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Agaras BC, Grossi CEM, Ulloa RM. Unveiling the Secrets of Calcium-Dependent Proteins in Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: An Abundance of Discoveries Awaits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3398. [PMID: 37836138 PMCID: PMC10574481 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of Calcium ions (Ca2+) is extensively documented and comprehensively understood in eukaryotic organisms. Nevertheless, emerging insights, primarily derived from studies on human pathogenic bacteria, suggest that this ion also plays a pivotal role in prokaryotes. In this review, our primary focus will be on unraveling the intricate Ca2+ toolkit within prokaryotic organisms, with particular emphasis on its implications for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). We undertook an in silico exploration to pinpoint and identify some of the proteins described in the existing literature, including prokaryotic Ca2+ channels, pumps, and exchangers that are responsible for regulating intracellular Calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i), along with the Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) that play a pivotal role in sensing and transducing this essential cation. These investigations were conducted in four distinct PGPR strains: Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca SMMP3, P. donghuensis SVBP6, Pseudomonas sp. BP01, and Methylobacterium sp. 2A, which have been isolated and characterized within our research laboratories. We also present preliminary experimental data to evaluate the influence of exogenous Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]ex) on the growth dynamics of these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Cecilia Agaras
- Laboratory of Physiology and Genetics of Plant Probiotic Bacteria (LFGBBP), Centre of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Soils, National University of Quilmes, Bernal B1876BXD, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
| | - Cecilia Eugenia María Grossi
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Plant Signal Transduction, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Rita María Ulloa
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Plant Signal Transduction, Institute of Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology (INGEBI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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2
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Evaluation of Porcine and Aspergillus oryzae α-Amylases as Possible Model for the Human Enzyme. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-amylases are ubiquitous enzymes belonging to the glycosyl hydrolase (GH13) family, whose members share a high degree of sequence identity, even between distant organisms. To understand the determinants of catalytic activity of α-amylases throughout evolution, and to investigate the use of homologous enzymes as a model for the human one, we compared human salivary α-amylase, Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase and pancreatic porcine α-amylase, using a combination of in vitro and in silico approaches. Enzyme sequences were aligned, and structures superposed, whereas kinetics were spectroscopically studied by using commercial synthetic substrates. These three enzymes show strikingly different activities, specifically mediated by different ions, despite relevant structural homology. Our study confirms that the function of α-amylases throughout evolution has considerably diverged, although key structural determinants, such as the catalytic triad and the calcium-binding pocket, have been retained. These functional differences need to be carefully considered when α-amylases, from different organisms, are used as a model for the human enzymes. In this frame, particular focus is needed for the setup of proper experimental conditions.
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3
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Kikani BA, Singh SP. Amylases from thermophilic bacteria: structure and function relationship. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:325-341. [PMID: 34420464 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1940089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amylases hydrolyze starch to diverse products including dextrins and progressively smaller polymers of glucose units. Thermally stable amylases account for nearly 25% of the enzyme market. This review highlights the structural attributes of the α-amylases from thermophilic bacteria. Heterologous expression of amylases in suitable hosts is discussed in detail. Further, specific value maximization approaches, such as protein engineering and immobilization of the amylases are discussed in order to improve its suitability for varied applications on a commercial scale. The review also takes into account of the immobilization of the amylases on nanomaterials to increase the stability and reusability of the enzymes. The function-based metagenomics would provide opportunities for searching amylases with novel characteristics. The review is expected to explore novel amylases for future potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavtosh A Kikani
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India.,P.D. Patel Institute of Applied Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
| | - Satya P Singh
- UGC-CAS Department of Biosciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, India
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4
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HAN N, ZHANG ZK, LI YH, WANG W, BIAN LJ. Spectroscopic Analysis of Chloride Ion-induced Structural Change of Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens α-Amylase. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Pulsed Electric Field as a Means to Elevate Activity and Expression of α-Amylase in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Malting. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-019-02274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Sindhu R, Binod P, Madhavan A, Beevi US, Mathew AK, Abraham A, Pandey A, Kumar V. Molecular improvements in microbial α-amylases for enhanced stability and catalytic efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1740-1748. [PMID: 28478894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylases is one of the most important industrial enzyme which contributes to 25% of the industrial enzyme market. Though it is produced by plant, animals and microbial source, those from microbial source seems to have potential applications due to their stability and economic viability. However a large number of α-amylases from different sources have been detailed in the literature, only few numbers of them could withstand the harsh industrial conditions. Thermo-stability, pH tolerance, calcium independency and oxidant stability and starch hydrolyzing efficiency are the crucial qualities for α-amylase in starch based industries. Microbes can be genetically modified and fine tuning can be done for the production of enzymes with desired characteristics for specific applications. This review focuses on the native and recombinant α-amylases from microorganisms, their heterologous production and the recent molecular strategies which help to improve the properties of this industrial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendran Sindhu
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India.
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Trivandrum 695 014, India
| | - Ummalyma Sabeela Beevi
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal 795 001, India
| | - Anil Kuruvilla Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum 695 019, India; Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab, India
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7
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Wu H, Tian X, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Huang L, Liu X, Jin P, Lu F, Wang Z. Engineering of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
α-Amylase with Improved Calcium Independence and Catalytic Efficiency by Error-Prone PCR. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Zixing Dong
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Lei Huang
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Peng Jin
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Fuping Lu
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Dr. Z. Dong, Prof. X. Liu, Dr. P. Jin, Prof. Z. Wang; Department of Biological Chemical Engineering; College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
- H. Wu, X. Tian, Y. Zhang, L. Huang, Prof. F. Lu, Prof. Z. Wang; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science and Technology; Tianjin 300457 China
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8
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Singh K, Ahmad F, Singh VK, Kayastha K, Kayastha AM. Purification, biochemical characterization and Insilico modeling of α-amylase from Vicia faba. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Dey TB, Kumar A, Banerjee R, Chandna P, Kuhad RC. Improvement of microbial α-amylase stability: Strategic approaches. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Heat, Acid and Chemically Induced Unfolding Pathways, Conformational Stability and Structure-Function Relationship in Wheat α-Amylase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129203. [PMID: 26053142 PMCID: PMC4460087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat α-amylase, a multi-domain protein with immense industrial applications, belongs to α+β class of proteins with native molecular mass of 32 kDa. In the present study, the pathways leading to denaturation and the relevant unfolded states of this multi-domain, robust enzyme from wheat were discerned under the influence of temperature, pH and chemical denaturants. The structural and functional aspects along with thermodynamic parameters for α-amylase unfolding were probed and analyzed using fluorescence, circular dichroism and enzyme assay methods. The enzyme exhibited remarkable stability up to 70°C with tendency to aggregate at higher temperature. Acid induced unfolding was also incomplete with respect to the structural content of the enzyme. Strong ANS binding at pH 2.0 suggested the existence of a partially unfolded intermediate state. The enzyme was structurally and functionally stable in the pH range 4.0–9.0 with 88% recovery of hydrolytic activity. Careful examination of biophysical properties of intermediate states populated in urea and GdHCl induced denaturation suggests that α-amylase unfolding undergoes irreversible and non-coincidental cooperative transitions, as opposed to previous reports of two-state unfolding. Our investigation highlights several structural features of the enzyme in relation to its catalytic activity. Since, α-amylase has been comprehensively exploited for use in a range of starch-based industries, in addition to its physiological significance in plants and animals, knowledge regarding its stability and folding aspects will promote its biotechnological applications.
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11
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Singh K, Kayastha AM. Α-amylase from wheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds: its purification, biochemical attributes and active site studies. Food Chem 2014; 162:1-9. [PMID: 24874349 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated α-amylase from germinated wheat seeds (Triticum aestivum) has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity with a final specific activity of 1,372 U/mg. The enzyme preparation when analysed on SDS-PAGE, displayed a single protein band with Mr 33 kDa; Superdex 200 column showed Mr of 32 kDa and MS/MS analysis further provided support for these values. The enzyme displayed its optimum catalytic activity at pH 5.0 and 68 °C with an activation energy of 6.66 kcal/mol and Q10 1.42. The primary substrate for this hydrolase appears to be starch with Km 1.56 mg/mL, Vmax 1666.67 U/mg and kcat 485 s(-1) and hence is suitable for application in starch based industries. Thermal inactivation of α-amylase at 67 °C resulted in first-order kinetics with rate constant (k) 0.0086 min(-1) and t1/2 80 min. The enzyme was susceptible to EDTA (10mM) with irreversible loss of hydrolytic power. In the presence of 1.0mM SDS, the enzyme lost only 14% and 23% activity in 24 and 48 h, respectively. Chemical modification studies showed that the enzyme contains histidine and carboxylic residues at its active site for its catalytic activity and possibly conserved areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Arvind M Kayastha
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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12
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Yadav JK. A differential behavior of α-amylase, in terms of catalytic activity and thermal stability, in response to higher concentration CaCl2. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:146-52. [PMID: 22542853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A differential relationship was observed between thermal stability and catalytic activity of α-amylase in the presence of different concentrations of CaCl(2). The enzyme displays optimum catalytic activity in the presence of 1.0-2.0 mM CaCl(2). Further addition of CaCl(2) leads to inhibition of the enzyme, however, at the same time the enzyme gains an additional resistance against thermal denaturation. It was evident that the enzyme is thermodynamically more stable (compared to the active enzyme) in the presence of inhibitory concentration of CaCl(2). For example, the thermal transition temperature (T(m)) of optimally active α-amylase was found to be 64±1°C, whereas, for the less active enzyme (in the presence 10 mM CaCl(2)) the value was determined to be 71±1°C. Similarly, the activation energy of thermal inactivation (Ea) was found to be 228±12 kJ/mol and 291±15 kJ/mol for the optimally active enzyme and the enzyme in the presence of 10 mM CaCl(2), respectively. Biophysical analysis of different states of the enzymes in response to variable calcium level indicates no significant change in the secondary structure in response to different concentration of CaCl(2), however the less active but thermodynamically stable enzyme (in the presence of higher concentration of CaCl(2)) was shown to have relatively more compact structure. The results suggest that the enzyme has separate catalytic and structure stabilizing domains and they significantly vary in their functional attributes in response to calcium level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Kant Yadav
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
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13
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Impact of Calcium on Salivary α-Amylase Activity, Starch Paste Apparent Viscosity, and Thickness Perception. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Altug C, Mengulluoglu U, Kurt E, Kaya S, Dinckaya E. A novel biosensor based on glucose oxidase for activity determination of α - amylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 39:298-303. [PMID: 21574907 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2011.574635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A glucose oxidase-based biosensor was developed for the determination of α-amylase activity. The determination method is based on monitoring the decrease in dissolved oxygen concentration related to the starch concentration, for which starch gives a reaction with α-amylase. Optimization parameters, including glucose oxidase amount, gelatin amount, and glutaraldehyde percentage for cross-linking, were investigated. The effects of pH, buffer system, and temperature on the biosensor system were also investigated. The biosensor had a linear relation to α-amylase activity and good measurement correlation between 0.66 and 9.83 U/ml. In sample analysis studies, α-amylase activity in baker's yeast was determined by the biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagrı Altug
- Ege University, Biochemistry Department, Bornova-Izmir, Turkey
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Rosenkranz T, Schlesinger R, Gabba M, Fitter J. Native and Unfolded States of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Studied by Single‐Molecule FRET. Chemphyschem 2010; 12:704-10. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Rosenkranz
- Research Centre Jülich, ISB‐2: Molecular Biophysics, 52425 Jülich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 2461 61 1448
| | - Ramona Schlesinger
- Research Centre Jülich, ISB‐2: Molecular Biophysics, 52425 Jülich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 2461 61 1448
| | - Matteo Gabba
- Research Centre Jülich, ISB‐2: Molecular Biophysics, 52425 Jülich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 2461 61 1448
| | - Jörg Fitter
- Research Centre Jülich, ISB‐2: Molecular Biophysics, 52425 Jülich (Germany), Fax: (+49) 2461 61 1448
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