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Salvo V, Gazzolo D, Zimmermann LJ. The Complex Interrelationship Between Mechanical Ventilation and Therapeutic Hypothermia in Asphyxiated Newborns. A Review. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2024; 14:80-88. [PMID: 37625025 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2023.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Asphyxiated newborns often require both therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and mechanical ventilation (MV) and the complex interrelationship between these two therapeutic interventions is very interesting, which could not only have several synergistic positive effects but also some risks. Perinatal asphyxia is the leading cause of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and TH is the only approved neuroprotective treatment to limit brain injury, improving the mortality rate and long-term neurological outcomes. HIE is often associated with severe respiratory failure, requiring MV, due to different lung diseases or an impairment of the respiratory drive. The respiratory support management of asphyxiated newborns is very difficult, considering (a) various pathophysiological contexts, (b) the strong impact of TH on gas metabolism and (c) on lung mechanics, and (d) complex TH-MV interactions. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the real indications of MV for cooled newborns, considering the risks of respiratory overassistance (hypocapnia/hyperoxia), as well as the adequate monitoring systems. To date, specific randomized studies about the optimal respiratory approach for cooled newborns are lacking, and strategies for MV support vary from center to center. Moreover, there are many open questions about the real effects of cooling on lung mechanics and on surfactant, most appropriate method of blood gas analysis, and clear indications for pharmacological sedation. The aim of this review is to propose a reasoned approach for respiratory management of cooled newborns, considering the pathophysiological context, multiple actions of TH, and consequences of TH-MV matched action and its related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Salvo
- Mother and Child Health Department, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital of Ragusa, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luc J Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- European Foundation for the Care of Newborn Infants (EFCNI), München
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Zhou D, Lv Y, Wang C, Li D. The early change in pH values after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is not associated with neurological outcome at hospital discharge. Resusc Plus 2024; 18:100650. [PMID: 38711912 PMCID: PMC11070929 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The association between pH values and outcome for patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) was not fully elucidated; besides, the relationship of change in pH values and neurological outcome was unknown. The aim was to explore the association of pH values as well as change in pH values and neurological outcome for OHCA cardiac patients. Methods The adult patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and at least two arterial blood gases analysis recorded after admission were included. The change in pH values is calculated as the difference between the second and first pH value, and divided by time interval got the rate of change in pH values. The primary outcome was modified Rankin Score (mRS), dichotomized to good (mRS 0-3) and poor (mRS 4-6) outcomes at hospital discharge. The independent relationship of the first pH value, second pH value, and changes in pH values with neurological outcome was investigated with multivariable logistic regression models, respectively. Results A total of 1388 adult patients were included for analysis, of which 514 (37%) had good neurological outcome. The median first pH value and second pH value after admission were 7.21 (interquartile range [IQR] 7.09-7.29) and 7.28 (IQR 7.20-7.36), respectively. The median absolute, relative change, and rate of changes in pH values were 0.08 (IQR 0.01-0.16), 1.10% (IQR 0.11-2.22%), and 0.02 (IQR 0-0.06) per hour, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the higher first pH value (odds ratio [OR] 3.81, confidence interval [CI] 1.60-9.24, P = 0.003) and higher second pH value (OR 9.54, CI 3.45-26.87, P < 0.001) after admission were associated with good neurological outcome, respectively. The absolute (OR 1.58, CI 0.58-4.30, P = 0.368) and relative (OR 1.03, CI 0.96-1.11, P = 0.399) change as well as the rate of change (OR 0.98, CI 0.33-2.71, P = 974) in pH values were not associated with neurological outcome. Conclusions For OHCA patients, abnormality in pH values was very common, with a more acidic pH value indicating poor neurological outcome. However, the change in pH values was not associated with outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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El-Dib M, Szakmar E, Chakkarapani E, Aly H. Challenges in respiratory management during therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 26:101263. [PMID: 34244080 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2021.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a serious condition with devastating neurological outcomes that can impact oxygenation and ventilation. The currently recommended therapeutic hypothermia (TH) for these infants may also has several respiratory implications. It decreases metabolic rate and oxygen demands; however, it increases oxygen solubility in the blood and impacts its release to peripheral tissue including the brain. Respiratory management of infants treated with TH should aim for minimizing exposure to hypocapnia or hyperoxia. Inspiratory gas should be heated to 37 °C and humidified to prevent airway and alveolar injury. Blood gas values should be corrected to the core temperature during TH and the use of alkaline buffers is discouraged. While mild sedation/analgesia may ameliorate the discomfort related to cooling, paralytic agents/heavy sedation should be used with caution considering their side effects. Finally, the use of caffeine still needs careful investigation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Dib
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., CWN#418, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Eniko Szakmar
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., CWN#418, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 54 Bokay St., HU-1083, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ela Chakkarapani
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Regional Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St Michael's Hospital University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EG, United Kingdom.
| | - Hany Aly
- Department of Neonatology, Cleveland Clinic Children's Hospital, 9500 Euclid Avenue # M31-37 Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Szakmar E, Jermendy A, El-Dib M. Respiratory management during therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Perinatol 2019; 39:763-773. [PMID: 30858610 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has become the standard of care treatment to improve morbidity and mortality in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Although TH has clearly proven to be beneficial, recent studies suggest optimization of respiratory management as an approach to prevent further damage and improve neurodevelopmental outcome. The ventilatory management of asphyxiated neonates presents a challenge because both the hypoxic insult and TH have an impact on respiratory functions. Although the danger of recurrence of hypocapnia is well recognized, a brief period of severe hyperoxia also can be detrimental to the previously compromised brain and have been shown to increase the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Therefore, judicious ventilatory management with rigorous monitoring is of particular importance in patients with HIE. In the present review, we provide an overview of the currently available evidence on pulmonary function, respiratory morbidities, and ventilation strategies in HIE and we highlight possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Szakmar
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnes Jermendy
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohamed El-Dib
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Polderman K, Lundbye J, Nichol G, Le May M. Therapeutic Hypothermia in Postcardiac Arrest. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2019; 9:102-107. [PMID: 31120398 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2019.29060.khp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kees Polderman
- 1 Department of Intensive Care Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals, Anglia Ruskin School of Medicine, London-Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Lundbye
- 2 The Greater Waterbury Health Network, Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Graham Nichol
- 3 University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michel Le May
- 4 Division of Cardiac Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Polderman K, Hegazy A, Lundbye J, Watson N. Current Advances in the Use of Therapeutic Hypothermia. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2019; 9:2-7. [PMID: 30614777 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2018.29055.khp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kees Polderman
- 1 Essex Cardiothoracic Centre, Basildon and Thurrock University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Basildon, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Hegazy
- 2 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Western Ontario , London, Canada .,3 Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Justin Lundbye
- 4 The Greater Waterbury Health Network , Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Noel Watson
- 5 Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital FT , Basildon, United Kingdom
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Lundbye J, Lyden PD, Polderman KH, Schwab S. Clinical Studies Targeting Stroke and Ischemic Insults. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 7:12-15. [PMID: 28253089 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2016.29022.jjl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lundbye
- 1 Hospital of Central Connecticut , New Britain, Connecticut
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- 2 Department of Neurology, Cedars-Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kees H Polderman
- 3 Department of Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan Schwab
- 4 Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University , Erlangen, Germany
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Lundbye J, Greer DM, Polderman KH, Yokobori S. Temperature Management in Neurological and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 8:66-69. [PMID: 29742005 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2018.29044.jjl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lundbye
- 1 The Greater Waterbury Health Network , Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - David M Greer
- 2 Department of Neurology, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kees H Polderman
- 3 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- 4 Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo, Japan
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Kurz M, Lyden P, Lundbye J, Rajguru S. Local to Systemic Use of Hypothermia. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2018; 8:4-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ther.2018.29041.mjk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kurz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Patrick Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin Lundbye
- Chief Medical Officer, The Greater Waterbury Health Network, Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Suhrud Rajguru
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Lundbye J, Lyden PD, Polderman KH, Schwab S. Clinical Studies Targeting Stroke and Ischemic Insults. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2017:ther.2016.29022.jjl.rev. [PMID: 28106522 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2016.29022.jjl.rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lundbye
- 1 The Greater Waterbury Health Network, Waterbury, Connecticut
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- 2 Department of Neurology, Cedars-Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kees H Polderman
- 3 Department of Critical Care, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefan Schwab
- 4 Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University , Erlangen, Germany
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