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Kapustina M, Li D, Zhu J, Wall B, Weinreb V, Cheney RE. Changes in cell surface excess are coordinated with protrusion dynamics during 3D motility. Biophys J 2023; 122:3656-3677. [PMID: 37207658 PMCID: PMC10541482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate rapid changes in morphology without endangering cell integrity, each cell possesses a substantial amount of cell surface excess (CSE) that can be promptly deployed to cover cell extensions. CSE can be stored in different types of small surface projections such as filopodia, microvilli, and ridges, with rounded bleb-like projections being the most common and rapidly achieved form of storage. We demonstrate that, similar to rounded cells in 2D culture, rounded cells in 3D collagen contain large amounts of CSE and use it to cover developing protrusions. Upon retraction of a protrusion, the CSE this produces is stored over the cell body similar to the CSE produced by cell rounding. We present high-resolution imaging of F-actin and microtubules (MTs) for different cell lines in a 3D environment and demonstrate the correlated changes between CSE and protrusion dynamics. To coordinate CSE storage and release with protrusion formation and motility, we expect cells to have specific mechanisms for regulating CSE, and we hypothesize that MTs play a substantial role in this mechanism by reducing cell surface dynamics and stabilizing CSE. We also suggest that different effects of MT depolymerization on cell motility, such as inhibiting mesenchymal motility and enhancing amoeboid, can be explained by this role of MTs in CSE regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Donna Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brittany Wall
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Violetta Weinreb
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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2
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Cheung BCH, Hodgson L, Segall JE, Wu M. Spatial and temporal dynamics of RhoA activities of single breast tumor cells in a 3D environment revealed by a machine learning-assisted FRET technique. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112939. [PMID: 34813733 PMCID: PMC8714707 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer cells is their exceptional ability to migrate within the extracellular matrix (ECM) for gaining access to the circulatory system, a critical step of cancer metastasis. RhoA, a small GTPase, is known to be a key molecular switch that toggles between actomyosin contractility and lamellipodial protrusion during cell migration. Current understanding of RhoA activity in cell migration has been largely derived from studies of cells plated on a two-dimensional (2D) substrate using a FRET biosensor. There has been increasing evidence that cells behave differently in a more physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) environment. However, studies of RhoA activities in 3D have been hindered by low signal-to-noise ratio in fluorescence imaging. In this paper, we present a a machine learning-assisted FRET technique to follow the spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activities of single breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231) migrating in a 3D as well as a 2D environment. We found that RhoA activity is more polarized along the long axis of the cell for single cells migrating on 2D fibronectin-coated glass versus those embedded in 3D collagen matrices. In particular, RhoA activities of cells in 2D exhibit a distinct front-to-back and back-to-front movement during migration in contrast to those in 3D. Finally, regardless of dimensionality, RhoA polarization is found to be moderately correlated with cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian CH Cheung
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mingming Wu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Corresponding author:
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Gu W, Chen K, Zhao X, Geng H, Li J, Qin Y, Bai X, Chang YN, Xia S, Zhang J, Ma S, Wu Z, Xing G, Xing G. Highly Dispersed Fullerenols Hamper Osteoclast Ruffled Border Formation by Perturbing Ca 2+ Bundles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802549. [PMID: 30334332 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, a common and serious bone disorder affecting aged people and postmenopausal women, is characterized by osteoclast overactivity. One therapeutic strategy is suppressing the bone resorption function of hyperactive osteoclasts, but there is no effective drug in clinical practice so far. Herein, it is demonstrated that fullerenols suppress the bone resorption of osteoclasts by inhibiting ruffled borders (RBs) formation. The RBs formation, which is supported by well-aligned actin bundles (B-actins), is a critical event for osteoclast bone resorption. To facilitate this function, osteoclast RBs dynamics is regulated by variable microenvironments to bundle F-actins, protrude cell membrane, and so on. B-actin perturbation by fullerenols is determined here, offering an opportunity to regulate osteoclast function by destroying RBs. In vivo, the therapeutic effect of fullerenols on overactive osteoclasts is confirmed in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced bone erosion. Collectively, the findings suggest that fullerenols adhere to F-actin surfaces and inhibit RBs formation in osteoclasts, mainly through hampering Ca2+ from bundling F-actins, and this is likely due to the stereo-hindrance effect caused by adherent fullerenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanxia Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Nan Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shibo Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sihan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Gengyan Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Gengmei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Durkin CH, Leite F, Cordeiro JV, Handa Y, Arakawa Y, Valderrama F, Way M. RhoD Inhibits RhoC-ROCK-Dependent Cell Contraction via PAK6. Dev Cell 2017; 41:315-329.e7. [PMID: 28486133 PMCID: PMC5425256 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RhoA-mediated regulation of myosin-II activity in the actin cortex controls the ability of cells to contract and bleb during a variety of cellular processes, including cell migration and division. Cell contraction and blebbing also frequently occur as part of the cytopathic effect seen during many different viral infections. We now demonstrate that the vaccinia virus protein F11, which localizes to the plasma membrane, is required for ROCK-mediated cell contraction from 2 hr post infection. Curiously, F11-induced cell contraction is dependent on RhoC and not RhoA signaling to ROCK. Moreover, RhoC-driven cell contraction depends on the upstream inhibition of RhoD signaling by F11. This inhibition prevents RhoD from regulating its downstream effector Pak6, alleviating the suppression of RhoC by the kinase. Our observations with vaccinia have now demonstrated that RhoD recruits Pak6 to the plasma membrane to antagonize RhoC signaling during cell contraction and blebbing. Vaccinia F11 protein is required for virus-induced cell contraction and blebbing F11-induced cell contraction depends on RhoC, but not RhoA, signaling to ROCK RhoD recruits Pak6 to the plasma membrane to antagonize RhoC signaling F11 inhibits RhoD signaling to its downstream effector Pak6
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Durkin
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Flavia Leite
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - João V Cordeiro
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yutaka Handa
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Yoshiki Arakawa
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ferran Valderrama
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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Driscoll MK, Losert W, Jacobson K, Kapustina M. Spatiotemporal relationships between the cell shape and the actomyosin cortex of periodically protruding cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 72:268-81. [PMID: 26147497 PMCID: PMC4529805 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of cell shape and analyze the actin and myosin distributions of cells exhibiting cortical density traveling waves. These waves propagate by repeated cycles of cortical compression (folding) and dilation (unfolding) that lead to periodic protrusions (oscillations) of the cell boundary. The focus of our detailed analysis is the remarkable periodicity of this phenotype, in which both the overall shape transformation and distribution of actomyosin density are repeated from cycle to cycle even though the characteristics of the shape transformation vary significantly for different regions of the cell. We show, using correlation analysis, that during traveling wave propagation cortical actin and plasma membrane densities are tightly coupled at each point along the cell periphery. We also demonstrate that the major protrusion appears at the wave trailing edge just after the actin cortex density has reached a maximum. Making use of the extraordinary periodicity, we employ latrunculin to demonstrate that sequestering actin monomers can have two distinct effects: low latrunculin concentrations can trigger and enhance traveling waves but higher concentrations of this drug retard the waves. The fundamental mechanism underlying this periodically protruding phenotype, involving folding and unfolding of the cortex‐membrane couple, is likely to hold important clues for diverse phenomena including cell division and amoeboid‐type migration. © 2015 The Authors. Cytoskeleton Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Driscoll
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Ken Jacobson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Kapustina M, Elston TC, Jacobson K. Compression and dilation of the membrane-cortex layer generates rapid changes in cell shape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:95-108. [PMID: 23295349 PMCID: PMC3542801 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201204157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A cyclic process of membrane-cortex compression and dilation generates a traveling wave of cortical actin density that in turn generates oscillations in cell morphology. Rapid changes in cellular morphology require a cell body that is highly flexible yet retains sufficient strength to maintain structural integrity. We present a mechanism that meets both of these requirements. We demonstrate that compression (folding) and subsequent dilation (unfolding) of the coupled plasma membrane–cortex layer generates rapid shape transformations in rounded cells. Two- and three-dimensional live-cell images showed that the cyclic process of membrane-cortex compression and dilation resulted in a traveling wave of cortical actin density. We also demonstrate that the membrane-cortex traveling wave led to amoeboid-like cell migration. The compression–dilation hypothesis offers a mechanism for large-scale cell shape transformations that is complementary to blebbing, where the plasma membrane detaches from the actin cortex and is initially unsupported when the bleb extends as a result of cytosolic pressure. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms that drive the rapid morphological changes that occur in many physiological contexts, such as amoeboid migration and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Kapustina
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Ryan GL, Petroccia HM, Watanabe N, Vavylonis D. Excitable actin dynamics in lamellipodial protrusion and retraction. Biophys J 2012; 102:1493-502. [PMID: 22500749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animal cells initiate crawling by protruding lamellipodia, consisting of a dense network of actin filaments, at their leading edge. We imaged XTC cells that exhibit flat lamellipodia on poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips. Using active contours, we tracked the leading edge and measured the total amount of F-actin by summing the pixel intensities within a 5-μm band. We observed protrusion and retraction with period 130-200 s and local wavelike features. Positive (negative) velocities correlated with minimum (maximum) integrated actin concentration. Approximately constant retrograde flow indicated that protrusions and retractions were driven by fluctuations of the actin polymerization rate. We present a model of these actin dynamics as an excitable system in which a diffusive, autocatalytic activator causes actin polymerization; F-actin accumulation in turn inhibits further activator accumulation. Simulations of the model reproduced the pattern of actin polymerization seen in experiments. To explore the model's assumption of an autocatalytic activation mechanism, we imaged cells expressing markers for both F-actin and the p21 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. We found that integrated Arp2/3-complex concentrations spike several seconds before spikes of F-actin concentration. This suggests that the Arp2/3 complex participates in an activation mechanism that includes additional diffuse components. Response of cells to stimulation by fetal calf serum could be reproduced by the model, further supporting the proposed dynamical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Ryan
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ryan GL, Watanabe N, Vavylonis D. A review of models of fluctuating protrusion and retraction patterns at the leading edge of motile cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:195-206. [PMID: 22354870 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of motile cells as they undergo a change in motile behavior is the development of fluctuating exploratory motions of the leading edge, driven by actin polymerization. We review quantitative models of these protrusion and retraction phenomena. Theoretical studies have been motivated by advances in experimental and computational methods that allow controlled perturbations, single molecule imaging, and analysis of spatiotemporal correlations in microscopic images. To explain oscillations and waves of the leading edge, most theoretical models propose nonlinear interactions and feedback mechanisms among different components of the actin cytoskeleton system. These mechanisms include curvature-sensing membrane proteins, myosin contraction, and autocatalytic biochemical reaction kinetics. We discuss how the combination of experimental studies with modeling promises to quantify the relative importance of these biochemical and biophysical processes at the leading edge and to evaluate their generality across cell types and extracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Ryan
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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Dimensional and temporal controls of three-dimensional cell migration by zyxin and binding partners. Nat Commun 2012; 3:719. [PMID: 22395610 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous molecular oscillations are ubiquitous in biology. But to our knowledge, periodic cell migratory patterns have not been observed. Here we report the highly regular, periodic migration of cells along rectilinear tracks generated inside three-dimensional matrices, with each excursion encompassing several cell lengths, a phenotype that does not occur on conventional substrates. Short hairpin RNA depletion shows that these one-dimensional oscillations are uniquely controlled by zyxin and binding partners α-actinin and p130Cas, but not vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein and cysteine-rich protein 1. Oscillations are recapitulated for cells migrating along one-dimensional micropatterns, but not on two-dimensional compliant substrates. These results indicate that although two-dimensional motility can be well described by speed and persistence, three-dimensional motility requires two additional parameters, the dimensionality of the cell paths in the matrix and the temporal control of cell movements along these paths. These results also suggest that the zyxin/α-actinin/p130Cas module may ensure that motile cells in a three-dimensional matrix explore the largest space possible in minimum time.
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Computational and Modeling Strategies for Cell Motility. COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2146-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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