice with a conditional knockout of primary cilia in osteoblasts. A significant decrease in body weight was observed in both male (p=0.0048) and female (p=0.0374) conditional knockout (cKO) mice compared to the wild type (WT) controls. The femurs of cKO mice were significantly shorter than that of the WT mice of both male (p=0.0003) and female (p=0.0019) groups. Histological analysis revealed a significant difference in MAR (p=0.0005) and BFR/BS (p<0.0001) between female cKO and WT mice. The BFR/BS of male cKO mice was 58.03% lower compared to WT mice. To further investigate the role of primary cilia in osteocytes, Dmp1-8kb-Cre mice were crossed with MKS5 LoxP/LoxP to generate mice with defective cilia in osteocytes. In vivo axial ulnar loading was performed on 16-week-old mice for 3 consecutive days. The right ulnae were loaded for 120 cycles/day at a frequency of 2Hz with a peak force of 2.9N for female mice and 3.2N for male mice. Load-induced bone formation was measured using histomorphometry. The relative values of MS/BS, MAR and BFR/BS (loaded ulnae minus nonloaded ulnae) in male MKS5 cKO mice were decreased by 24.88%, 46.27% and 48.24%, respectively, compared to the controls. In the female groups, the rMS/BS was 52.5% lower, the rMAR was 27.58% lower, and the rBFR/BS was 41.54% lower in MKS5 cKO mice than the WT group. Histological analysis indicated that MKS5 cKO mice showed significantly decreased response to mechanical loading compared to the controls. Taken together, these data highlight a critical role of primary cilia in bone development and mechanotransduction, suggesting that the presence of primary cilia in osteoblasts play an important role in skeletal development, and primary cilia in osteocytes mediate mechanically induced bone formation.
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Huang X, Zhu Y, Sun S, Gao X, Yang Y, Xu H, Jin A, Liu Y, Jia H, Dai Q, Jiang L. Exercise maintains bone homeostasis by promoting osteogenesis through STAT3. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2021-2033. [PMID: 37151888 PMCID: PMC10158023 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.82744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone exhibits changes in density, strength, and microarchitecture in relation to mechanical loading mediated by exercise. Appropriate exercise maintains bone homeostasis, while the absence of exercise leads to disuse bone loss. However, the acting mechanism of mechanotransduction in bone remains unclear. We performed the running-wheel exercise and tail suspension model to study the effects of exercise on bone metabolism, and found that osteoblastic Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity was closely related to exercise-induced bone mass and metabolism changes. With the Flexcell tension-loading system in vitro, mechanical force promoted STAT3 activity, which was accompanied by increased osteoblastic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). In contrast, the inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation blocked force-induced osteoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, pharmacological inactivation of STAT3 impaired the increase in exercise-induced bone mass and osteogenesis. With an inducible conditional deletion mouse model, we found that the osteoblast lineage-specific Stat3 deletion could also block force-induced osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and impair exercise-promoted bone mass and osteogenesis in vivo. This confirmed the crucial role of osteoblastic STAT3 in exercise-mediated bone metabolism. Finally, colivelin, a STAT3 agonist, promoted osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and partly rescued exercise loss-induced disuse bone loss by improving osteogenesis in the tail suspension model. Taken together, our study revealed the essential role of STAT3 in maintaining exercise-mediated bone homeostasis. In addition, STAT3 might act as a potential target for osteoporosis caused by exercise loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Huang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Xin Gao
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Yiling Yang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Anting Jin
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Yuanqi Liu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Hanbing Jia
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
| | - Qinggang Dai
- The 2nd Dental Center, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Lingyong Jiang () or Qinggang Dai ()
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Lingyong Jiang () or Qinggang Dai ()
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Gong X, Sun S, Yang Y, Huang X, Gao X, Jin A, Xu H, Wang X, Liu Y, Liu J, Dai Q, Jiang L. Osteoblastic STAT3 Is Crucial for Orthodontic Force Driving Alveolar Bone Remodeling and Tooth Movement. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:214-227. [PMID: 36370067 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force is essential to shape the internal architecture and external form of the skeleton by regulating the bone remodeling process. However, the underlying mechanism of how the bone responds to mechanical force remains elusive. Here, we generated both orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model in vivo and a cyclic stretch-loading model in vitro to investigate biomechanical regulation of the alveolar bone. In this study, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was screened as one of the mechanosensitive proteins by protein array analysis of cyclic stretch-loaded bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and was also proven to be activated in osteoblasts in response to the mechanical force during OTM. With an inducible osteoblast linage-specific Stat3 knockout model, we found that Stat3 deletion decelerated the OTM rate and reduced orthodontic force-induced bone remodeling, as indicated by both decreased bone resorption and formation. Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 in BMSCs directly inhibited mechanical force-induced osteoblast differentiation and impaired osteoclast formation via osteoblast-osteoclast cross-talk under mechanical force loading. According to RNA-seq analysis of Stat3-deleted BMSCs under mechanical force, matrix metalloproteinase 3 (Mmp3) was screened and predicted to be a downstream target of STAT3. The luciferase and ChIP assays identified that Stat3 could bind to the Mmp3 promotor and upregulate its transcription activity. Furthermore, STAT3-inhibitor decelerated tooth movement through inhibition of the bone resorption activity, as well as MMP3 expression. In summary, our study identified the mechanosensitive characteristics of STAT3 in osteoblasts and highlighted its critical role in force-induced bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement via osteoblast-osteoclast cross-talk. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Gong
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Yang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangru Huang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Anting Jin
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyuan Xu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanqi Liu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinggang Dai
- The 2nd Dental Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyong Jiang
- Center of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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Isojima T, Walker EC, Poulton IJ, McGregor NE, Wicks IP, Gooi JH, Martin TJ, Sims NA. G-CSF Receptor Deletion Amplifies Cortical Bone Dysfunction in Mice With STAT3 Hyperactivation in Osteocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1876-1890. [PMID: 35856245 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone strength is determined by the structure and composition of its thickened outer shell (cortical bone), yet the mechanisms controlling cortical consolidation are poorly understood. Cortical bone maturation depends on SOCS3-mediated suppression of IL-6 cytokine-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in osteocytes, the cellular network embedded in bone matrix. Because SOCS3 also suppresses granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) signaling, we here tested whether global G-CSFR (Csf3r) ablation altereed bone structure in male and female mice lacking SOCS3 in osteocytes, (Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice). Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice were generated by crossing Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice with Csf3r-/- mice. Although G-CSFR is not expressed in osteocytes, Csf3r deletion further delayed cortical consolidation in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f mice. Micro-CT images revealed extensive, highly porous low-density bone, with little true cortex in the diaphysis, even at 26 weeks of age; including more low-density bone and less high-density bone in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice than controls. By histology, the area where cortical bone would normally be found contained immature compressed trabecular bone in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice and greater than normal levels of intracortical osteoclasts, extensive new woven bone formation, and the presence of more intracortical blood vessels than the already high levels observed in Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f controls. qRT-PCR of cortical bone from Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f :Csf3r-/- mice also showed more than a doubling of mRNA levels for osteoclasts, osteoblasts, RANKL, and angiogenesis markers. The further delay in cortical bone maturation was associated with significantly more phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT3-positive osteocytes, and a threefold increase in STAT1 and STAT3 target gene mRNA levels, suggesting G-CSFR deletion further increases STAT signaling beyond that of Dmp1Cre :Socs3f/f bone. G-CSFR deficiency therefore promotes STAT1/3 signaling in osteocytes, and when SOCS3 negative feedback is absent, elevated local angiogenesis, bone resorption, and bone formation delays cortical bone consolidation. This points to a critical role of G-CSF in replacing condensed trabecular bone with lamellar bone during cortical bone formation. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | | | - Ian P Wicks
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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Mukaddam K, Ruggiero S, Berger SM, Cholewa D, Kühl S, Vegh D, Payer M, Bornstein MM, Alhawasli F, Fasler-Kan E. Cytokines Activate JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in MG-63 Cells on Titanium and Zirconia. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5621. [PMID: 36013763 PMCID: PMC9414789 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although titanium has been traditionally used as the gold standard for dental implants, recent years have seen the widespread application of zirconia implants given their superiority with regards to reduced bacterial adhesion, inflammation and cellular-interaction in terms of bio-compatibility. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway plays an important role in bone remodeling and formation. The aim of the study was to investigate the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway through different cytokines in osteoblast-like cells (MG-63) on zirconia in comparison to titanium discs. IFN-γ induced the very strong activation of STAT1 protein, IFN-α activated both STAT1 and STAT3 molecules, IL-6 activated STAT3 and IL-4 induced the activation of STAT6 on both surfaces. The activation of STAT proteins was confirmed by western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry using phospho-specific anti-STAT antibodies, which recognize only phosphorylated STAT proteins. The incubation of MG-63 cells with IFN-γ caused the upregulation of MHC class I and class II proteins when MG-63 cells were grown on zirconia and titanium discs. In sum, the present study shows that the JAK-STAT pathway is activated in MG-63 cells when they are incubated on titanium or zirconia surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mukaddam
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sabrina Ruggiero
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Steffen M. Berger
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Cholewa
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kühl
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Center for Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Vegh
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Szentkirályi utca 47, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Payer
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Medical University of Graz, Billrothgasse 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Farah Alhawasli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Fasler-Kan
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern and Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Li J, Yin Z, Huang B, Xu K, Su J. Stat3 Signaling Pathway: A Future Therapeutic Target for Bone-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:897539. [PMID: 35548357 PMCID: PMC9081430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.897539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is activated by phosphorylation and translocated to the nucleus to participate in the transcriptional regulation of DNA. Increasing evidences point that aberrant activation or deletion of the Stat3 plays a critical role in a broad range of pathological processes including immune escape, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. In the bone microenvironment, Stat3 acts as a common downstream response protein for multiple cytokines and is engaged in the modulation of cellular proliferation and intercellular interactions. Stat3 has direct impacts on disease progression by regulating mesenchymal stem cells differentiation, osteoclast activation, macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, and cartilage degradation. Here, we describe the theoretical basis and key roles of Stat3 in different bone-related diseases in combination with in vitro experiments and animal models. Then, we summarize and categorize the drugs that target Stat3, providing potential therapeutic strategies for their use in bone-related diseases. In conclusion, Stat3 could be a future target for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhifeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Biaotong Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Biaotong Huang, ; Ke Xu, ; Jiacan Su,
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Biaotong Huang, ; Ke Xu, ; Jiacan Su,
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Biaotong Huang, ; Ke Xu, ; Jiacan Su,
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McGregor NE, Walker EC, Chan AS, Poulton IJ, Cho EHJ, Windahl SH, Sims NA. STAT3 Hyperactivation Due to SOCS3 Deletion in Murine Osteocytes Accentuates Responses to Exercise- and Load-Induced Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:547-558. [PMID: 34870348 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone develops and changes in response to mechanical load, which is sensed by bone-embedded osteocytes. The bone formation response to load depends on STAT3 intracellular signals, which are upregulated after loading and are subject to negative feedback from Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (Socs3). Mice with Dmp1Cre-targeted knockout of Socs3 have elevated STAT3 signaling in osteocytes and display delayed cortical bone maturation characterized by impaired accrual of high-density lamellar bone. This study aimed to determine whether these mice exhibit an altered response to mechanical load. The approach used was to test both treadmill running and tibial compression in female Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice. Treadmill running for 5 days per week from 6 to 11 weeks of age did not change cortical bone mass in control mice, but further delayed cortical bone maturation in Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice; accrual of high-density bone was suppressed, and cortical thickness was less than in genetically-matched sedentary controls. When strain-matched anabolic tibial loading was tested, both control and Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f mice exhibited a significantly greater cortical thickness and periosteal perimeter in loaded tibia compared with the contralateral non-loaded bone. At the site of greatest compressive strain, the loaded Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f tibias showed a significantly greater response than controls, indicated by a greater increase in cortical thickness. This was due to a greater bone formation response on both periosteal and endocortical surfaces, including formation of abundant woven bone on the periosteum. This suggests a greater sensitivity to mechanical load in Dmp1Cre.Socs3f/f bone. In summary, mice with targeted SOCS3 deletion and immature cortical bone have an exaggerated response to both physiological and experimental mechanical loads. We conclude that there is an optimal level of osteocytic response to mechanical load required for cortical bone maturation and that load-induced bone formation may be increased by augmenting STAT3 signaling within osteocytes. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Audrey Sm Chan
- Centre for Muscle Research, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ellie H-J Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sara H Windahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
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9
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases in skeletal development and diseases. Bone Res 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35091552 PMCID: PMC8799702 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development and homeostasis in mammals are modulated by finely coordinated processes of migration, proliferation, differentiation, and death of skeletogenic cells originating from the mesoderm and neural crest. Numerous molecular mechanisms are involved in these regulatory processes, one of which is protein posttranslational modifications, particularly protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PYP). PYP occurs mainly through the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), modifying protein enzymatic activity, changing its cellular localization, and aiding in the assembly or disassembly of protein signaling complexes. Under physiological conditions, PYP is balanced by the coordinated action of PTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Dysregulation of PYP can cause genetic, metabolic, developmental, and oncogenic skeletal diseases. Although PYP is a reversible biochemical process, in contrast to PTKs, little is known about how this equilibrium is modulated by PTPs in the skeletal system. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTP genes (over 100 members) in humans, which can be further divided into cysteine (Cys)-, aspartic acid (Asp)-, and histidine (His)-based PTPs. Here, we review current knowledge about the functions and regulatory mechanisms of 28 PTPs involved in skeletal development and diseases; 27 of them belong to class I and II Cys-based PTPs, and the other is an Asp-based PTP. Recent progress in analyzing animal models that harbor various mutations in these PTPs and future research directions are also discussed. Our literature review indicates that PTPs are as crucial as PTKs in supporting skeletal development and homeostasis.
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10
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STAT3 is critical for skeletal development and bone homeostasis by regulating osteogenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6891. [PMID: 34824272 PMCID: PMC8616950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal deformities are typical AD-HIES manifestations, which are mainly caused by heterozygous and loss-of-function mutations in Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). However, the mechanism is still unclear and the treatment strategy is limited. Herein, we reported that the mice with Stat3 deletion in osteoblasts, but not in osteoclasts, induced AD-HIES-like skeletal defects, including craniofacial malformation, osteoporosis, and spontaneous bone fracture. Mechanistic analyses revealed that STAT3 in cooperation with Msh homeobox 1(MSX1) drove osteoblast differentiation by promoting Distal-less homeobox 5(Dlx5) transcription. Furthermore, pharmacological activation of STAT3 partially rescued skeletal deformities in heterozygous knockout mice, while inhibition of STAT3 aggravated bone loss. Taken together, these data show that STAT3 is critical for modulating skeletal development and maintaining bone homeostasis through STAT3-indcued osteogenesis and suggest it may be a potential target for treatments.
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11
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Isojima T, Sims NA. Cortical bone development, maintenance and porosity: genetic alterations in humans and mice influencing chondrocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5755-5773. [PMID: 34196732 PMCID: PMC11073036 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortical bone structure is a crucial determinant of bone strength, yet for many years studies of novel genes and cell signalling pathways regulating bone strength have focused on the control of trabecular bone mass. Here we focus on mechanisms responsible for cortical bone development, growth, and degeneration, and describe some recently described genetic-driven modifications in humans and mice that reveal how these processes may be controlled. We start with embryonic osteogenesis of preliminary bone structures preceding the cortex and describe how this structure consolidates then matures to a dense, vascularised cortex containing an increasing proportion of lamellar bone. These processes include modelling-induced, and load-dependent, asymmetric cortical expansion, which enables the cortex's transition from a highly porous woven structure to a consolidated and thickened highly mineralised lamellar bone structure, infiltrated by vascular channels. Sex-specific differences emerge during this process. With aging, the process of consolidation reverses: cortical pores enlarge, leading to greater cortical porosity, trabecularisation and loss of bone strength. Each process requires co-ordination between bone formation, bone mineralisation, vascularisation, and bone resorption, with a need for locational-, spatial- and cell-specific signalling pathways to mediate this co-ordination. We will discuss these processes, and a number of cell-signalling pathways identified in both murine and human genetic studies to regulate cortical bone mass, including signalling through gp130, STAT3, PTHR1, WNT16, NOTCH, NOTUM and sFRP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
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12
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Yadav PS, Feng S, Cong Q, Kim H, Liu Y, Yang Y. Stat3 loss in mesenchymal progenitors causes Job syndrome-like skeletal defects by reducing Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020100118. [PMID: 34172578 PMCID: PMC8256036 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Job syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by STAT3 mutations and primarily characterized by immune dysfunction along with comorbid skeleton developmental abnormalities including osteopenia, recurrent fracture of long bones, and scoliosis. So far, there is no definitive cure for the skeletal defects in Job syndrome, and treatments are limited to management of clinical symptoms only. Here, we have investigated the molecular mechanism whereby Stat3 regulates skeletal development and osteoblast differentiation. We showed that removing Stat3 function in the developing limb mesenchyme or osteoprogenitor cells in mice resulted in shortened and bow limbs with multiple fractures in long bones that resembled the skeleton symptoms in the Job Syndrome. However, Stat3 loss did not alter chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy in embryonic development, while osteoblast differentiation was severely reduced. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses as well as biochemical and histological studies showed that Stat3 loss resulted in down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Restoration of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by injecting BIO, a small molecule inhibitor of GSK3, or crossing with a Lrp5 gain of function (GOF) allele, rescued the bone reduction phenotypes due to Stat3 loss to a great extent. These studies uncover the essential functions of Stat3 in maintaining Wnt/β-catenin signaling in early mesenchymal or osteoprogenitor cells and provide evidence that bone defects in the Job Syndrome are likely caused by Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduction due to reduced STAT3 activities in bone development. Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling could be a therapeutic approach to reduce bone symptoms of Job syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Swaroop Yadav
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Shuhao Feng
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Hanjun Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115;
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138
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13
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Li MCM, Chow SKH, Wong RMY, Qin L, Cheung WH. The role of osteocytes-specific molecular mechanism in regulation of mechanotransduction - A systematic review. J Orthop Translat 2021; 29:1-9. [PMID: 34036041 PMCID: PMC8138679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteocytes, composing over 90% of bone cells, are well known for their mechanosensing abilities. Aged osteocytes with impaired morphology and function are less efficient in mechanotransduction which will disrupt bone turnover leading to osteoporosis. The aim of this systematic review is to delineate the mechanotransduction mechanism at different stages in order to explore potential target for therapeutic drugs. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science. Original animal, cell and clinical studies with available English full-text were included. Information was extracted from the included studies for review. Results The 26 studies included in this review provided evidence that mechanical loading are sensed by osteocytes via various sensing proteins and transduced to different signaling molecules which later initiate various biochemical responses. Studies have shown that osteocyte plasma membrane and cytoskeletons are emerging key players in initiating mechanotransduction. Bone regulating genes expressions are altered in response to load sensed by osteocytes, but the genes involved different signaling pathways and the spatiotemporal expression pattern had made mechanotransduction mechanism complicated. Most of the included studies described the important role of osteocytes in pathways that regulate mechanosensing and bone remodeling. Conclusions This systematic review provides an up-to-date insight to different steps of mechanotransduction. A better understanding of the mechanotransduction mechanism is beneficial in search of new potential treatment for osteoporotic patients. By delineating the unique morphology of osteocytes and their interconnected signaling network new targets can be discovered for drug development. Translational potential of this article This systematic review provides an up-to-date sequential overview and highlights the different osteocyte-related pathways and signaling molecules during mechanotransduction. This allows a better understanding of mechanotransduction for future development of new therapeutic interventions to treat patients with impaired mechanosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen Michelle Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Kwoon Ho Chow
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Hoi Cheung
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, PR China
- Corresponding author.Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 5/F, Clinical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Gutiérrez M. Activating mutations of STAT3: Impact on human growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110979. [PMID: 32818584 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is the most ubiquitous member of the STAT family and fulfills fundamental functions in immune and non-immune cells. Mutations in the STAT3 gene lead to different human diseases. Germline STAT3 activating or gain-of-function (GOF) mutations result in early-onset multiorgan autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, recurrent infections and short stature. Since the first description of the disease, the clinical manifestations of STAT3 GOF mutations have expanded considerably. However, due to the complexity of immunological characteristics in patients carrying STAT3 GOF mutations, most of attention was focused on the immune alterations. This review summarizes current knowledge on STAT3 GOF mutations with special focus on the growth defects, since short stature is a predominant feature in this condition. Underlying mechanisms of STAT3 GOF disease are still poorly understood, and potential effects of STAT3 GOF mutations on the growth hormone signaling pathway are unclear. Functional studies of STAT3 GOF mutations and the broadening of clinical growth-related data in these patients are necessary to better delineate implications of STAT3 GOF mutations on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE) CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Gallo 1360, Buenos Aires, CP1425EFD, Argentina.
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15
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Damerau A, Gaber T, Ohrndorf S, Hoff P. JAK/STAT Activation: A General Mechanism for Bone Development, Homeostasis, and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9004. [PMID: 33256266 PMCID: PMC7729940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway serves as an important downstream mediator for a variety of cytokines, hormones, and growth factors. Emerging evidence suggests JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays an important role in bone development, metabolism, and healing. In this light, pro-inflammatory cytokines are now clearly implicated in these processes as they can perturb normal bone remodeling through their action on osteoclasts and osteoblasts at both intra- and extra-articular skeletal sites. Here, we summarize the role of JAK/STAT pathway on development, homeostasis, and regeneration based on skeletal phenotype of individual JAK and STAT gene knockout models and selective inhibition of components of the JAK/STAT signaling including influences of JAK inhibition in osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Damerau
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (S.O.); (P.H.)
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (S.O.); (P.H.)
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Ohrndorf
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (S.O.); (P.H.)
| | - Paula Hoff
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (S.O.); (P.H.)
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Endokrinologikum Berlin am Gendarmenmarkt, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Sanpaolo ER, Rotondo C, Cici D, Corrado A, Cantatore FP. JAK/STAT pathway and molecular mechanism in bone remodeling. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9087-9096. [PMID: 33099760 PMCID: PMC7674338 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in many diseases, including autoimmune diseases, which are characterized by a close interconnection between immune and bone system. JAK/STAT pathway is involved in bone homeostasis and plays an important role in proliferation and differentiation of some cell types, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Different molecules, such as cytokines, hormones, and growth factors are responsible for the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, which leads, at the nuclear level, to start DNA transcription of target genes. Bone cells and remodeling process are often influenced by many cytokines, which act as strong stimulators of bone formation and resorption. Our aim, through careful research in literature, has been to provide an overview of the role of the JAK/STAT pathway in bone remodeling and on bone cells, with a focus on cytokines involved in bone turnover through this signal cascade. The JAK/STAT pathway, through the signal cascade activation mediated by the interaction with many cytokines, acts on bone cells and appears to be involved in bone remodeling process. However, many other studies are needed to completely understand the molecular mechanism underlying these bone process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rita Sanpaolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Rotondo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ada Corrado
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Rheumatology Clinic, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
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17
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Sims NA. The JAK1/STAT3/SOCS3 axis in bone development, physiology, and pathology. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1185-1197. [PMID: 32788655 PMCID: PMC8080635 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth and the maintenance of bone structure are controlled by multiple endocrine and paracrine factors, including cytokines expressed locally within the bone microenvironment and those that are elevated, both locally and systemically, under inflammatory conditions. This review focuses on those bone-active cytokines that initiate JAK–STAT signaling, and outlines the discoveries made from studying skeletal defects caused by induced or spontaneous modifications in this pathway. Specifically, this review describes defects in JAK1, STAT3, and SOCS3 signaling in mouse models and in humans, including mutations designed to modify these pathways downstream of the gp130 coreceptor. It is shown that osteoclast formation is generally stimulated indirectly by these pathways through JAK1 and STAT3 actions in inflammatory and other accessory cells, including osteoblasts. In addition, in bone remodeling, osteoblast differentiation is increased secondary to stimulated osteoclast formation through an IL-6-dependent pathway. In growth plate chondrocytes, STAT3 signaling promotes the normal differentiation process that leads to bone lengthening. Within the osteoblast lineage, STAT3 signaling promotes bone formation in normal physiology and in response to mechanical loading through direct signaling in osteocytes. This activity, particularly that of the IL-6/gp130 family of cytokines, must be suppressed by SOCS3 for the normal formation of cortical bone. Maintaining normal bone structure and strength depends on a group of signaling proteins called cytokines that bind to receptor molecules on cell surfaces. Natalie Sims at St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne in Australia reviews the role of cytokines in a specific signaling pathway in bone development and disease. Two of the proteins in this pathway respond to cytokine activity, whereas the third inhibits the cytokines’ effects. Studies in mice and humans have identified links between specific bone defects and spontaneous or experimentally induced mutations in the genes that code for the three proteins. The review covers the significance of recent findings to several types of cells that form new bone, degrade bone as part of normal bone turnover, and sustain the structure of bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Davidson RK, Himes ER, Takigawa S, Chen A, Horn MR, Meijome T, Wallace JM, Kacena MA, Yokota H, Nguyen AV, Li J. The loss of STAT3 in mature osteoclasts has detrimental effects on bone structure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236891. [PMID: 32730332 PMCID: PMC7392311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has recently been shown to be involved in bone development and has been implicated in bone diseases, such as Job’s Syndrome. Bone growth and changes have been known for many years to differ between sexes with male bones tending to have higher bone mass than female bones and older females tending to lose bone mass at faster rates than older males. Previous studies using conditional knock mice with Stat3 specifically deleted from the osteoblasts showed both sexes exhibited decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and strength. Using the Cre-Lox system with Cathepsin K promotor driving Cre to target the deletion of the Stat3 gene in mature osteoclasts (STAT3-cKO mice), we observed that 8-week old STAT3-cKO female femurs exhibited significantly lower BMD and bone mineral content (BMC) compared to littermate control (CN) females. There were no differences in BMD and BMC observed between male knock-out and male CN femurs. However, micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis showed that both male and female STAT3-cKO mice had significant decreases in bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV). Bone histomorphometry analysis of the distal femur, further revealed a decrease in bone formation rate and mineralizing surface/bone surface (MS/BS) with a significant decrease in osteoclast surface in female, but not male, STAT3-cKO mice. Profiling gene expression in an osteoclastic cell line with a knockdown of STAT3 showed an upregulation of a number of genes that are directly regulated by estrogen receptors. These data collectively suggest that regulation of STAT3 differs in male and female osteoclasts and that inactivation of STAT3 in osteoclasts affects bone turnover more in females than males, demonstrating the complicated nature of STAT3 signaling pathways in osteoclastogenesis. Drugs targeting the STAT3 pathway may be used for treatment of diseases such as Job’s Syndrome and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Davidson
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Evan R. Himes
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shinya Takigawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Ryne Horn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tomas Meijome
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew V. Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences and Geology, the City University of New York-Queensborough Community College, Bayside, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (AVN)
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (AVN)
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19
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Deng Z, Fear MW, Suk Choi Y, Wood FM, Allahham A, Mutsaers SE, Prêle CM. The extracellular matrix and mechanotransduction in pulmonary fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 126:105802. [PMID: 32668329 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterised by excessive scarring in the lung which leads to compromised lung function, serious breathing problems and in some diseases, death. It includes several lung disorders with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) the most common and most severe. Pulmonary fibrosis is considered to be perpetuated by aberrant wound healing which leads to fibroblast accumulation, differentiation and activation, and deposition of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in particular, collagen. Recent studies have identified the importance of changes in the composition and structure of lung ECM during the development of pulmonary fibrosis and the interaction between ECM and lung cells. There is strong evidence that increased matrix stiffness induces changes in cell function including proliferation, migration, differentiation and activation. Understanding how changes in the ECM microenvironment influence cell behaviour during fibrogenesis, and the mechanisms regulating these changes, will provide insight for developing new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Deng
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia; Burns Service of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Amira Allahham
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Steven E Mutsaers
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Cecilia M Prêle
- Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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20
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Walker EC, Truong K, McGregor NE, Poulton IJ, Isojima T, Gooi JH, Martin TJ, Sims NA. Cortical bone maturation in mice requires SOCS3 suppression of gp130/STAT3 signalling in osteocytes. eLife 2020; 9:e56666. [PMID: 32458800 PMCID: PMC7253175 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone strength is determined by its dense cortical shell, generated by unknown mechanisms. Here we use the Dmp1Cre:Socs3f/f mouse, with delayed cortical bone consolidation, to characterise cortical maturation and identify control signals. We show that cortical maturation requires a reduction in cortical porosity, and a transition from low to high density bone, which continues even after cortical shape is established. Both processes were delayed in Dmp1Cre:Socs3f/f mice. SOCS3 (suppressor of cytokine signalling 3) inhibits signalling by leptin, G-CSF, and IL-6 family cytokines (gp130). In Dmp1Cre:Socs3f/f bone, STAT3 phosphorylation was prolonged in response to gp130-signalling cytokines, but not G-CSF or leptin. Deletion of gp130 in Dmp1Cre:Socs3f/f mice suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation in osteocytes and osteoclastic resorption within cortical bone, leading to rescue of the corticalisation defect, and restoration of compromised bone strength. We conclude that cortical bone development includes both pore closure and accumulation of high density bone, and that these processes require suppression of gp130-STAT3 signalling in osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
| | - Kim Truong
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent’s HospitalFitzroyAustralia
| | | | | | - Tsuyoshi Isojima
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Jonathan H Gooi
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent’s HospitalFitzroyAustralia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St. Vincent’s HospitalFitzroyAustralia
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21
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CUEDC2 controls osteoblast differentiation and bone formation via SOCS3-STAT3 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:344. [PMID: 32393737 PMCID: PMC7214468 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The CUE domain-containing 2 (CUEDC2) protein plays critical roles in many biological processes, such as the cell cycle, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. However, whether CUEDC2 is involved in osteoblast differentiation and plays a role in bone regeneration remains unknown. This study investigated the role of CUEDC2 in osteogenesis and its underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that CUEDC2 is expressed in bone tissues. The expression of CUEDC2 decreased during bone development and BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation. The overexpression of CUEDC2 suppressed the osteogenic differentiation of precursor cells, while the knockdown of CUEDC2 showed the opposite effect. In vivo studies showed that the overexpression of CUEDC2 decreased bone parameters (bone volume, bone area, and bone mineral density) during ectopic bone formation, whereas its knockdown increased bone volume and the reconstruction percentage of critical-size calvarial defects. We found that CUEDC2 affects STAT3 activation by regulating SOCS3 protein stability. Treatment with a chemical inhibitor of STAT3 abolished the promoting effect of CUEDC2 silencing on osteoblast differentiation. Together, we suggest that CUEDC2 functions as a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by targeting the SOCS3–STAT3 pathway. CUEDC2 manipulation could serve as a therapeutic strategy for controlling bone disease and regeneration.
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22
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Yin Y, Corry KA, Loughran JP, Li J. Moderate Nrf2 Activation by Genetic Disruption of Keap1 Has Sex-Specific Effects on Bone Mass in Mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:348. [PMID: 31941926 PMCID: PMC6962200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Keap1 is a negative controller of the transcription factor Nrf2 for its activity. The Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway has been considered as a master regulator of cytoprotective genes, and exists in many cell types including osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Our previous study shows Nrf2 deletion decreases bone formation. Recent studies show hyperactivation of Nrf2 causes osteopenia in Keap1-/- mice, and Keap1-/- osteoblasts have significantly less proliferative potential than Keap1+/- osteoblasts. We aimed to examine if moderate Nrf2 activation by disruption of Keap1 impacts bone metabolism. We examined bone phenotype of Keap1 heterozygotic mice (Ht) in comparison with Keap1 wild type (WT) mice. Deletion or knockdown of Keap1 enhanced the gene expression of Nrf2, ALP and wnt5a in cultured primary osteoblasts compared to WT control. In male mice, compared with their age-matched littermate WT controls, Keap1 Ht mice showed significant increase in bone formation rate (+30.7%, P = 0.0029), but did not change the ultimate force (P < 0.01). The osteoclast cell numbers (-32.45%, P = 0.01) and surface (-32.58%, P = 0.03) were significantly reduced by Keap1 deficiency in male mice. Compared to male WT mice, serum bone resorption marker in male Keap1 Ht mice was significantly decreased. Our data suggest that moderate Nrf2 activation by disruption of Keap1 improved bone mass by regulating bone remodeling in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Yin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Kylie A Corry
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - John P Loughran
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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