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Marolt U, Paradiž Leitgeb E, Pohorec V, Lipovšek S, Venglovecz V, Gál E, Ébert A, Menyhárt I, Potrč S, Gosak M, Dolenšek J, Stožer A. Calcium imaging in intact mouse acinar cells in acute pancreas tissue slices. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268644. [PMID: 35657915 PMCID: PMC9165796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology and pathophysiology of the exocrine pancreas are in close connection to changes in intra-cellular Ca2+ concentration. Most of our knowledge is based on in vitro experiments on acinar cells or acini enzymatically isolated from their surroundings, which can alter their structure, physiology, and limit our understanding. Due to these limitations, the acute pancreas tissue slice technique was introduced almost two decades ago as a complementary approach to assess the morphology and physiology of both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas in a more conserved in situ setting. In this study, we extend previous work to functional multicellular calcium imaging on acinar cells in tissue slices. The viability and morphological characteristics of acinar cells within the tissue slice were assessed using the LIVE/DEAD assay, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence imaging. The main aim of our study was to characterize the responses of acinar cells to stimulation with acetylcholine and compare them with responses to cerulein in pancreatic tissue slices, with special emphasis on inter-cellular and inter-acinar heterogeneity and coupling. To this end, calcium imaging was performed employing confocal microscopy during stimulation with a wide range of acetylcholine concentrations and selected concentrations of cerulein. We show that various calcium oscillation parameters depend monotonically on the stimulus concentration and that the activity is rather well synchronized within acini, but not between acini. The acute pancreas tissue slice represents a viable and reliable experimental approach for the evaluation of both intra- and inter-cellular signaling characteristics of acinar cell calcium dynamics. It can be utilized to assess many cells simultaneously with a high spatiotemporal resolution, thus providing an efficient and high-yield platform for future studies of normal acinar cell biology, pathophysiology, and screening pharmacological substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urška Marolt
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Eva Paradiž Leitgeb
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viljem Pohorec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Saška Lipovšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eleonóra Gál
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Ébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Menyhárt
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stojan Potrč
- Clinical department for abdominal and general surgery, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Gosak
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jurij Dolenšek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
| | - Andraž Stožer
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (UM); (JD); (AS)
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Tang L, Hatab S, Yan J, Miao W, Nyaisaba BM, Piao X, Zheng B, Deng S. Changes in Biochemical Properties and Activity of Trypsin-like Protease (Litopenaeus vannamei) Treated by Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP). Foods 2022; 11:foods11091277. [PMID: 35564000 PMCID: PMC9105110 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The changes in the functional properties of trypsin from shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) after, Atmospheric Cold Plasma (ACP) treatments, have been evaluated in terms of enzyme inactivation, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structure, fluorescence intensity, and particle size distribution. Different exposure voltages of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kV at various treatment times (1, 2, 3, and 4 min) have been employed, in a separate assay. The results showed that trypsin-like protease activity decreased (by about 50%), and the kinetic constants Km value increased, while the kcat value decreased. Surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity revealed a significant increase compared to the control sample. A high degree of protein degradation has been noticed by SDS-PAGE analysis. In addition, circular dichroism indicated that random coil and α-helix contents declined while β-turn and β-sheet contents have raised. A sharp drop in the particle size was observed with increasing the treatment voltage from 0 to 40 kV for 4 min, and the corresponding peak reached the minimum of 531.2 nm. Summing up the results, it can be concluded that the ACP technique effectively affects the activity of trypsin-like protease, which in terms enhances the quality of dietary protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Tang
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Shaimaa Hatab
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Science, Arish University, North Sinai 45516, Egypt;
- Faculty of Organic Agriculture, Heliopolis University, Cairo 2834, Egypt
| | - Jinhong Yan
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Wenhua Miao
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-580-2553-589; Fax: +86-580-2554-781
| | - Bhoke Marwa Nyaisaba
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Xinyue Piao
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
| | - Shanggui Deng
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China; (L.T.); (J.Y.); (B.M.N.); (X.P.); (B.Z.); (S.D.)
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Mollinedo F, Gajate C. Direct Endoplasmic Reticulum Targeting by the Selective Alkylphospholipid Analog and Antitumor Ether Lipid Edelfosine as a Therapeutic Approach in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4173. [PMID: 34439330 PMCID: PMC8394177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, shows a dismal and grim overall prognosis and survival rate, which have remained virtually unchanged for over half a century. PDAC is the most lethal of all cancers, with the highest mortality-to-incidence ratio. PDAC responds poorly to current therapies and remains an incurable malignancy. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets and drugs are urgently needed for pancreatic cancer treatment. Selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is an appealing approach in cancer therapy. Apoptotic cell death is highly regulated by different signaling routes that involve a variety of subcellular organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress acts as a double-edged sword at the interface of cell survival and death. Pancreatic cells exhibit high hormone and enzyme secretory functions, and thereby show a highly developed ER. Thus, pancreatic cancer cells display a prominent ER. Solid tumors have to cope with adverse situations in which hypoxia, lack of certain nutrients, and the action of certain antitumor agents lead to a complex interplay and crosstalk between ER stress and autophagy-the latter acting as an adaptive survival response. ER stress also mediates cell death induced by a number of anticancer drugs and experimental conditions, highlighting the pivotal role of ER stress in modulating cell fate. The alkylphospholipid analog prototype edelfosine is selectively taken up by tumor cells, accumulates in the ER of a number of human solid tumor cells-including pancreatic cancer cells-and promotes apoptosis through a persistent ER-stress-mediated mechanism both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we discuss and propose that direct ER targeting may be a promising approach in the therapy of pancreatic cancer, opening up a new avenue for the treatment of this currently incurable and deadly cancer. Furthermore, because autophagy acts as a cytoprotective response to ER stress, potentiation of the triggering of a persistent ER response by combination therapy, together with the use of autophagy blockers, could improve the current gloomy expectations for finding a cure for this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino Mollinedo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine, C/Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Gomez-Auli A, Hillebrand LE, Christen D, Günther SC, Biniossek ML, Peters C, Schilling O, Reinheckel T. The secreted inhibitor of invasive cell growth CREG1 is negatively regulated by cathepsin proteases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:733-755. [PMID: 32385587 PMCID: PMC7873128 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous clinical and experimental evidence strongly supports a breast cancer-promoting function of the lysosomal protease cathepsin B. However, the cathepsin B-dependent molecular pathways are not completely understood. Here, we studied the cathepsin-mediated secretome changes in the context of the MMTV-PyMT breast cancer mouse model. Employing the cell-conditioned media from tumor-macrophage co-cultures, as well as tumor interstitial fluid obtained by a novel strategy from PyMT mice with differential cathepsin B expression, we identified an important proteolytic and lysosomal signature, highlighting the importance of this organelle and these enzymes in the tumor micro-environment. The Cellular Repressor of E1A Stimulated Genes 1 (CREG1), a secreted endolysosomal glycoprotein, displayed reduced abundance upon over-expression of cathepsin B as well as increased abundance upon cathepsin B deletion or inhibition. Moreover, it was cleaved by cathepsin B in vitro. CREG1 reportedly could act as tumor suppressor. We show that treatment of PyMT tumor cells with recombinant CREG1 reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion; whereas, the opposite was observed with reduced CREG1 expression. This was further validated in vivo by orthotopic transplantation. Our study highlights CREG1 as a key player in tumor–stroma interaction and suggests that cathepsin B sustains malignant cell behavior by reducing the levels of the growth suppressor CREG1 in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gomez-Auli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Elisabeth Hillebrand
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Christen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sira Carolin Günther
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lothar Biniossek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Peters
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Wang L, Liang H, Liu Z, Zhang J, Wang Y, Xiao J, Zhao L. Investigation on the inactivation of trypsin by oenothein B: isothermal titration calorimetry and docking studies. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Huijun Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Zitao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection Guangzhou 511400 China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection Guangzhou 511400 China
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods College of Food Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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Schick V, Scheiber JA, Mooren FC, Turi S, Ceyhan GO, Schnekenburger J, Sendler M, Schwaiger T, Omercevic A, Brandt CVD, Fluhr G, Domschke W, Krüger B, Mayerle J, Lerch MM. Effect of magnesium supplementation and depletion on the onset and course of acute experimental pancreatitis. Gut 2014; 63:1469-80. [PMID: 24277728 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE High calcium concentrations are an established risk factor for pancreatitis. We have investigated whether increasing magnesium concentrations affect pathological calcium signals and premature protease activation in pancreatic acini, and whether dietary or intraperitoneal magnesium administration affects the onset and course of experimental pancreatitis. METHODS Pancreatic acini were incubated with up to 10 mM magnesium; [Ca(2+)](i) (fura-2AM) and intracellular protease activation (fluorogenic substrates) were determined over 60 min. Wistar rats received chow either supplemented or depleted for magnesium (<300 ppm to 30 000 ppm) over two weeks before pancreatitis induction (intravenous caerulein 10 µg/kg/h/4 h); controls received 1 µg/kg/h caerulein or saline. C57BL6/J mice received four intraperitoneal doses of magnesium (NaCl, Mg(2+) 55 192 or 384 mg/kg bodyweight) over 72 h, then pancreatitis was induced by up to eight hourly supramaximal caerulein applications. Pancreatic enzyme activities, protease activation, morphological changes and the immune response were investigated. RESULTS Increasing extracellular Mg(2+) concentration significantly reduced [Ca(2+)](i) peaks and frequency of [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations as well as intracellular trypsin and elastase activity. Magnesium administration reduced pancreatic enzyme activities, oedema, tissue necrosis and inflammation and somewhat increased Foxp3-positiv T-cells during experimental pancreatitis. Protease activation was found in animals fed magnesium-deficient chow-even with low caerulein concentrations that normally cause no damage. CONCLUSIONS Magnesium supplementation significantly reduces premature protease activation and the severity of pancreatitis, and antagonises pathological [Ca(2+)](i) signals. Nutritional magnesium deficiency increases the susceptibility of the pancreas towards pathological stimuli. These data have prompted two clinical trials on the use of magnesium in patients at risk for pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schick
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas A Scheiber
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Sports Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Turi
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Güralp O Ceyhan
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, München, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Armin Omercevic
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gabriele Fluhr
- Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wolfram Domschke
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krüger
- Division of Medical Biology, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Department of Medicine B, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany Department of Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because of rapid loss of functional differentiation that regularly occurs in vitro, culture systems permitting long-term studies on pancreatic acinar cells pose a major technical challenge. We recently described a method for long-term cultivation of mouse acinar cells. Here, we introduce a novel 2-step culture system for human pancreatic acinar cells. METHODS The system involves 2 successive culture phases, which are as follows: primary organotypic culture of isolated acinar clusters under soft Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Bedford, Mass; range, 2-3 days) followed by dissociation and secondary monolayer culture of acinar cells (4 days). Basal and agonist-induced amylase secretion was used to assess the secretory capability. RESULTS Acinar clusters showed excellent morphology and stable basal amylase secretion throughout primary culture. Carbachol (0.1 mM/L) increased amylase secretion 1.4-fold (P = 0.021) versus basal in 3 independent 4-day secondary cultures. Despite the controversy about the presence and roles of cholecystokinin receptors in human acinar cells, one of them also responded to 0.1 and 10 nM/L concentrations of caerulein with 1.9- and 1.4-fold increases in the rate of amylase secretion, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our technique allows cultured human acinar cells to maintain secretory differentiation for a minimum of 7 days. The technique provides novel prospects for in vitro modeling of the human exocrine pancreas.
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Kolodecik T, Shugrue C, Ashat M, Thrower EC. Risk factors for pancreatic cancer: underlying mechanisms and potential targets. Front Physiol 2014; 4:415. [PMID: 24474939 PMCID: PMC3893685 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Pancreatic cancer is extremely aggressive, forming highly chemo-resistant tumors, and has one of the worst prognoses. The evolution of this cancer is multi-factorial. Repeated acute pancreatic injury and inflammation are important contributing factors in the development of pancreatic cancer. This article attempts to understand the common pathways linking pancreatitis to pancreatic cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Intracellular activation of both pancreatic enzymes and the transcription factor NF-κB are important mechanisms that induce acute pancreatitis (AP). Recurrent pancreatic injury due to genetic susceptibility, environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol intake, and conditions such as obesity lead to increases in oxidative stress, impaired autophagy and constitutive activation of inflammatory pathways. These processes can stimulate pancreatic stellate cells, thereby increasing fibrosis and encouraging chronic disease development. Activation of oncogenic Kras mutations through inflammation, coupled with altered levels of tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and p16) can ultimately lead to development of pancreatic cancer. SUMMARY Although our understanding of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer has tremendously increased over many years, much remains to be elucidated in terms of common pathways linking these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolodecik
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- VA HealthcareWest Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christine Shugrue
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- VA HealthcareWest Haven, CT, USA
| | - Munish Ashat
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- VA HealthcareWest Haven, CT, USA
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- Digestive Diseases Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- VA HealthcareWest Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
Spontaneous pathologies of the pancreas are important causes of morbidity and mortality in some veterinary species and rare in others. As in human beings, the pancreas of most domestic and exotic animals is a composite organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. The similarities between structure and function of porcine, canine, and human pancreata are such that the pig and dog serve as valuable models in basic and translational studies, most recently for efforts aimed at modeling pancreatitis and diabetes, developing functional and sustainable replacement of endocrine functions, and in imaging and manipulation studies. This article will provide a brief review of spontaneous veterinary diseases and their underlying mechanisms and the morphological features that reflect these alterations. Several species- or breed-specific conditions and the effects of selected systemic diseases on the pancreas are also discussed. The contributions to our knowledge of pancreatic physiology and pathology by small mammal (rodent) and engineered animal models and the in-depth mechanisms homologous to those in the human pancreas are covered in other sections of this article.
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Myer JR, Romach EH, Elangbam CS. Species- and Dose-Specific Pancreatic Responses and Progression in Single- and Repeat-Dose Studies with GI181771X. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:260-74. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313506792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Compound-induced pancreatic injury is a serious liability in preclinical toxicity studies. However, its relevance to humans should be cautiously evaluated because of interspecies variations. To highlight such variations, we evaluated the species- and dose-specific pancreatic responses and progression caused by GI181771X, a novel cholecystokinin 1 receptor agonist investigated by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of obesity. Acute (up to 2,000 mg/kg GI181771X, as single dose) and repeat-dose studies in mice and/or rats (0.25–250 mg/kg/day for 7 days to 26 weeks) showed wide-ranging morphological changes in the pancreas that were dose and duration dependent, including necrotizing pancreatitis, acinar cell hypertrophy/atrophy, zymogen degranulation, focal acinar cell hyperplasia, and interstitial inflammation. In contrast to rodents, pancreatic changes were not observed in cynomolgus monkeys given GI181771X (1–500 mg/kg/day with higher systemic exposure than rats) for up to 52 weeks. Similarly, no GI181771X treatment-associated abnormalities in pancreatic structure were noted in a 24-week clinical trial with obese patients (body mass index >30 or >27 kg/m2) as assessed by abdominal ultrasound or by magnetic resonance imaging. Mechanisms for interspecies variations in the pancreatic response to CCK among rodents, monkeys, and humans and their relevance to human risk are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Myer
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth H. Romach
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Kyriazi A, Papadimitriou V, Sotiroudis TG, Xenakis A. Development and characterization of a digestion model based on olive oil microemulsions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fluhr G, Mayerle J, Weber E, Aghdassi A, Simon P, Gress T, Seufferlein T, Mössner J, Stallmach A, Rösch T, Müller M, Siegmund B, Büchner-Steudel P, Zuber-Jerger I, Kantowski M, Hoffmeister A, Rosendahl J, Linhart T, Maul J, Czakó L, Hegyi P, Kraft M, Engel G, Kohlmann T, Glitsch A, Pickartz T, Budde C, Nitsche C, Storck K, Lerch MM. Pre-study protocol MagPEP: a multicentre randomized controlled trial of magnesium sulphate in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 23320650 PMCID: PMC3599317 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute pancreatitis is the most common complication of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In spite of continuing research, no pharmacologic agent capable of effectively reducing the incidence of ERCP-induced pancreatitis has found its way into clinical practise. A number of experimental studies suggest that intrapancreatic calcium concentrations play an important role in the initiation of intracellular protease activation, an initiating step in the course of acute pancreatitis. Magnesium can act as a calcium-antagonist and counteracts effects in calcium signalling. It can thereby attenuate the intracellular activation of proteolytic digestive enzymes in the pancreas and reduces the severity of experimental pancreatitis when administered either intravenously or as a food supplement. Methods We designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study to test whether the administration of intravenous magnesium sulphate before and after ERCP reduces the incidence and the severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis. A total of 502 adult patients with a medical indication for ERCP are to be randomized to receive either 4930 mg magnesium sulphate (= 20 mmol magnesium) or placebo 60 min before and 6 hours after ERCP. The incidence of clinical post-ERCP pancreatitis, hyperlipasemia, pain levels, use of analgetics and length of hospital stay will be evaluated. Conclusions If magnesium sulphate is found to be effective in preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis, this inexpensive agent with limited adverse effects could be used as a routine pharmacological prophylaxis. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials
ISRCTN46556454
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fluhr
- Central Endoscopy and Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
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Gonçalves R, Mateus N, De Freitas V. Influence of carbohydrates on the interaction of procyanidin B3 with trypsin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:11794-11802. [PMID: 21950419 DOI: 10.1021/jf203060s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of procyanidins, in particular their inhibition of digestive enzymes, have received much attention in the past few years. Dietary carbohydrates are an environmental factor that is known to affect the interaction of procyanidins with proteins. This work aimed at understanding the effect of ionic food carbohydrates (polygalacturonic acid, arabic gum, pectin, and xanthan gum) on the interaction between procyanidins and trypsin. Physical-chemical techniques such as saturation transfer difference-NMR (STD-NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, and nephelometry were used to evaluate the interaction process. Using STD-NMR, it was possible to identify the binding of procyanidin B3 to trypsin. The tested carbohydrates prevented the association of procyanidin B3 and trypsin by a competition mechanism in which the ionic character of carbohydrates and their ability to encapsulate procyanidins seem crucial leading to a reduction in STD signal and light scattering and to a recovery of the proteins intrinsic fluorescence. On the basis of these results, it was possible to grade the carbohydrates in their aggregation inhibition ability: XG > PA > AG ≫ PC. These effects may be relevant since the coingestion of procyanidins and ionic carbohydrates are frequent and furthermore since these might negatively affect the antinutritional properties ascribed to procyanidins in the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves R, Mateus N, Pianet I, Laguerre M, de Freitas V. Mechanisms of tannin-induced trypsin inhibition: a molecular approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13122-13129. [PMID: 21877746 DOI: 10.1021/la202280c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Association of procyanidins with enzymes has drawn attention over the past few years. This work aimed to bring insights on interaction of the protease trypsin with the procyanidin dimer (B3). This interaction was characterized by fluorescence quenching, saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR, molecular modeling, and through an enzymatic inhibition assay. Further studies were conducted regarding the influence of pectin on the binding process. A general overview of the binding process may be outlined as follows: a) at low procyanidin concentrations (below the critical micellar concentration-(CMC)) a specific interaction probably driven by hydrogen bonds between the protein backbone and the procyanidin occurs and is associated with the reduction of both enzyme activity and fluorescence; b) at high procyanidin concentration (above the CMC) the interaction becomes nonspecific. This variation in both nature and extent of the interaction with the variation of procyanidin concentration shows how tannin self-association may affect the interaction between tannins and proteins. It was also shown that the mechanism through which pectin affects the interaction between procyanidin B3 and trypsin is of a competitive type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Gonçalves R, Mateus N, de Freitas V. Biological relevance of the interaction between procyanidins and trypsin: a multitechnique approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11924-11931. [PMID: 21047067 DOI: 10.1021/jf1023356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between the digestive protease trypsin type IX-S from porcine pancreas and grape seed procyanidins were monitorized by fluorescence quenching, dynamic light scattering, nephelometry, circular dichroism, and enzymatic inhibition assay. This work reports that the inhibition of trypsin activity by grape seed procyanidins and the respective quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence are closely related. These two phenomena increase with the molecular weight of the tested procyanidins. The interaction between procyanidins and enzyme was shown to involve a specific interaction as inferred from the fluorescence assays. It was also shown by fluorescence spectroscopy that the binding of procyanidin molecules to the enzyme does not induce significant structural modifications. A relationship between aggregate formation, using dynamic light scattering and nephelometry, and fluorescence quenching was observed with maxima achieved for similar stoichiometric ratios. The binding of procyanidins to trypsin affects only slightly protein structure as seen by circular dichroism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Löhr JM, Faissner R, Koczan D, Bewerunge P, Bassi C, Brors B, Eils R, Frulloni L, Funk A, Halangk W, Jesenofsky R, Kaderali L, Kleeff J, Krüger B, Lerch MM, Lösel R, Magnani M, Neumaier M, Nittka S, Sahin-Tóth M, Sänger J, Serafini S, Schnölzer M, Thierse HJ, Wandschneider S, Zamboni G, Klöppel G, Klöppel G. Autoantibodies against the exocrine pancreas in autoimmune pancreatitis: gene and protein expression profiling and immunoassays identify pancreatic enzymes as a major target of the inflammatory process. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:2060-71. [PMID: 20407433 PMCID: PMC3099227 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is thought to be an immune-mediated inflammatory process, directed against the epithelial components of the pancreas. The objective was to identify novel markers of disease and to unravel the pathogenesis of AIP. METHODS To explore key targets of the inflammatory process, we analyzed the expression of proteins at the RNA and protein level using genomics and proteomics, immunohistochemistry, western blot, and immunoassay. An animal model of AIP with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus-infected mice was studied in parallel. RNA microarrays of pancreatic tissue from 12 patients with AIP were compared with those of 8 patients with non-AIP chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS Expression profiling showed 272 upregulated genes, including those encoding for immunoglobulins, chemokines and their receptors, and 86 downregulated genes, including those for pancreatic proteases such as three trypsinogen isoforms. Protein profiling showed that the expression of trypsinogens and other pancreatic enzymes was greatly reduced. Immunohistochemistry showed a near-loss of trypsin-positive acinar cells, which was also confirmed by western blotting. The serum of AIP patients contained high titers of autoantibodies against the trypsinogens PRSS1 and PRSS2 but not against PRSS3. In addition, there were autoantibodies against the trypsin inhibitor PSTI (the product of the SPINK1 gene). In the pancreas of AIP animals, we found similar protein patterns and a reduction in trypsinogen. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the immune-mediated process characterizing AIP involves pancreatic acinar cells and their secretory enzymes such as trypsin isoforms. Demonstration of trypsinogen autoantibodies may be helpful for the diagnosis of AIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-Matthias Löhr
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Medicine II, University of Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden,Author for correspondence: Matthias Löhr, MD Professor of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Karolinska Institutet CLINTEC, K53 Dept. of Surgical Gastroenterology Hälsovägen SE-141 86 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 5858-2431 Fax: +46 8 5858-2340
| | - Ralf Faissner
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Department of Immunology, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Bewerunge
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Benedikt Brors
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luca Frulloni
- Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Anette Funk
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany,Department of Medicine II, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Jesenofsky
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kleeff
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralf Lösel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Urbino, Italy
| | - Michael Neumaier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Nittka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julian Sänger
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Serafini
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Urbino, Italy
| | - Martina Schnölzer
- Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Wandschneider
- Molecular Gastroenterology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany,Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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García M, Calvo JJ. Cardiocirculatory pathophysiological mechanisms in severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2010; 1:9-14. [PMID: 21577289 PMCID: PMC3091142 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v1.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common and potentially lethal acute inflammatory process. Although the majority of patients have a mild episode of AP, 10%-20% develop a severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and suffer systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and/or pancreatic necrosis. The main aim of this article is to review the set of events, first localized in the pancreas, that lead to pancreatic inflammation and to the spread to other organs contributing to multiorganic shock. The early pathogenic mechanisms in SAP are not completely understood but both premature activation of enzymes inside the pancreas, related to an impaired cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as release of pancreatic enzymes into the bloodstream are considered important events in the onset of pancreatitis disease. Moreover, afferent fibers within the pancreas release neurotransmitters in response to tissue damage. The vasodilator effects of these neurotransmitters and the activation of pro-inflammatory substances play a crucial role in amplifying the inflammatory response, which leads to systemic manifestation of AP. Damage extension to other organs leads to SIRS, which is usually associated with cardiocirculatory physiology impairment and a hypotensive state. Hypotension is a risk factor for death and is associated with a significant hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors. This indicates that stabilization of the patient, once this pathological situation has been established, would be a very difficult task. Therefore, it seems particularly necessary to understand the pathological mechanisms involved in the first phases of AP to avoid damage beyond the pancreas. Moreover, efforts must also be directed to identify those patients who are at risk of developing SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica García
- Mónica García, José Julián Calvo, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Saluja A, Logsdon C, Garg P. Direct versus indirect action of cholecystokinin on human pancreatic acinar cells: is it time for a judgment after a century of trial? Gastroenterology 2008; 135:357-60. [PMID: 18616945 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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