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Liu W, Stenovec M, Lee W, Montana V, Kreft M, Zorec R, Parpura V. Probing single molecule mechanical interactions of syntaxin 1A with native synaptobrevin 2 residing on a secretory vesicle. Cell Calcium 2022; 104:102570. [PMID: 35314381 PMCID: PMC9119915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactive mechanical forces between pairs of individual SNARE proteins synaptobrevin 2 (Sb2) and syntaxin 1A (Sx1A) may be sufficient to mediate vesicle docking. This notion, based on force spectroscopy single molecule measurements probing recombinant Sx1A an Sb2 in silico, questioned a predominant view of docking via the ternary SNARE complex formation, which includes an assembly of the intermediate cis binary complex between Sx1A and SNAP25 on the plasma membrane to engage Sb2 on the vesicle. However, whether a trans binary Sx1A-Sb2 complex alone could mediate vesicle docking in a cellular environment remains unclear. To address this issue, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the force spectroscopy mode combined with fluorescence imaging. Using AFM tips functionalized with the full Sx1A cytosolic domain, we probed native Sb2 studding the membrane of secretory vesicles docked at the plasma membrane patches, referred to as "inside-out lawns", identified based on fluorescence stains and prepared from primary culture of lactotrophs. We recorded single molecule Sx1A-Sb2 mechanical interactions and obtained measurements of force (∼183 pN) and extension (∼21.6 nm) necessary to take apart Sx1A-Sb2 binding interactions formed at tip-vesicle contact. Measured interactive force between a single pair of Sx1A-Sb2 molecules is sufficient to hold a single secretory vesicle docked at the plasma membrane within distances up to that of the measured extension. This finding further advances a notion that native vesicle docking can be mediated by a single trans binary Sx1A-Sb2 complex in the absence of SNAP25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Matjaž Stenovec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, EU, Slovenia
| | - William Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department of Neurobiology, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America
| | - Marko Kreft
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, CPAE, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, EU, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, EU, Slovenia.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States of America.
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Scorrano L, De Matteis MA, Emr S, Giordano F, Hajnóczky G, Kornmann B, Lackner LL, Levine TP, Pellegrini L, Reinisch K, Rizzuto R, Simmen T, Stenmark H, Ungermann C, Schuldiner M. Coming together to define membrane contact sites. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1287. [PMID: 30894536 PMCID: PMC6427007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Close proximities between organelles have been described for decades. However, only recently a specific field dealing with organelle communication at membrane contact sites has gained wide acceptance, attracting scientists from multiple areas of cell biology. The diversity of approaches warrants a unified vocabulary for the field. Such definitions would facilitate laying the foundations of this field, streamlining communication and resolving semantic controversies. This opinion, written by a panel of experts in the field, aims to provide this burgeoning area with guidelines for the experimental definition and analysis of contact sites. It also includes suggestions on how to operationally and tractably measure and analyze them with the hope of ultimately facilitating knowledge production and dissemination within and outside the field of contact-site research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Scorrano
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Scott Emr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Giordano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Paris-Sud University, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, 91198, France.
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benoît Kornmann
- University of Oxford, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Ox1 3QU, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura L Lackner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Tim P Levine
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, and Pathology, Universitè Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Karin Reinisch
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas Simmen
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology, Edmonton, AB, T6G2H7, Canada
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, N-0379, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49082, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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Gallo A, Vannier C, Galli T. Endoplasmic Reticulum-Plasma Membrane Associations:Structures and Functions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2016; 32:279-301. [PMID: 27298092 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inside eukaryotic cells, membrane contact sites (MCSs), regions where two membrane-bound organelles are apposed at less than 30 nm, generate regions of important lipid and calcium exchange. This review principally focuses on the structure and the function of MCSs between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plasma membrane (PM). Here we describe how tethering structures form and maintain these junctions and, in some instances, participate in their function. We then discuss recent insights into the mechanisms by which specific classes of proteins mediate nonvesicular lipid exchange between the ER and PM and how such phenomena, already known to be crucial for maintaining organelle identity, are also emerging as regulators of cell growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gallo
- Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease Group (INSERM ERL U950), F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Christian Vannier
- Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease Group (INSERM ERL U950), F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Thierry Galli
- Membrane Traffic in Health & Disease Group (INSERM ERL U950), F-75013 Paris, France;
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Coppari E, Santini S, Bizzarri AR, Cannistraro S. Kinetics and binding geometries of the complex between β2-microglobulin and its antibody: An AFM and SPR study. Biophys Chem 2016; 211:19-27. [PMID: 26803406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
β2-Microglobulin (B2M) is a human protein involved in the regulation of immune response and represents a useful biomarker for several diseases. Recently, anti-B2M monoclonal antibodies have been introduced as innovative therapeutic agents. A deeper understanding of the molecular interaction between the two partners could be of utmost relevance for both designing array-based analytical devices and improving current immunotherapies. A visualization at the nanoscale performed by Atomic Force Microscopy revealed that binding of B2M to the antibody occurred according to two preferred interaction geometries. Additionally, Atomic Force Spectroscopy and Surface Plasmon Resonance provided us with detailed information on the binding kinetics and the energy landscape of the complex, both at the single molecule level and in bulk conditions. Combination of these complementary techniques contributed to highlight subtle differences in the kinetics behaviour characterizing the complexes. Collectively, the results may deserve significant interest for designing, development and optimization of novel generations of nanobiosensor platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Coppari
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Dipartimento DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simona Santini
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Dipartimento DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bizzarri
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Dipartimento DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Cannistraro
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Dipartimento DEB, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Mechanical unzipping and rezipping of a single SNARE complex reveals hysteresis as a force-generating mechanism. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1705. [PMID: 23591872 PMCID: PMC3644077 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex provides mechanical thrust for membrane fusion, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here using magnetic tweezers, we observe mechanical responses of a single neuronal SNARE complex under constant pulling force. Single SNARE complexes may be unzipped with 34 pN force. When rezipping is induced by lowering the force to 11 pN, only a partially assembled state results, with the C-terminal half of the SNARE complex remaining disassembled. Reassembly of the C-terminal half occurs only when the force is further lowered below 11 pN. Thus, mechanical hysteresis, characterized by the unzipping and rezipping cycle of a single SNARE complex, produces the partially assembled state. In this metastable state, unzipping toward the N-terminus is suppressed while zippering toward the C-terminus is initiated as a steep function of force. This ensures the directionality of SNARE-complex formation, making the SNARE complex a robust force-generating machine. Interactions between (SNARE) proteins on vesicle and target membranes provide the force necessary to drive membrane fusion. By applying piconewton forces to single SNARE complexes, the authors identify a partially assembled intermediate state that reveals how force is generated in a consistent direction.
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Safenkova IV, Zherdev AV, Dzantievf BB. Application of atomic force microscopy for characteristics of single intermolecular interactions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1536-52. [PMID: 23379527 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791213010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to make measurements in vacuum, air, and water. The method is able to gather information about intermolecular interaction forces at the level of single molecules. This review encompasses experimental and theoretical data on the characterization of ligand-receptor interactions by AFM. The advantage of AFM in comparison with other methods developed for the characterization of single molecular interactions is its ability to estimate not only rupture forces, but also thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the rupture of a complex. The specific features of force spectroscopy applied to ligand-receptor interactions are examined in this review from the stage of the modification of the substrate and the cantilever up to the processing and interpretation of the data. We show the specificities of the statistical analysis of the array of data based on the results of AFM measurements, and we discuss transformation of data into thermodynamic and kinetic parameters (kinetic dissociation constant, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy). Particular attention is paid to the study of polyvalent interactions, where the definition of the constants is hampered due to the complex stoichiometry of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Safenkova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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Liu W, Stout RF, Parpura V. Ternary SNARE complexes in parallel versus anti-parallel orientation: examination of their disassembly using single-molecule force spectroscopy. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:241-9. [PMID: 22525946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the proteins of the ternary soluble N-ethyl maleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, synaptobrevin 2 (Sb2), syntaxin 1A (Sx1A) and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) can be readily assessed using force spectroscopy single-molecule measurements. We studied interactions during the disassembly of the ternary SNARE complex pre-formed by binding Sb2 in parallel or anti-parallel orientations to the binary Sx1A-SNAP25B acceptor complex. We determined the spontaneous dissociation lifetimes and found that the stability of the anti-parallel ternary SNARE complex is ∼1/3 less than that of the parallel complex. While the free energies were very similar, within 0.5 k(B)T, for both orientations, the enthalpy changes (42.1 k(B)T and 39.8 k(B)T, for parallel and anti-parallel orientations, respectively) indicate that the parallel ternary complex is energetically advantageous by 2.3 k(B)T. Indeed, both ternary SNARE complex orientations were much more stable (by ∼4-13 times) and energetically favorable (by ∼9-13 k(B)T) than selected binary complexes, constituents of the ternary complex, in both orientations. We propose a model which considers the geometry for the vesicle approach to the plasma membrane with favorable energies and stability as the basis for preferential usage of the parallel ternary SNARE complex in exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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