1
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Ewald M, Henry S, Lambert E, Feuillie C, Bobo C, Cullin C, Lecomte S, Molinari M. High speed atomic force microscopy to investigate the interactions between toxic Aβ 1-42 peptides and model membranes in real time: impact of the membrane composition. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7229-7238. [PMID: 30924478 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08714h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to an aging population, neurodegenerative diseases have become a major health issue, the most common being Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms leading to neuronal loss still remain unclear but recent studies suggest that soluble Aβ oligomers have deleterious effects on neuronal membranes. Here, high-speed atomic force microscopy was used to assess the effect of oligomeric species of a variant of Aβ1-42 amyloid peptide on model membranes with various lipid compositions. Results showed that the peptide does not interact with membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Ganglioside GM1, but not cholesterol, is required for the peptide to interact with the membrane. Interestingly, when they are both present, a fast disruption of the membrane was observed. It suggests that the presence of ganglioside GM1 and cholesterol in membranes promotes the interaction of the oligomeric Aβ1-42 peptide with the membrane. This interaction leads to the membrane's destruction in a few seconds. This study highlights the power of high-speed atomic force microscopy to explore lipid-protein interactions with high spatio-temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ewald
- LRN EA 4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, F-51685 Reims, France.
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2
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Overall SA, Zhu S, Hanssen E, Separovic F, Sani MA. In Situ Monitoring of Bacteria under Antimicrobial Stress Using 31P Solid-State NMR. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010181. [PMID: 30621328 PMCID: PMC6337522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In-cell NMR offers great insight into the characterization of the effect of toxins and antimicrobial peptides on intact cells. However, the complexity of intact live cells remains a significant challenge for the analysis of the effect these agents have on different cellular components. Here we show that 31P solid-state NMR can be used to quantitatively characterize the dynamic behaviour of DNA within intact live bacteria. Lipids were also identified and monitored, although 31P dynamic filtering methods indicated a range of dynamic states for phospholipid headgroups. We demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology for monitoring the activity of the antibiotic ampicillin and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) maculatin 1.1 (Mac1.1) against Gram-negative bacteria. Perturbations in the dynamic behaviour of DNA were observed in treated cells, which indicated additional mechanisms of action for the AMP Mac1.1 not previously reported. This work highlights the value of 31P in-cell solid-state NMR as a tool for assessing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics and AMPs in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Overall
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
- Chemistry & Biochemistry Department, UC Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | - Shiying Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Advanced Microscopy Facility and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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3
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Lau QY, Li J, Sani MA, Sinha S, Li Y, Ng FM, Kang C, Bhattacharjya S, Separovic F, Verma C, Chia CSB. Elucidating the bactericidal mechanism of action of the linear antimicrobial tetrapeptide BRBR-NH 2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1517-1527. [PMID: 29758185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Linear antimicrobial peptides, with their rapid bactericidal mode of action, are well-suited for development as topical antibacterial drugs. We recently designed a synthetic linear 4-residue peptide, BRBR-NH2, with potent bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 6.25 μM), the main causative pathogen of human skin infections with an unknown mechanism of action. Herein, we describe a series of experiments conducted to gain further insights into its mechanism of action involving electron microscopy, artificial membrane dye leakage, solution- and solid-state NMR spectroscopy followed by molecular dynamics simulations. Experimental results point towards a SMART (Soft Membranes Adapt and Respond, also Transiently) mechanism of action, suggesting that the peptide can be developed as a topical antibacterial agent for treating drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Ying Lau
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sheetal Sinha
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Fui Mee Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjya
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix #07-01, Singapore 138671, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore
| | - Cheng San Brian Chia
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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4
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Lee TH, Sani MA, Overall S, Separovic F, Aguilar MI. Effect of phosphatidylcholine bilayer thickness and molecular order on the binding of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:300-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Weber DK, Sani MA, Downton MT, Separovic F, Keene FR, Collins JG. Membrane Insertion of a Dinuclear Polypyridylruthenium(II) Complex Revealed by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation: Implications for Selective Antibacterial Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15267-15277. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Weber
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Downton
- Computational
Biophysics, IBM Research Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School
of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F. Richard Keene
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Centre for Biodiscovery & Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - J. Grant Collins
- School
of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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6
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Weber DK, Yao S, Rojko N, Anderluh G, Lybrand TP, Downton MT, Wagner J, Separovic F. Characterization of the Lipid-Binding Site of Equinatoxin II by NMR and Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Biophys J 2016; 108:1987-96. [PMID: 25902438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equinatoxin II (EqtII) is a soluble, 20 kDa pore-forming protein toxin isolated from the sea anemone Actinia equina. Although pore formation has long been known to occur in distinct stages, including monomeric attachment to phospholipid membranes followed by detachment of the N-terminal helical domain and oligomerization into the final pore assembly, atomistic-level detail of the protein-lipid interactions underlying these events remains elusive. Using high-resolution solution state NMR of uniformly-(15)N-labeled EqtII at the critical micelle concentration of dodecylphosphocholine, we have mapped the lipid-binding site through chemical shift perturbations. Subsequent docking of an EqtII monomer onto a dodecylphosphocholine micelle, followed by 400 ns of all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, saw several high-occupancy lipid-binding pockets stabilized by cation-π, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions; and stabilization of the loop housing the conserved arginine-glycine-aspartate motif. Additional simulation of EqtII with an N-acetyl sphingomyelin micelle, for which high-resolution NMR data cannot be obtained due to aggregate formation, revealed that sphingomyelin specificity might occur via hydrogen bonding to the 3-OH and 2-NH groups unique to the ceramide backbone by side chains of D109 and Y113; and main chains of P81 and W112. Furthermore, a binding pocket formed by K30, K77, and P81, proximate to the hinge region of the N-terminal helix, was identified and may be implicated in triggering pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Weber
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenggen Yao
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nejc Rojko
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Terry P Lybrand
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew T Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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7
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Garcia A, Eljack ND, Sani MA, Separovic F, Rasmussen HH, Kopec W, Khandelia H, Cornelius F, Clarke RJ. Membrane accessibility of glutathione. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2430-6. [PMID: 26232559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the ion pumping activity of the Na+,K+-ATPase is crucial to the survival of animal cells. Recent evidence has suggested that the activity of the enzyme could be controlled by glutathionylation of cysteine residue 45 of the β-subunit. Crystal structures so far available indicate that this cysteine is in a transmembrane domain of the protein. Here we have analysed via fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy as well as molecular dynamics simulations whether glutathione is able to penetrate into the interior of a lipid membrane. No evidence for any penetration of glutathione into the membrane was found. Therefore, the most likely mechanism whereby the cysteine residue could become glutathionylated is via a loosening of the α-β subunit association, creating a hydrophilic passageway between them to allow access of glutathione to the cysteine residue. By such a mechanism, glutathionylation of the protein would be expected to anchor the modified cysteine residue in a hydrophilic environment, inhibiting further motion of the β-subunit during the enzyme's catalytic cycle and suppressing enzymatic activity, as has been experimentally observed. The results obtained, therefore, suggest a possible structural mechanism of how the Na+,K+-ATPase could be regulated by glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Garcia
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Nasma D Eljack
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Helge H Rasmussen
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia; Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Wojciech Kopec
- Center for BioMembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Center for BioMembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M5230, Denmark
| | - Flemming Cornelius
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ronald J Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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8
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Sani MA, Separovic F. Progression of NMR studies of membrane-active peptides from lipid bilayers to live cells. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 253:138-142. [PMID: 25631783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of membrane-active peptides faces many challenges associated with the development of appropriate model membrane systems as the peptide structure depends strongly on the lipid environment. This perspective provides a brief overview of the approach taken to study antimicrobial and amyloid peptides in phospholipid bilayers using oriented bilayers and magic angle spinning techniques. In particular, Boltzmann statistics REDOR and maximum entropy analysis of spinning side bands are used to analyse systems where multiple states of peptide or lipid molecules may co-exist. We propose that in future, rather than model membranes, structural studies in whole cells are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-A Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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9
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Fernandez D, Lee TH, Sani MA, Aguilar MI, Separovic F. Proline facilitates membrane insertion of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1 via surface indentation and subsequent lipid disordering. Biophys J 2013; 104:1495-507. [PMID: 23561526 PMCID: PMC3617439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of proline in the disruption of membrane bilayer structure upon antimicrobial peptide (AMP) binding was studied. Specifically, (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR and dual polarization interferometry (DPI) were used to analyze the membrane interactions of three AMPs: maculatin 1.1 and two analogs in which Pro-15 is replaced by Gly and Ala. For NMR, deuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (d54-DMPC) and d54-DMPC/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) were used to mimic eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes, respectively. In fluid-phase DMPC bilayer systems, the peptides interacted primarily with the bilayer surface, with the native peptide having the strongest interaction. In the mixed DMPC/DMPG bilayers, maculatin 1.1 induced DMPG phase separation, whereas the analogs promoted the formation of isotropic and lipid-enriched phases with an enhanced effect relative to the neutral DMPC bilayers. In gel-phase DMPC vesicles, the native peptide disrupted the bilayer via a surface mechanism, and the effect of the analogs was similar to that observed in the fluid phase. Real-time changes in bilayer order were examined via DPI, with changes in bilayer birefringence analyzed as a function of the peptide mass bound to the bilayer. Although all three peptides decreased the bilayer order as a function of bound concentration, maculatin 1.1 caused the largest change in bilayer structure. The NMR data indicate that maculatin 1.1 binds predominantly at the surface regions of the bilayer, and both NMR and DPI results indicate that this binding leads to a drop in bilayer order. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proline at residue 15 plays a central role in the membrane interaction of maculatin 1.1 by inducing a significant change in membrane order and affecting the ability of the bilayer to recover from structural changes induced by the binding and insertion of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Sani MA, Weber DK, Delaglio F, Separovic F, Gehman JD. A practical implementation of de-Pake-ing via weighted Fourier transformation. PeerJ 2013; 1:e30. [PMID: 23638366 PMCID: PMC3628600 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide an NMRPipe macro to meet an increasing need in membrane biophysics for facile de-Pake-ing of axially symmetric deuterium, and to an extent phosphorous, static lineshapes. The macro implements the development of McCabe & Wassall (1997), and is run as a simple replacement for the usual Fourier transform step in an NMRPipe processing procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Australia
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11
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Bertelsen K, Dorosz J, Hansen SK, Nielsen NC, Vosegaard T. Mechanisms of peptide-induced pore formation in lipid bilayers investigated by oriented 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47745. [PMID: 23094079 PMCID: PMC3475706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a considerable interest in understanding the function of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), but the details of their mode of action is not fully understood. This motivates extensive efforts in determining structural and mechanistic parameters for AMP’s interaction with lipid membranes. In this study we show that oriented-sample 31P solid-state NMR spectroscopy can be used to probe the membrane perturbations and -disruption by AMPs. For two AMPs, alamethicin and novicidin, we observe that the majority of the lipids remain in a planar bilayer conformation but that a number of lipids are involved in the peptide anchoring. These lipids display reduced dynamics. Our study supports previous studies showing that alamethicin adopts a transmembrane arrangement without significant disturbance of the surrounding lipids, while novicidin forms toroidal pores at high concentrations leading to more extensive membrane disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kresten Bertelsen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jerzy Dorosz
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sara Krogh Hansen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Chr. Nielsen
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail: (NCN); (TV)
| | - Thomas Vosegaard
- Center for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail: (NCN); (TV)
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Bowie JH, Separovic F, Tyler MJ. Host-defense peptides of Australian anurans. Part 2. Structure, activity, mechanism of action, and evolutionary significance. Peptides 2012; 37:174-88. [PMID: 22771617 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A previous review summarized research prior to 2004 carried out on the bioactive host-defense peptides contained in the skin secretions of Australian anurans (frogs and toads). This review covers the extension of that research from 2004 to 2012, and includes membrane-active peptides (including antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal and antiviral peptides) together with the mechanisms by which these peptides interact with model membranes, peptides that may be classified as "neuropeptides" (including smooth muscle active peptides, opioids and immunomodulators) and peptides which inhibit the formation of nitric oxide from neuronal nitric oxide synthase. The review discusses the outcome of cDNA sequencing of signal-spacer-active peptides from an evolutionary viewpoint, and also lists those peptides for which activities have not been found to this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Bowie
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Physics, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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