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Wang H, Zhou F, Guo Y, Ju LA. Micropipette-based biomechanical nanotools on living cells. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:119-133. [PMID: 35171346 PMCID: PMC8964576 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanobiology is an emerging field at the interface of biology and mechanics, investigating the roles of mechanical forces within biomolecules, organelles, cells, and tissues. As a highlight, the recent advances of micropipette-based aspiration assays and dynamic force spectroscopies such as biomembrane force probe (BFP) provide unprecedented mechanobiological insights with excellent live-cell compatibility. In their classic applications, these assays measure force-dependent ligand-receptor-binding kinetics, protein conformational changes, and cellular mechanical properties such as cortical tension and stiffness. In recent years, when combined with advanced microscopies in high spatial and temporal resolutions, these biomechanical nanotools enable characterization of receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing and subsequent organelle behaviors at single-cellular and molecular level. In this review, we summarize the latest developments of these assays for live-cell mechanobiology studies. We also provide perspectives on their future upgrades with multimodal integration and high-throughput capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Fang Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yuze Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia. .,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. .,Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3615-3648. [PMID: 31301141 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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Vertical Light Sheet Enhanced Side-View Imaging for AFM Cell Mechanics Studies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1504. [PMID: 29367675 PMCID: PMC5784156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to measure dynamic structural changes within a cell under applied load is essential for developing more accurate models of cell mechanics and mechanotransduction. Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool for evaluating cell mechanics, but the dominant applied forces and sample strains are in the vertical direction, perpendicular to the imaging plane of standard fluorescence imaging. Here we report on a combined sideways imaging and vertical light sheet illumination system integrated with AFM. Our system enables high frame rate, low background imaging of subcellular structural dynamics in the vertical plane synchronized with AFM force data. Using our system for cell compression measurements, we correlated stiffening features in the force indentation data with onset of nuclear deformation revealed in the imaging data. In adhesion studies we were able to correlate detailed features in the force data during adhesive release events with strain at the membrane and within the nucleus.
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Sawicka A, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Barakat AI, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Hivroz C, Husson J. Micropipette force probe to quantify single-cell force generation: application to T-cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3229-3239. [PMID: 28931600 PMCID: PMC5687025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the micropipette force probe, a novel technique that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that aspirates a coated microbead and brings it into contact with a cell. We apply the technique to quantify mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation. In response to engagement of surface molecules, cells generate active forces that regulate many cellular processes. Developing tools that permit gathering mechanical and morphological information on these forces is of the utmost importance. Here we describe a new technique, the micropipette force probe, that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that can aspirate at its tip a bead that is coated with molecules of interest and is brought in contact with the cell. This technique simultaneously allows tracking the resulting changes in cell morphology and mechanics as well as measuring the forces generated by the cell. To illustrate the power of this technique, we applied it to the study of human primary T lymphocytes (T-cells). It allowed the fine monitoring of pushing and pulling forces generated by T-cells in response to various activating antibodies and bending stiffness of the micropipette. We further dissected the sequence of mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation to model force generation and to reveal heterogeneity in the cell population studied. We also report the first measurement of the changes in Young’s modulus of T-cells during their activation, showing that T-cells stiffen within the first minutes of the activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Stetter FWS, Cwiklik L, Jungwirth P, Hugel T. Single lipid extraction: the anchoring strength of cholesterol in liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases. Biophys J 2015; 107:1167-1175. [PMID: 25185552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is important for the formation of microdomains in supported lipid bilayers and is enriched in the liquid-ordered phase. To understand the interactions leading to this enrichment, we developed an AFM-based single-lipid-extraction (SLX) approach that enables us to determine the anchoring strength of cholesterol in the two phases of a phase-separated lipid membrane. As expected, the forces necessary for extracting a single cholesterol molecule from liquid-ordered phases are significantly higher than for extracting it from the liquid-disordered phases. Interestingly, application of the Bell model shows two energy barriers that correlate with the head and full length of the cholesterol molecule. The resulting lifetimes for complete extraction are 90 s and 11 s in the liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations of the very same experiment show similar force profiles and indicate that the stabilization of cholesterol in the liquid-ordered phase is mainly due to nonpolar contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W S Stetter
- Physik-Department E22a and IMETUM, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukasz Cwiklik
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thorsten Hugel
- Physik-Department E22a and IMETUM, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Handling of micro objects using phase transition of thermoresponsive polymer. JOURNAL OF MICRO-BIO ROBOTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12213-013-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kokhuis TJA, Garbin V, Kooiman K, Naaijkens BA, Juffermans LJM, Kamp O, van der Steen AFW, Versluis M, de Jong N. Secondary bjerknes forces deform targeted microbubbles. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2013; 39:490-506. [PMID: 23347643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of secondary Bjerknes forces on targeted microbubbles using high-speed optical imaging. We observed that targeted microbubbles attached to an underlying surface and subject to secondary Bjerknes forces deform in the direction of their neighboring bubble, thereby tending toward a prolate shape. The deformation induces an elastic restoring force, causing the bubbles to recoil back to their equilibrium position; typically within 100 μs after low-intensity ultrasound application. The temporal dynamics of the recoil was modeled as a simple mass-spring system, from which a value for the effective spring constant k of the order 10(-3) Nm(-1) was obtained. Moreover, the translational dynamics of interacting targeted microbubbles was predicted by a hydrodynamic point particle model, including a value of the spring stiffness k of the very same order as derived experimentally from the recoiling curves. For higher acoustic pressures, secondary Bjerknes forces rupture the molecular adhesion of the bubbles to the surface. We used this mutual attraction to quantify the binding force between a single biotinylated microbubble and an avidin-coated surface, which was found to be between 0.9 and 2 nanonewtons (nN). The observation of patches of lipids left at the initial binding site suggests that lipid anchors are pulled out of the microbubble shell, rather than biotin molecules unbinding from avidin. Understanding the effect of ultrasound application on targeted microbubbles is crucial for further advances in the realm of molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J A Kokhuis
- Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zarnitsyna VI, Zhu C. Adhesion frequency assay for in situ kinetics analysis of cross-junctional molecular interactions at the cell-cell interface. J Vis Exp 2011:e3519. [PMID: 22083316 DOI: 10.3791/3519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The micropipette adhesion assay was developed in 1998 to measure two-dimensional (2D) receptor-ligand binding kinetics. The assay uses a human red blood cell (RBC) as adhesion sensor and presenting cell for one of the interacting molecules. It employs micromanipulation to bring the RBC into contact with another cell that expresses the other interacting molecule with precisely controlled area and time to enable bond formation. The adhesion event is detected as RBC elongation upon pulling the two cells apart. By controlling the density of the ligands immobilized on the RBC surface, the probability of adhesion is kept in mid-range between 0 and 1. The adhesion probability is estimated from the frequency of adhesion events in a sequence of repeated contact cycles between the two cells for a given contact time. Varying the contact time generates a binding curve. Fitting a probabilistic model for receptor-ligand reaction kinetics to the binding curve returns the 2D affinity and off-rate. The assay has been validated using interactions of Fcγ receptors with IgG Fc, selectins with glycoconjugate ligands, integrins with ligands, homotypical cadherin binding, T cell receptor and coreceptor with peptide-major histocompatibility complexes. The method has been used to quantify regulations of 2D kinetics by biophysical factors, such as the membrane microtopology, membrane anchor, molecular orientation and length, carrier stiffness, curvature, and impingement force, as well as biochemical factors, such as modulators of the cytoskeleton and membrane microenvironment where the interacting molecules reside and the surface organization of these molecules. The method has also been used to study the concurrent binding of dual receptor-ligand species, and trimolecular interactions using a modified model. The major advantage of the method is that it allows study of receptors in their native membrane environment. The results could be very different from those obtained using purified receptors. It also allows study of the receptor-ligand interactions in a sub-second timescale with temporal resolution well beyond the typical biochemical methods. To illustrate the micropipette adhesion frequency method, we show kinetics measurement of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) functionalized on RBCs binding to integrin α(L)β(2) on neutrophils with dimeric E-selectin in the solution to activate α(L)β(2).
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Wan J, Forsyth AM, Stone HA. Red blood cell dynamics: from cell deformation to ATP release. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:972-81. [PMID: 21935538 DOI: 10.1039/c1ib00044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of red blood cell (RBC) deformation under both static and dynamic, i.e., flow, conditions have been studied extensively since the mid 1960s. Deformation-induced biochemical reactions and possible signaling in RBCs, however, were proposed only fifteen years ago. Therefore, the fundamental relationship between RBC deformation and cellular signaling dynamics i.e., mechanotransduction, remains incompletely understood. Quantitative understanding of the mechanotransductive pathways in RBCs requires integrative studies of physical models of RBC deformation and cellular biochemical reactions. In this article we review the physical models of RBC deformation, spanning from continuum membrane mechanics to cellular skeleton dynamics under both static and flow conditions, and elaborate the mechanistic links involved in deformation-induced ATP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Salivary proteins as predictors and controls for oral health. J Cell Commun Signal 2011; 5:271-5. [PMID: 21927991 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-011-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We will provide a translational view of using the recent technological advances in dental research for predicting, monitoring, and preventing the development of oral diseases by investigating the diagnostic and therapeutic role of salivary proteins. New analytical state-of-the-art technologies such as mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy have revolutionized the field of oral biology. These novel technologies open avenues for a comprehensive characterization of the salivary proteins followed by the evaluation of the physiological functions which could make possible in a near future the development of a new series of synthetic protein for therapeutic propose able to prevent global oral diseases such as periodontal disease and dental caries, the two most prevalent oral diseases in the World.
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Ounkomol C, Yamada S, Heinrich V. Single-cell adhesion tests against functionalized microspheres arrayed on AFM cantilevers confirm heterophilic E- and N-cadherin binding. Biophys J 2011; 99:L100-2. [PMID: 21156120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We assess the cross-reactivity of both cellular as well as recombinant E- and N-cadherins using functionalized bead arrays assembled on atomic-force-microscope cantilevers. This new approach builds upon and enhances the utility of a recently developed force probe that integrates a custom-built, horizontal atomic force microscope with micropipette manipulation. It enables us to test multiple biomolecular interactions of the same cell in a swift sequential or cyclic manner and thus to resolve subtle differences between individual interactions that otherwise would be obscured by cell-cell baseline variability. For each cell, we contrast heterophilic E:N-cadherin binding with the respective homophilic bonds and with a suitable control. Clarifying previous literature reports, we establish that specific bonds between E- and N-cadherins form readily, albeit less frequently than homophilic bonds of either cadherin. We support this assessment with a rough estimate of the ratio of on-rate constants of E/N-cadherin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawin Ounkomol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Ziebarth NM, Rico F, Moy VT. Structural and Mechanical Mechanisms of Ocular Tissues Probed by AFM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03535-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chaudhuri O, Parekh SH, Lam WA, Fletcher DA. Combined atomic force microscopy and side-view optical imaging for mechanical studies of cells. Nat Methods 2009; 6:383-7. [PMID: 19363493 PMCID: PMC2810651 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ovijit Chaudhuri
- University of California San Francisco and Berkeley Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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