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Williams DR, Taylor L, Miter GA, Sheiman JL, Wallace JM, Allen MR, Kohler R, Medeiros C. Synthesis Studies and the Evaluation of C 6 Raloxifene Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:879-884. [PMID: 38894928 PMCID: PMC11181480 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Methodology is described for the synthesis of C6 derivatives of raloxifene, a prescribed drug for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Studies have explored the incorporation of electron-withdrawing substituents at C6 of the benzothiophene core. Efficient processes are also examined to introduce hydrogen bond donor and acceptor functionality. Raloxifene derivatives are evaluated with in vitro testing to determine estrogen receptor (ER) binding affinity and gene expression in MC3T3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Levin Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Miter
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Johnathan L. Sheiman
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department
of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 United States
| | - Rachel Kohler
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Claudia Medeiros
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue
University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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2
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Jacobson A, Tastad CA, Creecy A, Wallace JM. Combined Thermoneutral Housing and Raloxifene Treatment Improves Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture and Strength in Growing Female Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:359-362. [PMID: 36371724 PMCID: PMC10942733 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoneutral housing and Raloxifene (RAL) treatment both have potential for improving mechanical and architectural properties of bone. Housing mice within a 30 to 32 °C range improves bone quality by reducing the consequences of cold stress, such as shivering and metabolic energy consumption (Chevalier et al. in Cell Metab 32(4):575-590.e7, 2020; Martin et al. in Endocr Connect 8(11):1455-1467, 2019; Hankenson et al. in Comp Med 68(6):425-438, 2018). Previous work suggests that Raloxifene can enhance bone strength and geometry (Ettinger et al. in Jama 282(7):637-645, 1999; Powell et al. in Bone Rep 12:100246, 2020). An earlier study in our lab utilized long bones to examine the effect of thermoneutral housing and Raloxifene treatment in mice, but no significant interactive effects were found. The lack of an impact is hypothesized to be connected to the short 6-week duration of the study and the type of bone analyzed. This study will examine the same question within the axial skeleton, which has a higher proportion of trabecular bone. After 6 weeks of treatment with RAL, vertebrae from female C57BL/6 J mice underwent microcomputed tomography (μCT), architectural analysis, and compression testing. Most of the tested geometric properties (bone volume/tissue volume percent, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, trabecular spacing) improved with both the housing and RAL treatment. The effect sizes suggested an additive effect when treating mice housed under thermoneutral conditions. While ultimate force was enhanced with the treatment and housing, force normalized by bone volume fraction was not significantly different between groups. For longer pre-clinical trials, it may be important to consider the impacts of temperature on mice to improve the accuracy of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jacobson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carli A Tastad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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3
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Alcorta-Sevillano N, Infante A, Macías I, Rodríguez CI. Murine Animal Models in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: The Quest for Improving the Quality of Life. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010184. [PMID: 36613624 PMCID: PMC9820162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility, due to alterations in the type I collagen molecule. It is a very heterogeneous disease, both genetically and phenotypically, with a high variability of clinical phenotypes, ranging from mild to severe forms, the most extreme cases being perinatal lethal. There is no curative treatment for OI, and so great efforts are being made in order to develop effective therapies. In these attempts, the in vivo preclinical studies are of paramount importance; therefore, serious analysis is required to choose the right murine OI model able to emulate as closely as possible the disease of the target OI population. In this review, we summarize the features of OI murine models that have been used for preclinical studies until today, together with recently developed new murine models. The bone parameters that are usually evaluated in order to determine the relevance of new developing therapies are exposed, and finally, current and innovative therapeutic strategies attempts considered in murine OI models, along with their mechanism of action, are reviewed. This review aims to summarize the in vivo studies developed in murine models available in the field of OI to date, in order to help the scientific community choose the most accurate OI murine model when developing new therapeutic strategies capable of improving the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Alcorta-Sevillano
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Arantza Infante
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Iratxe Macías
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Clara I. Rodríguez
- Stem Cells and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Plaza de Cruces S/N, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Medeiros C, Wallace JM. High glucose-induced inhibition of osteoblast like MC3T3-E1 differentiation promotes mitochondrial perturbations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270001. [PMID: 35714142 PMCID: PMC9205493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that causes health concerns worldwide. Patients with diabetes exhibit multisystemic symptoms, including loss of bone quality over time. The progressive deterioration of bone promotes failure to withstand damage and increases the risk of fractures. Much of the molecular and metabolic mechanism(s) in diabetic bone remains unclear. In vitro studies suggest that hyperglycemia inhibits mineralization, affecting bone formation and function. In this study, inhibition of osteoblast differentiation was induced using hyperglycemia to assess whether high glucose promotes mitochondrial impairment along with altered bone matrix formation. It was hypothesized that bone energy metabolism would be altered in these cells as calcium deposition, a key phase for bone function, is suppressed. Early passages of osteoblast like MC3T3-E1 cells were differentiated under normal and high glucose conditions. To investigate osteoblast differentiation, we quantified calcium accumulation by alizarin red staining and analyzed immunoblots of key proteins. To assess mitochondrial function, we quantified mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), detected expression and function of key proteins from the Tricarboxylic (TCA) cycle, measured mitochondrial respiration, and fuel oxidation of alternative nutrients. Results confirmed previous work showing that mineralization was inhibited and AKT expression was reduced in high glucose-treated bone cells. Unexpectedly, high glucose-treated osteoblast cells utilize both mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis to maintain energy demands with partial help of fatty acid for reliance of baseline bioenergetics. These metabolic shifts suggest that hyperglycemia maintain bone metabolic needs in an early differentiated state concurrent to the inhibition in bone matrix formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Medeiros
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America,* E-mail:
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Surowiec RK, Allen MR, Wallace JM. Bone hydration: How we can evaluate it, what can it tell us, and is it an effective therapeutic target? Bone Rep 2022; 16:101161. [PMID: 35005101 PMCID: PMC8718737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water constitutes roughly a quarter of the cortical bone by volume yet can greatly influence mechanical properties and tissue quality. There is a growing appreciation for how water can dynamically change due to age, disease, and treatment. A key emerging area related to bone mechanical and tissue properties lies in differentiating the role of water in its four different compartments, including free/pore water, water loosely bound at the collagen/mineral interfaces, water tightly bound within collagen triple helices, and structural water within the mineral. This review summarizes our current knowledge of bone water across the four functional compartments and discusses how alterations in each compartment relate to mechanical changes. It provides an overview on the advent of- and improvements to- imaging and spectroscopic techniques able to probe nano-and molecular scales of bone water. These technical advances have led to an emerging understanding of how bone water changes in various conditions, of which aging, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta are reviewed. Finally, it summarizes work focused on therapeutically targeting water to improve mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Surowiec
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Bidwell J, Tersey SA, Adaway M, Bone RN, Creecy A, Klunk A, Atkinson EG, Wek RC, Robling AG, Wallace JM, Evans-Molina C. Nmp4, a Regulator of Induced Osteoanabolism, Also Influences Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:244-259. [PMID: 34417862 PMCID: PMC8792173 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A bidirectional and complex relationship exists between bone and glycemia. Persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at risk for bone loss and fracture, however, heightened osteoanabolism may ameliorate T2D-induced deficits in glycemia as bone-forming osteoblasts contribute to energy metabolism via increased glucose uptake and cellular glycolysis. Mice globally lacking nuclear matrix protein 4 (Nmp4), a transcription factor expressed in all tissues and conserved between humans and rodents, are healthy and exhibit enhanced bone formation in response to anabolic osteoporosis therapies. To test whether loss of Nmp4 similarly impacted bone deficits caused by diet-induced obesity, male wild-type and Nmp4-/- mice (8 weeks) were fed either low-fat diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Endpoint parameters included bone architecture, structural and estimated tissue-level mechanical properties, body weight/composition, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and metabolic cage analysis. HFD diminished bone architecture and ultimate force and stiffness equally in both genotypes. Unexpectedly, the Nmp4-/- mice exhibited deficits in pancreatic β-cell function and were modestly glucose intolerant under normal diet conditions. Despite the β-cell deficits, the Nmp4-/- mice were less sensitive to HFD-induced weight gain, increases in % fat mass, and decreases in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. We conclude that Nmp4 supports pancreatic β-cell function but suppresses peripheral glucose utilization, perhaps contributing to its suppression of induced skeletal anabolism. Selective disruption of Nmp4 in peripheral tissues may provide a strategy for improving both induced osteoanabolism and energy metabolism in comorbid patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Bidwell
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology (ACBP), Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, USA.
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Michele Adaway
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology (ACBP), Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Robert N Bone
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease and the Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amy Creecy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Angela Klunk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology (ACBP), Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Emily G Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology (ACBP), Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IUSM, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology (ACBP), Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM, Indianapolis, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease and the Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUSM, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, USA.
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7
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Berman AG, Damrath JG, Hatch J, Pulliam AN, Powell KM, Hinton M, Wallace JM. Effects of Raloxifene and tibial loading on bone mass and mechanics in male and female mice. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:3-15. [PMID: 33427519 PMCID: PMC8272732 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2020.1865938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Raloxifene (RAL) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has previously been shown to cause acellular benefits to bone tissue. Due to these improvements, RAL was combined with targeted tibial loading to assess if RAL treatment during periods of active bone formation would allow for further mechanical enhancements.Methods: Structural, mechanical, and microstructural effects were assessed in bone from C57BL/6 mice that were treated with RAL (0.5 mg/kg), tibial loading, or both for 6 weeks, beginning at 10 weeks of age.Results:Ex vivo microcomputed tomography (CT) images indicated RAL and loading work together to improve bone mass and architecture, especially within the cancellous region of males. Increases in cancellous bone volume fraction were heavily driven by increases in trabecular thickness, though there were some effects on trabecular spacing and number. In the cortical regions, RAL and loading both increased cross-sectional area, cortical area, and cortical thickness. Whole-bone mechanical testing primarily indicated the effects of loading. Further characterization through Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation showed load-based changes in mineralization and micromechanics, while both loading and RAL caused changes in the secondary collagen structure. In contrast to males, in females, there were large load-based effects in the cancellous and cortical regions, resulting in increased whole-bone mechanical properties. RAL had less of an effect on cancellous and cortical architecture, though some effects were still present.Conclusion: RAL and loading work together to impact bone architecture and mechanical integrity, leading to greater improvements than either treatment individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia G. Berman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - John G. Damrath
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer Hatch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexis N. Pulliam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Katherine M. Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Madicyn Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph M. Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Corresponding Author Joseph M. Wallace, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA, , +1-317-274-2448
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteoporosis is commonly diagnosed through the clinical assessment of bone quantity using bone mineral density; however, the primary clinical concern is bone fragility. Bone fragility is determined by both bone quantity and bone quality. Over the past decade, the gut microbiome has emerged as a factor that can regulate diseases throughout the body. This review discusses how microbial organisms and their genetic products that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract influence bone quantity, bone quality, and bone strength. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiome regulates bone loss during estrogen depletion and glucocorticoid treatment. A series of studies has also shown that the gut microbiome influences whole bone strength by modifying bone tissue quality. The possible links between the gut microbiome and bone tissue quality are discussed focusing on the effects of microbiome-derived vitamin K. We provide a brief introduction to the gut microbiome and how modifications to the gut microbiome may lead to changes in bone. The gut microbiome is a promising target for new therapeutic approaches that address bone quality in ways not possible with current interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy Castaneda
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 355 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Jasmin M Strong
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 355 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Denise A Alabi
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 355 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Christopher J Hernandez
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, 124 Hoy Road, 355 Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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Four-Point Bending Testing for Mechanical Assessment of Mouse Bone Structural Properties. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 33197016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary functions of bone is to support the skeleton by withstanding load. In the diseased state, bone's ability to perform this function is altered. Quantification of the features of bone that support its functional behavior, and how they may change with disease, is accomplished through mechanical testing. As such, mechanical testing is a useful tool for scientists studying orthopedic-related diseases. Furthermore, a common animal model used to investigate disease and its treatment is the mouse. Therefore, in this chapter we (1) describe central concepts of mechanical testing, (2) describe factors that influence the mechanical behavior of bone, and (3) describe the application of a widely used mechanical testing technique, four-point bending, to the mouse bone for characterization of its structural properties.
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