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Zhan Y, Chen Z, Qiu Y, Deng Q, Huang W, Wen S, Shen J. DEXMEDETOMIDINE PREVENTS PDIA3 DECREASE BY ACTIVATING α2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR TO ALLEVIATE INTESTINAL I/R IN MICE. Shock 2022; 58:556-564. [PMID: 36374735 PMCID: PMC9803385 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) attenuates intestinal I/R injury, but its mechanism of action remains to be further elucidated. Protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3) has been reported as a therapeutic protein for the prevention and treatment of intestinal I/R injury. This study was to investigate whether PDIA3 is involved in intestinal protection of DEX and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The potential involvement of PDIA3 in DEX attenuation of intestinal I/R injury was tested in PDIA3 Flox/Flox mice and PDIA3 conditional knockout (cKO) in intestinal epithelium mice subjected to 45 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, the α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) antagonist, yohimbine, was administered in wild-type C57BL/6N mice intestinal I/R model to investigate the role of α2-AR in the intestinal protection conferred by DEX. Results: In the present study, we identified intestinal I/R-induced obvious inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent apoptosis, and oxidative stress, and all the aforementioned changes were improved by the administration of DEX. PDIA3 cKO in the intestinal epithelium have reversed the protective effects of DEX. Moreover, yohimbine also reversed the intestinal protection of DEX and downregulated the messenger RNA and protein levels of PDIA3. Conclusion: DEX prevents PDIA3 decrease by activating α2-AR to inhibit intestinal I/R-induced inflammation, ER stress-dependent apoptosis, and oxidative stress in mice.
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Raykova D, Kermpatsou D, Malmqvist T, Harrison PJ, Sander MR, Stiller C, Heldin J, Leino M, Ricardo S, Klemm A, David L, Spjuth O, Vemuri K, Dimberg A, Sundqvist A, Norlin M, Klaesson A, Kampf C, Söderberg O. A method for Boolean analysis of protein interactions at a molecular level. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4755. [PMID: 35963857 PMCID: PMC9375095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the levels of protein-protein interactions is essential for the analysis of signaling within the cell, characterization of mutation effects, protein function and activation in health and disease, among others. Herein, we describe MolBoolean - a method to detect interactions between endogenous proteins in various subcellular compartments, utilizing antibody-DNA conjugates for identification and signal amplification. In contrast to proximity ligation assays, MolBoolean simultaneously indicates the relative abundances of protein A and B not interacting with each other, as well as the pool of A and B proteins that are proximal enough to be considered an AB complex. MolBoolean is applicable both in fixed cells and tissue sections. The specific and quantifiable data that the method generates provide opportunities for both diagnostic use and medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteya Raykova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Despoina Kermpatsou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Philip J Harrison
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Rubin Sander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christiane Stiller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Heldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Leino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Ricardo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) of the University of Porto/Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Anna Klemm
- Vi2, Department of Information Technology and SciLifeLab BioImage Informatics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonor David
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Differentiation and Cancer Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S) of the University of Porto/Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalyani Vemuri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Dimberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundqvist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Norlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Klaesson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ola Söderberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Biomedical center, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Chichiarelli S, Altieri F, Paglia G, Rubini E, Minacori M, Eufemi M. ERp57/PDIA3: new insight. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:12. [PMID: 35109791 PMCID: PMC8809632 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERp57/PDIA3 protein is a pleiotropic member of the PDIs family and, although predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has indeed been found in other cellular compartments, such as the nucleus or the cell membrane. ERp57/PDIA3 is an important research target considering it can be found in various subcellular locations. This protein is involved in many different physiological and pathological processes, and our review describes new data on its functions and summarizes some ligands identified as PDIA3-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Chichiarelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Paglia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rubini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Enrico Ed Enrica Sovena" Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Minacori
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Eufemi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A.Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A.Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Mahmood F, Xu R, Awan MUN, Song Y, Han Q, Xia X, Zhang J. PDIA3: Structure, functions and its potential role in viral infections. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112110. [PMID: 34474345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalysis of disulphide (SS) bonds is the most important characteristic of protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) family. Catalysis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, which contains many proteins, most of which are secretory in nature and that have at least one s-s bond. Protein disulphide isomerase A3 (PDIA3) is a member of the PDI family that acts as a chaperone. PDIA3 is highly expressed in response to cellular stress, and also intercept the apoptotic cellular death related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and protein misfolding. PDIA3 expression is elevated in almost 70% of cancers and its expression has been linked with overall low cell invasiveness, survival and metastasis. Viral diseases present a significant public health threat. The presence of PDIA3 on the cell surface helps different viruses to enter the cells and also helps in replication. Therefore, inhibitors of PDIA3 have great potential to interfere with viral infections. In this review, we summarize what is known about the basic structure, functions and role of PDIA3 in viral infections. The review will inspire studies of pathogenic mechanisms and drug targeting to counter viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mahmood
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruixian Xu
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Maher Un Nisa Awan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China.
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Chiavari M, Ciotti GMP, Canonico F, Altieri F, Lacal PM, Graziani G, Navarra P, Lisi L. PDIA3 Expression in Glioblastoma Modulates Macrophage/Microglia Pro-Tumor Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218214. [PMID: 33153019 PMCID: PMC7662700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The glioblastoma (GB) microenvironment includes cells of the innate immune system identified as glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) that are still poorly characterized. A potential role on the mechanisms regulating GAM activity might be played by the endoplasmic reticulum protein ERp57/PDIA3 (protein disulfide-isomerase A3), the modulation of which has been reported in a variety of cancers. Moreover, by using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we found that overexpression of PDIA3 correlated with about 55% reduction of overall survival of glioma patients. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of ERp57/PDIA3 using specimens obtained after surgery from 18 GB patients. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor samples revealed ERp57/PDIA3 expression in GB cells as well as in GAMs. The ERp57/PDIA3 levels were higher in GAMs than in the microglia present in the surrounding parenchyma. Therefore, we studied the role of PDIA3 modulation in microglia-glioma interaction, based on the ability of conditioned media collected from human GB cells to induce the activation of microglial cells. The results indicated that reduced PDIA3 expression/activity in GB cells significantly limited the microglia pro-tumor polarization towards the M2 phenotype and the production of pro-inflammatory factors. Our data support a role of PDIA3 expression in GB-mediated protumor activation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Chiavari
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
| | - Gabriella Maria Pia Ciotti
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
| | - Francesco Canonico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Toraciche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Lisi
- Dipartimento di Bioetica e Sicurezza, Sezione di Farmacologia—Catholic University Medical School, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.P.C.); (P.N.); (L.L.)
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Gaucci E, Raimondo D, Grillo C, Cervoni L, Altieri F, Nittari G, Eufemi M, Chichiarelli S. Analysis of the interaction of calcitriol with the disulfide isomerase ERp57. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37957. [PMID: 27897272 PMCID: PMC5126700 DOI: 10.1038/srep37957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, can regulate the gene expression through the binding to the nuclear receptor VDR, but it can also display nongenomic actions, acting through a membrane-associated receptor, which has been discovered as the disulfide isomerase ERp57. The aim of our research is to identify the binding sites for calcitriol in ERp57 and to analyze their interaction. We first studied the interaction through bioinformatics and fluorimetric analyses. Subsequently, we focused on two protein mutants containing the predicted interaction domains with calcitriol: abb'-ERp57, containing the first three domains, and a'-ERp57, the fourth domain only. To consolidate the achievements we used the calorimetric approach to the whole protein and its mutants. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the interaction with the a' domain contributes to a greater extent than the other potential binding sites to the dissociation constant, calculated as a Kd of about 10-9 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gaucci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Stem Cell Lab - Department of Molecular Medicine - Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Grillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cervoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Nittari
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Eufemi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Chichiarelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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7
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The binding of silibinin to ERp57. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 213:37-43. [PMID: 24530445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid silibinin is known to intervene in many cellular processes involved in a variety of pathologies, thus appearing a promising therapeutic tool. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these activities, however, have not been clearly defined, and although some of its interactions with proteins have been identified, the relative affinities are often too low to appear relevant in vivo. Here we describe the interaction of silibinin with the protein disulfide isomerase ERp57, characterized by a submicromolar dissociation constant. This interaction enhances the formation of a ERp57/REF-1 complex, and furthermore appears to affect the intracellular distribution of ERp57. This protein is involved in signaling pathways which are also affected by silibinin. This suggests that the ERp57-silibinin interaction might explain at least some of the biological effects caused by the flavonoid.
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Zhang Y, Liu L, Jin L, Yi X, Dang E, Yang Y, Li C, Gao T. Oxidative stress-induced calreticulin expression and translocation: new insights into the destruction of melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:183-191. [PMID: 23771121 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to melanocyte apoptosis and the development of cutaneous diseases or disorders via autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms and interrelationships between ROS and autoimmunity are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of calreticulin (CRT) in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in melanocytes. Total CRT levels increased in a time-dependent manner in human immortalized normal and vitiligo melanocytes exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, and surface levels of CRT were increased. Moreover, CRT overexpression increased H2O2-induced apoptosis, whereas knockdown showed the opposite results. Furthermore, CRT-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or stressed melanocytes expressed higher levels of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) than untreated cells (P<0.05); this effect was inhibited with CRT knockdown. In an in vivo model, CRT levels were positively correlated with lesion area (R=0.7582, P<0.0001) and duration of vitiligo in patients (P<0.001). ELISA analyses revealed that CRT expression was higher in vitiligo patients as compared with healthy subjects (P<0.05). These data demonstrate that CRT exposure via H2O2-induced oxidative stress plays a significant role in melanocyte apoptosis and suggest a relationship between apoptosis and immune reactions during melanocyte destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiuli Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Wang L, Fang Q, Zhu J, Wang F, Rean Akhtar Z, Ye G. Molecular cloning and functional study of calreticulin from a lepidopteran pest, Pieris rapae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 38:55-65. [PMID: 22516748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insects have an effective innate immune system to protect themselves from exogenous invaders. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein mainly involved in directing proper conformation of proteins, controlling calcium level, and participating in immune responses. Previous suppression subtractive hybridization assay showed that the expression of Pieris rapae calreticulin (PrCRT) was suppressed after injection of Pteromalus puparum venom. In this study, we obtained a full length cDNA of PrCRT and expressed recombinant wild type and the N-domain deleted mutant PrCRT in bacteria. Real time quantitative PCR and western blot analyses showed that PrCRT mRNA and protein were expressed in hemocytes, Malpighian tubule, midgut, epidermis and fat body, with a higher level in hemocytes. PrCRT was probably located in endoplasmic reticulum distributing in the cytoplasm of hemocytes. Recombinant PrCRT was first able to attach and then enter the hemocytes by endocytosis. PrCRT mRNA in hemocytes was significantly induced after injection of yeast or beads, but did not change noticeably after injection of Escherichia coli or Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Recombinant PrCRT enhanced cellular encapsulation by P. rapae hemocytes in vitro, and the N-domain of PrCRT was required for encapsulation. RNAi of PrCRT by dsRNA injection impaired the ability of hemocytes to encapsulate beads. After parasitization by P. puparum, PrCRT mRNA and protein levels in P. rapae pupal hemocytes were significantly suppressed compared to non-parasitized control. Our results suggest that PrCRT is involved in cellular encapsulation and the pupal parasitoid P. puparum can decrease PrCRT expression to impair host cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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