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Dynamics of camel and human hemoglobin revealed by molecular simulations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:122. [PMID: 34997093 PMCID: PMC8741986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is one of the most widely studied proteins genetically, biochemically, and structurally. It is an oxygen carrying tetrameric protein that imparts the characteristic red color to blood. Each chain of hemoglobin harbors a heme group embedded in a hydrophobic pocket. Several studies have investigated structural variations present in mammalian hemoglobin and their functional implications. However, camel hemoglobin has not been thoroughly explored, especially from a structural perspective. Importantly, very little is known about how the heme group interacts with hemoglobin under varying conditions of osmolarity and temperature. Several experimental studies have indicated that the tense (T) state is more stable than the relaxed (R) state of hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. Despite the fact that R state is less stable than the T state, no extensive structural dynamics studies have been performed to investigate global quaternary transitions of R state hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. To evaluate this, several 500 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were performed to get a deeper understanding of how camel hemoglobin behaves under stress, which it is normally exposed to, when compared to human hemoglobin. Notably, camel hemoglobin was more stable under physiological stress when compared to human hemoglobin. Additionally, when compared to camel hemoglobin, cofactor-binding regions of hemoglobin also exhibited more fluctuations in human hemoglobin under the conditions studied. Several differences were observed between the residues of camel and human hemoglobin that interacted with heme. Importantly, distal residues His58 of α hemoglobin and His63 of β hemoglobin formed more sustained interactions, especially at higher temperatures, in camel hemoglobin. These residues are important for oxygen binding to hemoglobin. Thus, this work provides insights into how camel and human hemoglobin differ in their interactions under stress.
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2
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Gardner PR. Ordered Motions in the Nitric-Oxide Dioxygenase Mechanism of Flavohemoglobin and Assorted Globins with Tightly Coupled Reductases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1414:45-96. [PMID: 36520413 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitric-oxide dioxygenases (NODs) activate and combine O2 with NO to form nitrate. A variety of oxygen-binding hemoglobins with associated partner reductases or electron donors function as enzymatic NODs. Kinetic and structural investigations of the archetypal two-domain microbial flavohemoglobin-NOD have illuminated an allosteric mechanism that employs selective tunnels for O2 and NO, gates for NO and nitrate, transient O2 association with ferric heme, and an O2 and NO-triggered, ferric heme spin crossover-driven, motion-controlled, and dipole-regulated electron-transfer switch. The proposed mechanism facilitates radical-radical coupling of ferric-superoxide with NO to form nitrate while preventing suicidal ferrous-NO formation. Diverse globins display the structural and functional motifs necessary for a similar allosteric NOD mechanism. In silico docking simulations reveal monomeric erythrocyte hemoglobin alpha-chain and beta-chain intrinsically matched and tightly coupled with NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, respectively, forming membrane-bound flavohemoglobin-like mammalian NODs. The neuroprotective neuroglobin manifests a potential NOD role in a close-fitting ternary complex with membrane-bound NADH-cytochrome b5 oxidoreductase and cytochrome b5. Cytoglobin interfaces weakly with cytochrome b5 for O2 and NO-regulated electron-transfer and coupled NOD activity. The mechanistic model also provides insight into the evolution of O2 binding cooperativity in hemoglobin and a basis for the discovery of allosteric NOD inhibitors.
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3
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Pinto GP, Hendrikse NM, Stourac J, Damborsky J, Bednar D. Virtual screening of potential anticancer drugs based on microbial products. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1207-1217. [PMID: 34298109 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of microbial products for cancer treatment has been in the spotlight in recent years. In order to accelerate the lengthy and expensive drug development process, in silico screening tools are systematically employed, especially during the initial discovery phase. Moreover, considering the steadily increasing number of molecules approved by authorities for commercial use, there is a demand for faster methods to repurpose such drugs. Here we present a review on virtual screening web tools, such as publicly available databases of molecular targets and libraries of ligands, with the aim to facilitate the discovery of potential anticancer drugs based on microbial products. We provide an entry-level step-by-step description of the workflow for virtual screening of microbial metabolites with known protein targets, as well as two practical examples using freely available web tools. The first case presents a virtual screening study of drugs developed from microbial products using Caver Web, a web tool that performs docking along a tunnel. The second case comprises a comparative analysis between a wild type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and a mutant that results in cancer, using the recently developed web tool PredictSNPOnco. In summary, this review provides the basic and essential background information necessary for virtual screening experiments, which may accelerate the discovery of novel anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar P Pinto
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie M Hendrikse
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Stourac
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
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4
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Pinto GP, Vavra O, Marques SM, Filipovic J, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Screening of world approved drugs against highly dynamical spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 using CaverDock and machine learning. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3187-3197. [PMID: 34104357 PMCID: PMC8174816 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes pathological pulmonary symptoms. Most efforts to develop vaccines and drugs against this virus target the spike glycoprotein, particularly its S1 subunit, which is recognised by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Here we use the in-house developed tool CaverDock to perform virtual screening against spike glycoprotein using a cryogenic electron microscopy structure (PDB-ID: 6VXX) and the representative structures of five most populated clusters from a previously published molecular dynamics simulation. The dataset of ligands was obtained from the ZINC database and consists of drugs approved for clinical use worldwide. Trajectories for the passage of individual drugs through the tunnel of the spike glycoprotein homotrimer, their binding energies within the tunnel, and the duration of their contacts with the trimer's three subunits were computed for the full dataset. Multivariate statistical methods were then used to establish structure-activity relationships and select top candidate for movement inhibition. This new protocol for the rapid screening of globally approved drugs (4359 ligands) in a multi-state protein structure (6 states) showed high robustness in the rate of finished calculations. The protocol is universal and can be applied to any target protein with an experimental tertiary structure containing protein tunnels or channels. The protocol will be implemented in the next version of CaverWeb (https://loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/caverweb/) to make it accessible to the wider scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar P. Pinto
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Ann’s Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vavra
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Ann’s Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio M. Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Ann’s Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Filipovic
- Institute of Computer Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Ann’s Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Ann’s Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Lepeshkevich SV, Sazanovich IV, Parkhats MV, Gilevich SN, Dzhagarov BM. Towards understanding non-equivalence of α and β subunits within human hemoglobin in conformational relaxation and molecular oxygen rebinding. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7033-7047. [PMID: 34123331 PMCID: PMC8153241 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Picosecond to millisecond laser time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was used to study molecular oxygen (O2) rebinding and conformational relaxation following O2 photodissociation in the α and β subunits within human hemoglobin in the quaternary R-like structure. Oxy-cyanomet valency hybrids, α2(Fe2+-O2)β2(Fe3+-CN) and α2(Fe3+-CN)β2(Fe2+-O2), were used as models for oxygenated R-state hemoglobin. An extended kinetic model for geminate O2 rebinding in the ferrous hemoglobin subunits, ligand migration between the primary and secondary docking site(s), and nonexponential tertiary relaxation within the R quaternary structure, was introduced and discussed. Significant functional non-equivalence of the α and β subunits in both the geminate O2 rebinding and concomitant structural relaxation was revealed. For the β subunits, the rate constant for the geminate O2 rebinding to the unrelaxed tertiary structure and the tertiary transition rate were found to be greater than the corresponding values for the α subunits. The conformational relaxation following the O2 photodissociation in the α and β subunits was found to decrease the rate constant for the geminate O2 rebinding, this effect being more than one order of magnitude greater for the β subunits than for the α subunits. Evidence was provided for the modulation of the O2 rebinding to the individual α and β subunits within human hemoglobin in the R-state structure by the intrinsic heme reactivity through a change in proximal constraints upon the relaxation of the tertiary structure on a picosecond to microsecond time scale. Our results demonstrate that, for native R-state oxyhemoglobin, O2 rebinding properties and spectral changes following the O2 photodissociation can be adequately described as the sum of those for the α and β subunits within the valency hybrids. The isolated β chains (hemoglobin H) show similar behavior to the β subunits within the valency hybrids and can be used as a model for the β subunits within the R-state oxyhemoglobin. At the same time, the isolated α chains behave differently to the α subunits within the valency hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Lepeshkevich
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 68 Nezavisimosti Ave Minsk 220072 Belarus
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Campus OX11 0QX UK
| | - Marina V Parkhats
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 68 Nezavisimosti Ave Minsk 220072 Belarus
| | - Syargey N Gilevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 5 Academician V. F. Kuprevich Street Minsk 220141 Belarus
| | - Boris M Dzhagarov
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 68 Nezavisimosti Ave Minsk 220072 Belarus
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6
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Municoy M, Roda S, Soler D, Soutullo A, Guallar V. aquaPELE: A Monte Carlo-Based Algorithm to Sample the Effects of Buried Water Molecules in Proteins. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:7655-7670. [PMID: 33201691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Water is frequently found inside proteins, carrying out important roles in catalytic reactions or molecular recognition tasks. Therefore, computational models that aim to study protein-ligand interactions usually have to include water effects through explicit or implicit approaches to obtain reliable results. While full explicit models might be too computationally daunting for some applications, implicit models are normally faster but omit some of the most important contributions of water. This is the case of our in-house software, called protein energy landscape exploration (PELE), which uses implicit models to speed up conformational explorations as much as possible; the lack of explicit water sampling, however, limits its model. In this work, we confront this problem with the development of aquaPELE. It is a new algorithm that extends the exploration capabilities while keeping efficiency as it employs a mixed implicit/explicit approach to also take into account the effects of buried water molecules. With an additional Monte Carlo (MC) routine, a set of explicit water molecules is perturbed inside protein cavities and their effects are dynamically adjusted to the current state of the system. As a result, this implementation can be used to predict the principal hydration sites or the rearrangement and displacement of conserved water molecules upon the binding of a ligand. We benchmarked this new tool focusing on estimating ligand binding modes and hydration sites in cavities with important interfacial water molecules, according to crystallographic structures. Results suggest that aquaPELE sets a fast and reliable alternative for molecular recognition studies in systems with a strong water-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Municoy
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Roda
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Soler
- Nostrum Biodiscovery, Jordi Girona 29, Nexus II D128, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Soutullo
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Abstract
Human hemoglobin is the textbook example of the stereochemistry of an allosteric protein and of the exquisite control that a protein can exert over ligand binding. However, the fundamental basis by which the protein facilitates the ligand movement remains unknown. In this study, we used cryogenic X-ray crystallography and a high-repetition pulsed laser irradiation technique to elucidate the atomic details of ligand migration processes in hemoglobin after photolysis of the bound CO. Our data clarify the distinct CO migration pathways in the individual subunits of hemoglobin and unravel the functional roles of the internal cavities and neighboring amino acid residues in ligand exit and entry. Our results also demonstrate the high gas permeability and porosity of hemoglobin, facilitating O2 delivery. Hemoglobin is one of the best-characterized proteins with respect to structure and function, but the internal ligand diffusion pathways remain obscure and controversial. Here we captured the CO migration processes in the tense (T), relaxed (R), and second relaxed (R2) quaternary structures of human hemoglobin by crystallography using a high-repetition pulsed laser technique at cryogenic temperatures. We found that in each quaternary structure, the photodissociated CO molecules migrate along distinct pathways in the α and β subunits by hopping between the internal cavities with correlated side chain motions of large nonpolar residues, such as α14Trp(A12), α105Leu(G12), β15Trp(A12), and β71Phe(E15). We also observe electron density evidence for the distal histidine [α58/β63His(E7)] swing-out motion regardless of the quaternary structure, although less evident in α subunits than in β subunits, suggesting that some CO molecules have escaped directly through the E7 gate. Remarkably, in T-state Fe(II)-Ni(II) hybrid hemoglobins in which either the α or β subunits contain Ni(II) heme that cannot bind CO, the photodissociated CO molecules not only dock at the cavities in the original Fe(II) subunit, but also escape from the protein matrix and enter the cavities in the adjacent Ni(II) subunit even at 95 K, demonstrating the high gas permeability and porosity of the hemoglobin molecule. Our results provide a comprehensive picture of ligand movements in hemoglobin and highlight the relevance of cavities, nonpolar residues, and distal histidines in facilitating the ligand migration.
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8
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Pinto GP, Vavra O, Filipovic J, Stourac J, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Fast Screening of Inhibitor Binding/Unbinding Using Novel Software Tool CaverDock. Front Chem 2019; 7:709. [PMID: 31737596 PMCID: PMC6828983 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tunnels and channels are attractive targets for drug design. Drug molecules that block the access of substrates or release of products can be efficient modulators of biological activity. Here, we demonstrate the applicability of a newly developed software tool CaverDock for screening databases of drugs against pharmacologically relevant targets. First, we evaluated the effect of rigid and flexible side chains on sets of substrates and inhibitors of seven different proteins. In order to assess the accuracy of our software, we compared the results obtained from CaverDock calculation with experimental data previously collected with heat shock protein 90α. Finally, we tested the virtual screening capabilities of CaverDock with a set of oncological and anti-inflammatory FDA-approved drugs with two molecular targets—cytochrome P450 17A1 and leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase. Calculation of rigid trajectories using four processors took on average 53 min per molecule with 90% successfully calculated cases. The screening identified functional tunnels based on the profile of potential energies of binding and unbinding trajectories. We concluded that CaverDock is a sufficiently fast, robust, and accurate tool for screening binding/unbinding processes of pharmacologically important targets with buried functional sites. The standalone version of CaverDock is available freely at https://loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/caverdock/ and the web version at https://loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/caverweb/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar P Pinto
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Vavra
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Filipovic
- Institute of Computer Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Stourac
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia.,International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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9
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Sánchez-Aparicio JE, Sciortino G, Herrmannsdoerfer DV, Chueca PO, Pedregal JRG, Maréchal JD. GPathFinder: Identification of Ligand-Binding Pathways by a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3155. [PMID: 31261636 PMCID: PMC6651367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-ligand docking is a widely used method to generate solutions for the binding of a small molecule with its target in a short amount of time. However, these methods provide identification of physically sound protein-ligand complexes without a complete view of the binding process dynamics, which has been recognized to be a major discriminant in binding affinity and ligand selectivity. In this paper, a novel piece of open-source software to approach this problem is presented, called GPathFinder. It is built as an extension of the modular GaudiMM platform and is able to simulate ligand diffusion pathways at atomistic level. The method has been benchmarked on a set of 20 systems whose ligand-binding routes were studied by other computational tools or suggested from experimental "snapshots". In all of this set, GPathFinder identifies those channels that were already reported in the literature. Interestingly, the low-energy pathways in some cases indicate novel possible binding routes. To show the usefulness of GPathFinder, the analysis of three case systems is reported. We believe that GPathFinder is a software solution with a good balance between accuracy and computational cost, and represents a step forward in extending protein-ligand docking capacities, with implications in several fields such as drug or enzyme design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Orenes Chueca
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Gilabert JF, Lecina D, Estrada J, Guallar V. Monte Carlo Techniques for Drug Design: The Success Case of PELE. BIOMOLECULAR SIMULATIONS IN STRUCTURE-BASED DRUG DISCOVERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527806836.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan F. Gilabert
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); Life Science Department; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Lecina
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); Life Science Department; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jorge Estrada
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); Life Science Department; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC); Life Science Department; Jordi Girona 29 08034 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA; Passeig Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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11
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Abstract
A methodology to cluster proteins based on their dynamics’ similarity is presented. For each pair of proteins from a dataset, the structures are superimposed, and the Anisotropic Network Model modes of motions are calculated. The twelve slowest modes from each protein are matched using a local mode alignment algorithm based on the local sequence alignment algorithm of Smith–Waterman. The dynamical similarity distance matrix is calculated based on the top scoring matches of each pair and the proteins are clustered using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The utility of this method is exemplified on a dataset of protein chains from the globin family and a dataset of tetrameric hemoglobins. The results demonstrate the effect of the quaternary structure of globin members on their intrinsic dynamics and show good ability to distinguish between different states of hemoglobin, revealing the dynamical relations between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Tobi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Computer Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- * E-mail:
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12
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Aharoni R, Tobi D. Dynamical comparison between myoglobin and hemoglobin. Proteins 2018; 86:1176-1183. [PMID: 30183107 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Myoglobin and hemoglobin are globular hemeproteins, when the former is a monomer and the latter a heterotetramer. Despite the structural similarity of myoglobin to α and β subunits of hemoglobin, there is a functional difference between the two proteins, owing to the quaternary structure of hemoglobin. The effect of the quaternary structure of hemoglobin on the intrinsic dynamics of its subunits is explored by dynamical comparison of the two proteins. Anisotropic Network Model modes of motion were calculated for hemoglobin and myoglobin. Dynamical comparison between the proteins was performed using global and local Anisotropic Network Model mode alignment algorithms based on the algorithms of Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunsch for sequence comparison. The results indicate that the quaternary structure of hemoglobin substantially alters the intrinsic dynamics of its subunits, an effect that may contribute to the functional difference between the two proteins. Local dynamics similarity between the proteins is still observed at the major exit route of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Aharoni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Dror Tobi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Computer Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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13
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Iglesias J, Saen‐oon S, Soliva R, Guallar V. Computational structure‐based drug design: Predicting target flexibility. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Victor Guallar
- Life Science DepartmentBarcelonaSpain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23BarcelonaSpain
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14
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Gygli G, Lucas MF, Guallar V, van Berkel WJH. The ins and outs of vanillyl alcohol oxidase: Identification of ligand migration paths. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005787. [PMID: 28985219 PMCID: PMC5646868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) is a homo-octameric flavoenzyme belonging to the VAO/PCMH family. Each VAO subunit consists of two domains, the FAD-binding and the cap domain. VAO catalyses, among other reactions, the two-step conversion of p-creosol (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) to vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde). To elucidate how different ligands enter and exit the secluded active site, Monte Carlo based simulations have been performed. One entry/exit path via the subunit interface and two additional exit paths have been identified for phenolic ligands, all leading to the si side of FAD. We argue that the entry/exit path is the most probable route for these ligands. A fourth path leading to the re side of FAD has been found for the co-ligands dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Based on binding energies and on the behaviour of ligands in these four paths, we propose a sequence of events for ligand and co-ligand migration during catalysis. We have also identified two residues, His466 and Tyr503, which could act as concierges of the active site for phenolic ligands, as well as two other residues, Tyr51 and Tyr408, which could act as a gateway to the re side of FAD for dioxygen. Most of the residues in the four paths are also present in VAO’s closest relatives, eugenol oxidase and p-cresol methylhydroxylase. Key path residues show movements in our simulations that correspond well to conformations observed in crystal structures of these enzymes. Preservation of other path residues can be linked to the electron acceptor specificity and oligomerisation state of the three enzymes. This study is the first comprehensive overview of ligand and co-ligand migration in a member of the VAO/PCMH family, and provides a proof of concept for the use of an unbiased method to sample this process. Enzymes are bionanomachines, which speed up chemical reactions in organisms. To understand how they achieve that, we need to study their mechanisms. Computational enzymology can show us what happens in the enzyme’s active site during a reaction. But molecules need first to reach the active site before a reaction can start. The process of substrate entry and product exit to the active site is often neglected when studying enzymes. However, these two events are of fundamental importance to the proper functioning of any enzyme. We are interested in these dynamic processes to complete our understanding of the mode of action of enzymes. In our work, we have studied substrate and product migration in vanillyl alcohol oxidase. This enzyme can produce the flavour vanillin and enantiopure alcohols, but also catalyses other reactions. The named products are of interest to the flavour- and fine-chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Gygli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Tertiary and quaternary structural basis of oxygen affinity in human hemoglobin as revealed by multiscale simulations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10926. [PMID: 28883619 PMCID: PMC5589765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hemoglobin (Hb) is a benchmark protein of structural biology that shaped our view of allosterism over 60 years ago, with the introduction of the MWC model based on Perutz structures of the oxy(R) and deoxy(T) states and the more recent Tertiary Two-State model that proposed the existence of individual subunit states -“r” and “t”-, whose structure is yet unknown. Cooperative oxygen binding is essential for Hb function, and despite decades of research there are still open questions related to how tertiary and quaternary changes regulate oxygen affinity. In the present work, we have determined the free energy profiles of oxygen migration and for HisE7 gate opening, with QM/MM calculations of the oxygen binding energy in order to address the influence of tertiary differences in the control of oxygen affinity. Our results show that in the α subunit the low to high affinity transition is achieved by a proximal effect that mostly affects oxygen dissociation and is the driving force of the allosteric transition, while in the β subunit the affinity change results from a complex interplay of proximal and distal effects, including an increase in the HE7 gate opening, that as shown by free energy profiles promotes oxygen uptake.
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16
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Lucas MF, Monza E, Jørgensen LJ, Ernst HA, Piontek K, Bjerrum MJ, Martinez ÁT, Camarero S, Guallar V. Simulating Substrate Recognition and Oxidation in Laccases: From Description to Design. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1462-1467. [PMID: 28187256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b01158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To meet the very specific requirements demanded by industry, proteins must be appropriately tailored. Engineering laccases, to improve the oxidation of small molecules, with applications in multiple fields, is, however, a difficult task. Most efforts have concentrated on increasing the redox potential of the enzyme, but in recent work, we have pursued an alternate strategy to engineering these biocatalysts. In particular, we have found that redesigning substrate binding at the T1 pocket, guided by in silico methodologies, to be a more consistent option. In this work, we evaluate the robustness of our computational approach to estimate activity, emphasizing the importance of the binding event in laccase reactivity. Strengths and weaknesses of the protocol are discussed along with its potential for scoring large numbers of protein sequences and thus its significance in protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Anaxomics Biotech , Balmes 89, E-08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lise J Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Heidi A Ernst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Klaus Piontek
- University of Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Morten J Bjerrum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, C., Denmark
| | - Ángel T Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC , Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Vitvitsky V, Yadav PK, An S, Seravalli J, Cho US, Banerjee R. Structural and Mechanistic Insights into Hemoglobin-catalyzed Hydrogen Sulfide Oxidation and the Fate of Polysulfide Products. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5584-5592. [PMID: 28213526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.774943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is a cardioprotective signaling molecule but is toxic at elevated concentrations. Red blood cells can synthesize H2S but, lacking organelles, cannot dispose of H2S via the mitochondrial sulfide oxidation pathway. We have recently shown that at high sulfide concentrations, ferric hemoglobin oxidizes H2S to a mixture of thiosulfate and iron-bound polysulfides in which the latter species predominates. Here, we report the crystal structure of human hemoglobin containing low spin ferric sulfide, the first intermediate in heme-catalyzed sulfide oxidation. The structure provides molecular insights into why sulfide is susceptible to oxidation in human hemoglobin but is stabilized against it in HbI, a specialized sulfide-carrying hemoglobin from a mollusk adapted to life in a sulfide-rich environment. We have also captured a second sulfide bound at a postulated ligand entry/exit site in the α-subunit of hemoglobin, which, to the best of our knowledge, represents the first direct evidence for this site being used to access the heme iron. Hydrodisulfide, a postulated intermediate at the junction between thiosulfate and polysulfide formation, coordinates ferric hemoglobin and, in the presence of air, generated thiosulfate. At low sulfide/heme iron ratios, the product distribution between thiosulfate and iron-bound polysulfides was approximately equal. The iron-bound polysulfides were unstable at physiological glutathione concentrations and were reduced with concomitant formation of glutathione persulfide, glutathione disulfide, and H2S. Hence, although polysulfides are unlikely to be stable in the reducing intracellular milieu, glutathione persulfide could serve as a persulfide donor for protein persulfidation, a posttranslational modification by which H2S is postulated to signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Vitvitsky
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | - Sojin An
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | - Javier Seravalli
- the Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Uhn-Soo Cho
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 and
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18
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Lepeshkevich SV, Gilevich SN, Parkhats MV, Dzhagarov BM. Molecular oxygen migration through the xenon docking sites of human hemoglobin in the R-state. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1110-1121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Structural Plasticity in Globins: Role of Protein Dynamics in Defining Ligand Migration Pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 105:59-80. [PMID: 27567484 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Globins are a family of proteins characterized by the presence of the heme prosthetic group and involved in variety of biological functions in the cell. Due to their biological relevance and widespread distribution in all kingdoms of life, intense research efforts have been devoted to disclosing the relationships between structural features, protein dynamics, and function. Particular attention has been paid to the impact of differences in amino acid sequence on the topological features of docking sites and cavities and to the influence of conformational flexibility in facilitating the migration of small ligands through these cavities. Often, tunnels are carved in the interior of globins, and ligand exchange is regulated by gating residues. Understanding the subtle intricacies that relate the differences in sequence with the structural and dynamical features of globins with the ultimate aim of rationalizing the thermodynamics and kinetics of ligand binding continues to be a major challenge in the field. Due to the evolution of computational techniques, significant advances into our understanding of these questions have been made. In this review we focus our attention on the analysis of the ligand migration pathways as well as the function of the structural cavities and tunnels in a series of representative globins, emphasizing the synergy between experimental and theoretical approaches to gain a comprehensive knowledge into the molecular mechanisms of this diverse family of proteins.
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20
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Santiago G, de Salas F, Lucas MF, Monza E, Acebes S, Martinez ÁT, Camarero S, Guallar V. Computer-Aided Laccase Engineering: Toward Biological Oxidation of Arylamines. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Santiago
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe de Salas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fátima Lucas
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech, Balmes 89, E-08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Acebes
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel T. Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Joint
BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Shadrina MS, English AM, Peslherbe GH. Benchmarking Rapid TLES Simulations of Gas Diffusion in Proteins: Mapping O2 Migration and Escape in Myoglobin as a Case Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:2038-46. [PMID: 26938707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Standard molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of gas diffusion consume considerable computational time and resources even for small proteins. To combat this, temperature-controlled locally enhanced sampling (TLES) examines multiple diffusion trajectories per simulation by accommodating multiple noninteracting copies of a gas molecule that diffuse independently, while the protein and water molecules experience an average interaction from all copies. Furthermore, gas migration within a protein matrix can be accelerated without altering protein dynamics by increasing the effective temperature of the TLES copies. These features of TLES enable rapid simulations of gas diffusion within a protein matrix at significantly reduced (∼98%) computational cost. However, the results of TLES and standard MD simulations have not been systematically compared, which limits the adoption of the TLES approach. We address this drawback here by benchmarking TLES against standard MD in the simulation of O2 diffusion in myoglobin (Mb) as a case study since this model system has been extensively characterized. We find that 2 ns TLES and 108 ns standard simulations map the same network of diffusion tunnels in Mb and uncover the same docking sites, barriers, and escape portals. We further discuss the influence of simulation time as well as the number of independent simulations on the O2 population density within the diffusion tunnels and on the sampling of Mb's conformational space as revealed by principal component analysis. Overall, our comprehensive benchmarking reveals that TLES is an appropriate and robust tool for the rapid mapping of gas diffusion in proteins when the kinetic data provided by standard MD are not required. Furthermore, TLES provides explicit ligand diffusion pathways, unlike most rapid methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Shadrina
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Ann M English
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - Gilles H Peslherbe
- Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling (CERMM) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University , 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec, Canada H4B 1R6
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22
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Lucas F, Babot ED, Cañellas M, del Río JC, Kalum L, Ullrich R, Hofrichter M, Guallar V, Martínez AT, Gutiérrez A. Molecular determinants for selective C25-hydroxylation of vitamins D2and D3by fungal peroxygenases. Catal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00427f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective hydroxylation of vitamin D byAgrocybe aegeritaandCoprinopsis cinereaperoxygenases was investigated in an experimental and computational study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Esteban D. Babot
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla
- CSIC
- E-41012 Seville
- Spain
| | - Marina Cañellas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech
| | - José C. del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla
- CSIC
- E-41012 Seville
- Spain
| | | | - René Ullrich
- TU Dresden
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences
- 02763 Zittau
- Germany
| | - Martin Hofrichter
- TU Dresden
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences
- 02763 Zittau
- Germany
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center
- E-08034 Barcelona
- Spain
- ICREA
| | | | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla
- CSIC
- E-41012 Seville
- Spain
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23
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Cabeza de Vaca I, Lucas MF, Guallar V. New Monte Carlo Based Technique To Study DNA-Ligand Interactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:5598-605. [PMID: 26642982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new all-atom Monte Carlo technique capable of performing quick and accurate DNA-ligand conformational sampling. In particular, and using the PELE software as a frame, we have introduced an additional force field, an implicit solvent, and an anisotropic network model to effectively map the DNA energy landscape. With these additions, we successfully generated DNA conformations for a test set composed of six DNA fragments of A-DNA and B-DNA. Moreover, trajectories generated for cisplatin and its hydrolysis products identified the best interacting compound and binding site, producing analogous results to microsecond molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, a combination of the Monte Carlo trajectories with Markov State Models produced noncovalent binding free energies in good agreement with the published molecular dynamics results, at a significantly lower computational cost. Overall our approach will allow a quick but accurate sampling of DNA-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Cabeza de Vaca
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Anaxomics Biotech, Balmes 89, 08008 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Peng X, He J, Niemi AJ. Clustering and percolation in protein loop structures. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 26510704 PMCID: PMC4625449 DOI: 10.1186/s12900-015-0049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background High precision protein loop modelling remains a challenge, both in template based and template independent approaches to protein structure prediction. Method We introduce the concepts of protein loop clustering and percolation, to develop a quantitative approach to systematically classify the modular building blocks of loops in crystallographic folded proteins. These fragments are all different parameterisations of a unique kink solution to a generalised discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation. Accordingly, the fragments are also local energy minima of the ensuing energy function. Results We show how the loop fragments cover practically all ultrahigh resolution crystallographic protein structures in Protein Data Bank (PDB), with a 0.2 Ångström root-mean-square (RMS) precision. We find that no more than 12 different loop fragments are needed, to describe around 38 % of ultrahigh resolution loops in PDB. But there is also a large number of loop fragments that are either unique, or very rare, and examples of unique fragments are found even in the structure of a myoglobin. Conclusions Protein loops are built in a modular fashion. The loops are composed of fragments that can be modelled by the kink of the DNLS equation. The majority of loop fragments are also common, which are shared by many proteins. These common fragments are probably important for supporting the overall protein conformation. But there are also several fragments that are either unique to a given protein, or very rare. Such fragments are probably related to the function of the protein. Furthermore, we have found that the amino acid sequence does not determine the structure in a unique fashion. There are many examples of loop fragments with an identical amino acid sequence, but with a very different structure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12900-015-0049-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubiao Peng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 803, Uppsala, S-75108, Sweden.
| | - Jianfeng He
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Antti J Niemi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 803, Uppsala, S-75108, Sweden. .,Laboratoire de Mathematiques et Physique Theorique CNRS UMR 6083, Fédération Denis Poisson, Université de Tours, Parc de Grandmont, Tours, F37200, France.
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25
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Estarellas Martin C, Seira Castan C, Luque Garriga FJ, Bidon-Chanal Badia A. Understanding the kinetics of ligand binding to globins with molecular dynamics simulations: the necessity of multiple state models. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2015; 17:22-27. [PMID: 26724333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Residue conformational changes and internal cavity migration processes play a key role in regulating the kinetics of ligand migration and binding events in globins. Molecular dynamics simulations have demonstrated their value in the study of these processes in different haemoglobins, but derivation of kinetic data demands the use of more complex techniques like enhanced sampling molecular dynamics methods. This review discusses the different methodologies that are currently applied to study the ligand migration process in globins and highlight those specially developed to derive kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Estarellas Martin
- Departament de Fisicoquímica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Constantí Seira Castan
- Departament de Fisicoquímica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - F Javier Luque Garriga
- Departament de Fisicoquímica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- Departament de Fisicoquímica and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
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26
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Steroid hydroxylation by basidiomycete peroxygenases: a combined experimental and computational study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4130-42. [PMID: 25862224 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00660-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is the selective oxyfunctionalization of steroids under mild and environmentally friendly conditions using fungal enzymes. With this purpose, peroxygenases from three basidiomycete species were tested for the hydroxylation of a variety of steroidal compounds, using H2O2 as the only cosubstrate. Two of them are wild-type enzymes from Agrocybe aegerita and Marasmius rotula, and the third one is a recombinant enzyme from Coprinopsis cinerea. The enzymatic reactions on free and esterified sterols, steroid hydrocarbons, and ketones were monitored by gas chromatography, and the products were identified by mass spectrometry. Hydroxylation at the side chain over the steroidal rings was preferred, with the 25-hydroxyderivatives predominating. Interestingly, antiviral and other biological activities of 25-hydroxycholesterol have been reported recently (M. Blanc et al., Immunity 38:106-118, 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.004). However, hydroxylation in the ring moiety and terminal hydroxylation at the side chain also was observed in some steroids, the former favored by the absence of oxygenated groups at C-3 and by the presence of conjugated double bonds in the rings. To understand the yield and selectivity differences between the different steroids, a computational study was performed using Protein Energy Landscape Exploration (PELE) software for dynamic ligand diffusion. These simulations showed that the active-site geometry and hydrophobicity favors the entrance of the steroid side chain, while the entrance of the ring is energetically penalized. Also, a direct correlation between the conversion rate and the side chain entrance ratio could be established that explains the various reaction yields observed.
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27
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Molina R, Stella S, Redondo P, Gomez H, Marcaida MJ, Orozco M, Prieto J, Montoya G. Visualizing phosphodiester-bond hydrolysis by an endonuclease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 22:65-72. [PMID: 25486305 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of DNA phosphodiester bonds has been widely studied, but the chemical reaction has not yet been observed. Here we follow the generation of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) by the Desulfurococcus mobilis homing endonuclease I-DmoI, trapping sequential stages of a two-metal-ion cleavage mechanism. We captured intermediates of the different catalytic steps, and this allowed us to watch the reaction by 'freezing' multiple states. We observed the successive entry of two metals involved in the reaction and the arrival of a third cation in a central position of the active site. This third metal ion has a crucial role, triggering the consecutive hydrolysis of the targeted phosphodiester bonds in the DNA strands and leaving its position once the DSB is generated. The multiple structures show the orchestrated conformational changes in the protein residues, nucleotides and metals during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Molina
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Stella
- 1] Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. [2] Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pilar Redondo
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hansel Gomez
- Joint Barcelona Computing Center (BSC)-Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)-Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Marcaida
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- 1] Joint Barcelona Computing Center (BSC)-Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)-Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain. [2] Departament de Bioquimica, Facultat de Biologia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- 1] Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain. [2] Macromolecular Crystallography Group, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Jones EM, Monza E, Balakrishnan G, Blouin GC, Mak PJ, Zhu Q, Kincaid JR, Guallar V, Spiro TG. Differential control of heme reactivity in alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin: a combined Raman spectroscopic and computational study. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10325-39. [PMID: 24991732 PMCID: PMC4353013 DOI: 10.1021/ja503328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The use of hybrid hemoglobin (Hb), with mesoheme substituted for protoheme, allows separate monitoring of the α or β hemes along the allosteric pathway. Using resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy in silica gel, which greatly slows protein motions, we have observed that the Fe-histidine stretching frequency, νFeHis, which is a monitor of heme reactivity, evolves between frequencies characteristic of the R and T states, for both α or β chains, prior to the quaternary R-T and T-R shifts. Computation of νFeHis, using QM/MM and the conformational search program PELE, produced remarkable agreement with experiment. Analysis of the PELE structures showed that the νFeHis shifts resulted from heme distortion and, in the α chain, Fe-His bond tilting. These results support the tertiary two-state model of ligand binding (Henry et al., Biophys. Chem. 2002, 98, 149). Experimentally, the νFeHis evolution is faster for β than for α chains, and pump-probe rR spectroscopy in solution reveals an inflection in the νFeHis time course at 3 μs for β but not for α hemes, an interval previously shown to be the first step in the R-T transition. In the α chain νFeHis dropped sharply at 20 μs, the final step in the R-T transition. The time courses are fully consistent with recent computational mapping of the R-T transition via conjugate peak refinement by Karplus and co-workers (Fischer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108, 5608). The effector molecule IHP was found to lower νFeHis selectively for α chains within the R state, and a binding site in the α1α2 cleft is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint
BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gurusamy Balakrishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - George C. Blouin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Piotr J. Mak
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Qianhong Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - James R. Kincaid
- Department
of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint
BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas G. Spiro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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29
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Zhao J, de Serrano V, Franzen S. A model for the flexibility of the distal histidine in dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin A based on X-ray crystal structures of the carbon monoxide adduct. Biochemistry 2014; 53:2474-82. [PMID: 24670063 PMCID: PMC4203366 DOI: 10.1021/bi5001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Dehaloperoxidase
hemoglobin A (DHP A) is a multifunctional hemoglobin
that appears to have evolved oxidative pathways for the degradation
of xenobiotics as a protective function that complements the oxygen
transport function. DHP A possesses at least two internal binding
sites, one for substrates and one for inhibitors, which include various
halogenated phenols and indoles. Herein, we report the X-ray crystallographic
structure of the carbonmonoxy complex (DHPCO). Unlike other DHP structures
with 6-coordinated heme, the conformation of the distal histidine
(H55) in DHPCO is primarily external or solvent exposed, despite the
fact that the heme Fe is 6-coordinated. As observed generally in globins,
DHP exhibits two distal histidine conformations (one internal and
one external). In previous structural studies, we have shown that
the distribution of H55 conformations is weighted strongly toward
the external position when the DHP heme Fe is 5-coordinated. The large
population of the external conformation of the distal histidine observed
in DHPCO crystals at pH 6.0 indicates that some structural factor
in DHP must account for the difference from other globins, which exhibit
a significant external conformation only when pH < 4.5. While the
original hypothesis suggested that interaction with a heme-Fe-bound
ligand was the determinant of H55 conformation, the current study
forces a refinement of that hypothesis. The external or open conformation
of H55 is observed to have interactions with two propionate groups
in heme, at distances of 3.82 and 2.73 Å, respectively. A relatively
weak hydrogen bonding interaction between H55 and CO, combined with
strong interactions with heme propionate (position 6), is hypothesized
to strengthen the external conformation of H55. Density function theory
(DFT) calculations were conducted to test whether there is a weaker
hydrogen bond interaction between H55 and heme bonded CO or O2. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to examine
how the tautomeric forms of H55 affect the dynamic motions of the
distal histidine that govern the switching between open and closed
conformations. The calculations support the modified hypothesis suggesting
a competition between the strength of interactions with heme ligand
and the heme propionates as the factors that determine the conformation
of the distal histidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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30
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Bustamante JP, Abbruzzetti S, Marcelli A, Gauto D, Boechi L, Bonamore A, Boffi A, Bruno S, Feis A, Foggi P, Estrin DA, Viappiani C. Ligand uptake modulation by internal water molecules and hydrophobic cavities in hemoglobins. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1234-45. [PMID: 24410478 DOI: 10.1021/jp410724z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Internal water molecules play an active role in ligand uptake regulation, since displacement of retained water molecules from protein surfaces or cavities by incoming ligands can promote favorable or disfavorable effects over the global binding process. Detection of these water molecules by X-ray crystallography is difficult given their positional disorder and low occupancy. In this work, we employ a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and ligand rebinding over a broad time range to shed light into the role of water molecules in ligand migration and binding. Computational studies on the unliganded structure of the thermostable truncated hemoglobin from Thermobifida fusca (Tf-trHbO) show that a water molecule is in the vicinity of the iron heme, stabilized by WG8 with the assistance of YCD1, exerting a steric hindrance for binding of an exogenous ligand. Mutation of WG8 to F results in a significantly lower stabilization of this water molecule and in subtle dynamical structural changes that favor ligand binding, as observed experimentally. Water is absent from the fully hydrophobic distal cavity of the triple mutant YB10F-YCD1F-WG8F (3F), due to the lack of residues capable of stabilizing it nearby the heme. In agreement with these effects on the barriers for ligand rebinding, over 97% of the photodissociated ligands are rebound within a few nanoseconds in the 3F mutant case. Our results demonstrate the specific involvement of water molecules in shaping the energetic barriers for ligand migration and binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Bustamante
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires, Argentina
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31
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Takahashi R, Gil VA, Guallar V. Monte Carlo Free Ligand Diffusion with Markov State Model Analysis and Absolute Binding Free Energy Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 10:282-8. [PMID: 26579911 DOI: 10.1021/ct400678g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining absolute binding free energies from unbiased ligand diffusion has attracted a significant amount of attention due to its implications in drug design. Several studies have used special purpose computers and software to achieve microsecond molecular dynamics which, combined with a Markov state model analysis, are capable of providing absolute binding free energies. We have recently developed a Monte Carlo based technique, PELE, capable of performing a dynamical exploration of the protein-ligand energy landscape including free ligand diffusion into the active site, at a fraction of the computational cost of molecular dynamics techniques. We demonstrate here the capabilities of our Monte Carlo technique in obtaining absolute binding free energies for a series of benzamidine like inhibitors into trypsin. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data and other molecular dynamics simulations, indicating that PELE can be a useful tool for quick estimates of binding free energies and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Takahashi
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor A Gil
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center , c/Jordi Girona 29, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) , Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Schotte F, Cho HS, Soman J, Wulff M, Olson JS, Anfinrud PA. Real-time tracking of CO migration and binding in the α and β subunits of human hemoglobin via 150-ps time-resolved Laue crystallography. Chem Phys 2013; 422:98-106. [PMID: 24839343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed the method of picosecond Laue crystallography and used this capability to probe ligand dynamics in tetrameric R-state hemoglobin (Hb). Time-resolved, 2 Å-resolution electron density maps of photolyzed HbCO reveal the time-dependent population of CO in the binding (A) and primary docking (B) sites of both α and β subunits from 100 ps to 10 μs. The proximity of the B site in the β subunit is about 0.25 Å closer to its A binding site, and its kBA rebinding rate (~300 μs-1) is six times faster, suggesting distal control of the rebinding dynamics. Geminate rebinding in the β subunit exhibits both prompt and delayed geminate phases. We developed a microscopic model to quantitatively explain the observed kinetics, with three states for the α subunit and four states for the β subunit. This model provides a consistent framework for interpreting rebinding kinetics reported in prior studies of both HbCO and HbO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schotte
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Hyun Sun Cho
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
| | - Jayashree Soman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, and W.M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Michael Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - John S Olson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, and W.M. Keck Center for Computational Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Philip A Anfinrud
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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33
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Abbruzzetti S, Spyrakis F, Bidon-Chanal A, Luque FJ, Viappiani C. Ligand migration through hemeprotein cavities: insights from laser flash photolysis and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10686-701. [PMID: 23733145 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51149a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cavities and tunnels in the interior of proteins, in conjunction with the structural plasticity arising from the coupling to the thermal fluctuations of the protein scaffold, has profound consequences on the pathways followed by ligands moving through the protein matrix. In this perspective we discuss how quantitative analysis of experimental rebinding kinetics from laser flash photolysis, trapping of unstable conformational states by embedding proteins within the nanopores of silica gels, and molecular simulations can synergistically converge to gain insight into the migration mechanism of ligands. We show how the evaluation of the free energy landscape for ligand diffusion based on the outcome of computational techniques can assist the definition of sound reaction schemes, leading to a comprehensive understanding of the broad range of chemical events and time scales that encompass the transport of small ligands in hemeproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Abbruzzetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Parma, viale delle Scienze 7A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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34
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Takayanagi M, Kurisaki I, Nagaoka M. Oxygen Entry through Multiple Pathways in T-State Human Hemoglobin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6082-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401459b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takayanagi
- Core
Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kurisaki
- Core
Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagaoka
- Core
Research for Evolutional
Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honmachi, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
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35
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Spyrakis F, Lucas F, Bidon-Chanal A, Viappiani C, Guallar V, Luque FJ. Comparative analysis of inner cavities and ligand migration in non-symbiotic AHb1 and AHb2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1957-67. [PMID: 23583621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a comparative analysis of the topological properties of inner cavities and the intrinsic dynamics of non-symbiotic hemoglobins AHb1 and AHb2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The two proteins belong to the 3/3 globin fold and have a sequence identity of about 60%. However, it is widely assumed that they have distinct physiological roles. In order to investigate the structure-function relationships in these proteins, we have examined the bis-histidyl and ligand-bound hexacoordinated states by atomistic simulations using in silico structural models. The results allow us to identify two main pathways to the distal cavity in the bis-histidyl hexacoordinated proteins. Nevertheless, a larger accessibility to small gaseous molecules is found in AHb2. This effect can be attributed to three factors: the mutation Leu35(AHb1)→Phe32(AHb2), the enhanced flexibility of helix B, and the more favorable energetic profile for ligand migration to the distal cavity. The net effect of these factors would be to facilitate the access of ligands, thus compensating the preference for the fully hexacoordination of AHb2, in contrast to the equilibrium between hexa- and pentacoordinated species in AHb1. On the other hand, binding of the exogenous ligand introduces distinct structural changes in the two proteins. A well-defined tunnel is formed in AHb1, which might be relevant to accomplish the proposed NO detoxification reaction. In contrast, no similar tunnel is found in AHb2, which can be ascribed to the reduced flexibility of helix E imposed by the larger number of salt bridges compared to AHb1. This feature would thus support the storage and transport functions proposed for AHb2. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
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36
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Small ligand-globin interactions: reviewing lessons derived from computer simulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1722-38. [PMID: 23470499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work we review the application of classical and quantum-mechanical atomistic computer simulation tools to the investigation of small ligand interaction with globins. In the first part, studies of ligand migration, with its connection to kinetic association rate constants (kon), are presented. In the second part, we review studies for a variety of ligands such as O2, NO, CO, HS(-), F(-), and NO2(-) showing how the heme structure, proximal effects, and the interactions with the distal amino acids can modulate protein ligand binding. The review presents mainly results derived from our previous works on the subject, in the context of other theoretical and experimental studies performed by others. The variety and extent of the presented data yield a clear example of how computer simulation tools have, in the last decade, contributed to our deeper understanding of small ligand interactions with globins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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37
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Lucas MF, Guallar V. Single vs. multiple ligand pathways in globins: a computational view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:1739-43. [PMID: 23388390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diatomic ligand migration in globins has been the subject of numerous studies. Still, a consensus picture for the ligand entrance is not clear, with a growing concern among experimental researchers that computational simulations always show multiple pathways for any globin. Modeling non-biased ligand entrance from conventional molecular dynamics techniques, however, has shown to be difficult (and expensive). Here we use our Monte Carlo methodology, capable of freely mapping ligand diffusion and the description of rare events, to two well-studied systems: myoglobin and the mini-hemoglobin from the sea worm Cerebratulus lacteus. Our results clearly show that the simulations are specific to the system providing a different trend in the entrance pathway, as expected from experiments. While Mb presents multiple entrance pathways, populating the well-known xenon cavities, in CerHb the ligand enters the protein only by one apolar channel. Most of the trajectories (64%) visiting myoglobin's active site though, are gated by the distal histidine. Such detailed information, accessible through the state of the art algorithms in PELE, is computationally inexpensive and available to all non-profit researchers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fátima Lucas
- Joint BSC-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
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