1
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Quiros DN, Nieto F, Mayorga LS. From cartoons to quantitative models in Golgi transport. Biol Cell 2020; 113:146-164. [PMID: 33275796 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell biology is evolving to become a more formal and quantitative science. In particular, several mathematical models have been proposed to address Golgi self-organisation and protein and lipid transport. However, most scientific articles about the Golgi apparatus are still using static cartoons that miss the dynamism of this organelle. RESULTS In this report, we show that schematic drawings of Golgi trafficking can be easily translated into an agent-based model using the Repast platform. The simulations generate an active interplay among cisternae and vesicles rendering quantitative predictions about Golgi stability and transport of soluble and membrane-associated cargoes. The models can incorporate complex networks of molecular interactions and chemical reactions by association with COPASI, a software that handles ordinary differential equations. CONCLUSIONS The strategy described provides a simple, flexible and multiscale support to analyse Golgi transport. The simulations can be used to address issues directly linked to the mechanism of transport or as a way to incorporate the complexity of trafficking to other cellular processes that occur in dynamic organelles. SIGNIFICANCE We show that the rules implicitly present in most schematic representations of intracellular trafficking can be used to build dynamic models with quantitative outputs that can be compared with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nicolas Quiros
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Franco Nieto
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luis S Mayorga
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Mendoza, Argentina
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2
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Vagne Q, Vrel JP, Sens P. A minimal self-organisation model of the Golgi apparatus. eLife 2020; 9:47318. [PMID: 32755543 PMCID: PMC7406241 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The design principles dictating the spatio-temporal organisation of eukaryotic cells, and in particular the mechanisms controlling the self-organisation and dynamics of membrane-bound organelles such as the Golgi apparatus, remain elusive. Although this organelle was discovered 120 years ago, such basic questions as whether vesicular transport through the Golgi occurs in an anterograde (from entry to exit) or retrograde fashion are still strongly debated. Here, we address these issues by studying a quantitative model of organelle dynamics that includes: de-novo compartment generation, inter-compartment vesicular exchange, and biochemical conversion of membrane components. We show that anterograde or retrograde vesicular transports are asymptotic behaviors of a much richer dynamical system. Indeed, the structure and composition of cellular compartments and the directionality of vesicular exchange are intimately linked. They are emergent properties that can be tuned by varying the relative rates of vesicle budding, fusion and biochemical conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Vagne
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jean-Patrick Vrel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sens
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France.,UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 168, F-75005, Paris, France
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3
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Iyer P, Sutradhar S, Paul R, Bhattacharyya D. A novel combinatorial approach of quantitative microscopy and in silico modeling deciphers Arf1-dependent Golgi size regulation. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:154. [PMID: 31834534 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of organelle size and shape is a poorly understood but fascinating subject. Several theoretical studies were reported on Golgi size regulation, but a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is rare. In combination with the quantitative microscopy and a coarse-grained simulation model, we have developed a technique to gain insights into the functions of potential regulators of Golgi size in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To validate our method, we tested wild-type and arf1[Formula: see text] strain harboring early and late Golgi cisternae labeled with green and red fluorescent fusions. Our concentration-dependent maturation model prediction concurs with most of the experimental results for both wild-type and arf1[Formula: see text] strains. Decisive match of simulation and experimental data provide insight into such specific factor's function in regulating the Golgi size. Details of the complex multifactorial network of Golgi size regulation can be deciphered in the future using a similar combination of quantitative microscopy and in silico model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Iyer
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, 410210, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, MH 400085, Mumbai, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sutradhar
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 700032, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Raja Paul
- Department of Solid State Physics, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 700032, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Dibyendu Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Plot No. 1 & 2, Sector 22, Kharghar, 410210, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, MH 400085, Mumbai, India.
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4
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus has intrigued researchers since its discovery and despite the advances, there are still many open questions in regards to its shape and function. We propose a mechanical model of Golgi apparatus stack and explain its most elementary geometrical properties: the equilibrium number of cisternae, the stack size, and its general equilibrium shape. Combining both analytical and numerical methods we successfully reconstruct the stack morphology within the theory of bending elasticity. We demonstrate that energy-wise the stack prefers an overall bent shape and show strong evidence that the adhesion strength determines the equilibrium number of cisternae per stack. We explore the morphological role of fenestrations and discuss their impact on the overall stack structure. We also comment on the effects of the asymmetry in the composition of membrane leaflets on the shape of the cisternae and thus offer a broad steady-state study of the stack morphology and present a method that can be used also for other membrane-bound organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Jelerčič
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Current affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Ilse Kats Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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5
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Barlow LD, Nývltová E, Aguilar M, Tachezy J, Dacks JB. A sophisticated, differentiated Golgi in the ancestor of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 2018; 16:27. [PMID: 29510703 PMCID: PMC5840792 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Golgi apparatus is a central meeting point for the endocytic and exocytic systems in eukaryotic cells, and the organelle's dysfunction results in human disease. Its characteristic morphology of multiple differentiated compartments organized into stacked flattened cisternae is one of the most recognizable features of modern eukaryotic cells, and yet how this is maintained is not well understood. The Golgi is also an ancient aspect of eukaryotes, but the extent and nature of its complexity in the ancestor of eukaryotes is unclear. Various proteins have roles in organizing the Golgi, chief among them being the golgins. RESULTS We address Golgi evolution by analyzing genome sequences from organisms which have lost stacked cisternae as a feature of their Golgi and those that have not. Using genomics and immunomicroscopy, we first identify Golgi in the anaerobic amoeba Mastigamoeba balamuthi. We then searched 87 genomes spanning eukaryotic diversity for presence of the most prominent proteins implicated in Golgi structure, focusing on golgins. We show some candidates as animal specific and others as ancestral to eukaryotes. CONCLUSIONS None of the proteins examined show a phyletic distribution that correlates with the morphology of stacked cisternae, suggesting the possibility of stacking as an emergent property. Strikingly, however, the combination of golgins conserved among diverse eukaryotes allows for the most detailed reconstruction of the organelle to date, showing a sophisticated Golgi with differentiated compartments and trafficking pathways in the common eukaryotic ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael D Barlow
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Eva Nývltová
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, Rosenstiel Medical Science Building (RMSB) # 2067, Miami, Florida, 33136, USA
| | - Maria Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology (BIOCEV), Faculty of Science, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 252 42, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 5-31 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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6
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Tachikawa M, Mochizuki A. Golgi apparatus self-organizes into the characteristic shape via postmitotic reassembly dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5177-5182. [PMID: 28461510 PMCID: PMC5441826 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619264114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a membrane-bounded organelle with the characteristic shape of a series of stacked flat cisternae. During mitosis in mammalian cells, the Golgi apparatus is once fragmented into small vesicles and then reassembled to form the characteristic shape again in each daughter cell. The mechanism and details of the reassembly process remain elusive. Here, by the physical simulation of a coarse-grained membrane model, we reconstructed the three-dimensional morphological dynamics of the Golgi reassembly process. Considering the stability of the interphase Golgi shape, we introduce two hypothetical mechanisms-the Golgi rim stabilizer protein and curvature-dependent restriction on membrane fusion-into the general biomembrane model. We show that the characteristic Golgi shape is spontaneously organized from the assembly of vesicles by proper tuning of the two additional mechanisms, i.e., the Golgi reassembly process is modeled as self-organization. We also demonstrate that the fine Golgi shape forms via a balance of three reaction speeds: vesicle aggregation, membrane fusion, and shape relaxation. Moreover, the membrane fusion activity decreases thickness and the number of stacked cisternae of the emerging shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Tachikawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical Science Research Group, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Science Program, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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7
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Nonequilibrium description of de novo biogenesis and transport through Golgi-like cisternae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38840. [PMID: 27991496 PMCID: PMC5171829 DOI: 10.1038/srep38840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A central issue in cell biology is the physico-chemical basis of organelle biogenesis in intracellular trafficking pathways, its most impressive manifestation being the biogenesis of Golgi cisternae. At a basic level, such morphologically and chemically distinct compartments should arise from an interplay between the molecular transport and chemical maturation. Here, we formulate analytically tractable, minimalist models, that incorporate this interplay between transport and chemical progression in physical space, and explore the conditions for de novo biogenesis of distinct cisternae. We propose new quantitative measures that can discriminate between the various models of transport in a qualitative manner–this includes measures of the dynamics in steady state and the dynamical response to perturbations of the kind amenable to live-cell imaging.
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8
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Dunn IS. Are molecular alphabets universal enabling factors for the evolution of complex life? ORIGINS LIFE EVOL B 2013; 43:445-64. [PMID: 24510462 DOI: 10.1007/s11084-014-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial biosystems depend on macromolecules, and this feature is often considered as a likely universal aspect of life. While opinions differ regarding the importance of small-molecule systems in abiogenesis, escalating biological functional demands are linked with increasing complexity in key molecules participating in biosystem operations, and many such requirements cannot be efficiently mediated by relatively small compounds. It has long been recognized that known life is associated with the evolution of two distinct molecular alphabets (nucleic acid and protein), specific sequence combinations of which serve as informational and functional polymers. In contrast, much less detailed focus has been directed towards the potential universal need for molecular alphabets in constituting complex chemically-based life, and the implications of such a requirement. To analyze this, emphasis here is placed on the generalizable replicative and functional characteristics of molecular alphabets and their concatenates. A primary replicative alphabet based on the simplest possible molecular complementarity can potentially enable evolutionary processes to occur, including the encoding of secondarily functional alphabets. Very large uniquely specified ('non-alphabetic') molecules cannot feasibly underlie systems capable of the replicative and evolutionary properties which characterize complex biosystems. Transitions in the molecular evolution of alphabets can be related to progressive bridging of barriers which enable higher levels of biosystem organization. It is thus highly probable that molecular alphabets are an obligatory requirement for complex chemically-based life anywhere in the universe. In turn, reference to molecular alphabets should be usefully applied in current definitions of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Dunn
- CytoCure LLC, Suite 430C, 100 Cummings Center, Beverly, MA, 01915, USA,
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9
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Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize recent theoretical efforts to address a variety of issues in Golgi morphogenesis: de novo biogenesis of compartments with precise chemical identity, the transport of proteins through the Golgi, the maintenance of chemical identity, and the morphology of Golgi compartments, from the perspective of nonequilibrium physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sens
- Laboratoire Gulliver, CNRS-ESPCI, UMR 7083, 75231 Paris, France
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10
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Niu H, Jiang H, Cheng B, Li X, Dong Q, Shao L, Liu S, Wang X. Stromal proteome expression profile and muscle-invasive bladder cancer research. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:39. [PMID: 22920603 PMCID: PMC3489783 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To globally characterize the cancer stroma expression profile of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma and to discuss the cancer biology as well as biomarker discovery from stroma. Laser capture micro dissection was used to harvest purified muscle-invasive bladder cancer stromal cells and normal urothelial stromal cells from 4 paired samples. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the proteome expression profile. The differential proteins were further analyzed using bioinformatics tools and compared with the published literature. RESULTS We identified 868/872 commonly expressed proteins and 978 differential proteins from 4 paired cancer and normal stromal samples using laser capture micro dissection coupled with two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. 487/491 proteins uniquely expressed in cancer/normal stroma. Differential proteins were compared with the entire list of the international protein index (IPI), and there were 42/42 gene ontology (GO) terms exhibited as enriched and 8/5 exhibited as depleted in cellular Component, respectively. Significantly altered pathways between cancer/normal stroma mainly include metabolic pathways, ribosome, focal adhesion, etc. Finally, descriptive statistics show that the stromal proteins with extremes of PI and MW have the same probability to be a biomarker. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, stromal cells are essential component of the cancer, biomarker discovery and network based multi target therapy should consider neoplastic cells itself and corresponding stroma as whole one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiping Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Shengli Oil Field, Dondying, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Leping Shao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Gout Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Abstract
Ever since it was discovered that biological membranes have a core of a bimolecular sheet of lipid molecules, lipid bilayers have been a model laboratory for investigating physicochemical and functional properties of biological membranes. Experimental and theoretical models help the experimental scientist to plan experiments and interpret data. Theoretical models are the theoretical scientist's preferred toys to make contact between membrane theory and experiments. Most importantly, models serve to shape our intuition about which membrane questions are the more fundamental and relevant ones to pursue. Here we review some membrane models for lipid self-assembly, monolayers, bilayers, liposomes, and lipid-protein interactions and illustrate how such models can help answering questions in modern lipid cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole G Mouritsen
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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12
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Mouritsen OG. Lipids, curvature, and nano-medicine. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011; 113:1174-1187. [PMID: 22164124 PMCID: PMC3229985 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The physical properties of the lamellar lipid-bilayer component of biological membranes are controlled by a host of thermodynamic forces leading to overall tensionless bilayers with a conspicuous lateral pressure profile and build-in curvature-stress instabilities that may be released locally or globally in terms of morphological changes. In particular, the average molecular shape and the propensity of the different lipid and protein species for forming non-lamellar and curved structures are a source of structural transitions and control of biological function. The effects of different lipids, sterols, and proteins on membrane structure are discussed and it is shown how one can take advantage of the curvature-stress modulations brought about by specific molecular agents, such as fatty acids, lysolipids, and other amphiphilic solutes, to construct intelligent drug-delivery systems that function by enzymatic triggering via curvature.Practical applications: The simple concept of lipid molecular shape and how it impacts on the structure of lipid aggregates, in particular the curvature and curvature stress in lipid bilayers and liposomes, can be exploited to construct liposome-based drug-delivery systems, e.g., for use as nano-medicine in cancer therapy. Non-lamellar-forming lysolipids and fatty acids, some of which may be designed to be prodrugs, can be created by phospholipase action in diseased tissues thereby providing for targeted drug release and proliferation of molecular entities with conical shape that break down the permeability barrier of the target cells and may hence enhance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole G Mouritsen
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej, Odense M, Denmark
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13
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Abstract
Since its first visualization in 1898, the Golgi has been a topic of intense morphological research. A typical mammalian Golgi consists of a pile of stapled cisternae, the Golgi stack, which is a key station for modification of newly synthesized proteins and lipids. Distinct stacks are interconnected by tubules to form the Golgi ribbon. At the entrance site of the Golgi, the cis-Golgi, vesicular tubular clusters (VTCs) form the intermediate between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi stack. At the exit site of the Golgi, the trans-Golgi, the trans-Golgi network (TGN) is the major site of sorting proteins to distinct cellular locations. Golgi functioning can only be understood in light of its complex architecture, as was revealed by a range of distinct electron microscopy (EM) approaches. In this article, a general concept of mammalian Golgi architecture, including VTCs and the TGN, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Dmitrieff S, Sens P. Cooperative protein transport in cellular organelles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:041923. [PMID: 21599216 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.041923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization into biochemically distinct organelles constantly exchanging material is one of the hallmarks of eukaryotic cells. In the most naive picture of interorganelle transport driven by concentration gradients, concentration differences between organelles should relax. We determine the conditions under which cooperative transport, i.e., based on molecular recognition, allows for the existence and maintenance of distinct organelle identities. Cooperative transport is also shown to control the flux of material transiting through a compartmentalized system, dramatically increasing the transit time under high incoming flux. By including chemical processing of the transported species, we show that this property provides a strong functional advantage to a system responsible for protein maturation and sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dmitrieff
- Laboratoire Gulliver (CNRS UMR 7083), ESPCI, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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15
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Mouritsen OG. Lipidology and lipidomics––quo vadis? A new era for the physical chemistry of lipids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19195-205. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22484k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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