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Tan Y, Yu X, Zhang Z, Tian J, Feng N, Tang C, Zou G, Zhang J. An Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing System for a Ganoderma lucidum Cultivated Strain by Ribonucleoprotein Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1170. [PMID: 38132771 PMCID: PMC10745038 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has become a popular approach to genome editing. Compared with the plasmid-dependent CRISPR system, the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex formed by the in vitro assembly of Cas9 and single-guide RNA (sgRNA) has many advantages. However, only a few examples have been reported and the editing efficiency has been relatively low. In this study, we developed and optimized an RNP-mediated CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for the monokaryotic strain L1 from the Ganoderma lucidum cultivar 'Hunong No. 1'. On selective media containing 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA), the targeting efficiency of the genomic editing reached 100%. The editing efficiency of the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase gene (ura3) was greater than 35 mutants/107 protoplasts, surpassing the previously reported G. lucidum CRISPR systems. Through insertion or substitution, 35 mutants introduced new sequences of 10-569 bp near the cleavage site of ura3 in the L1 genome, and the introduced sequences of 22 mutants (62.9%) were derived from the L1 genome itself. Among the 90 mutants, 85 mutants (94.4%) repaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and five mutants (5.6%) through microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). This study revealed the repair characteristics of DSBs induced by RNA-programmed nuclease Cas9. Moreover, the G. lucidum genes cyp512a3 and cyp5359n1 have been edited using this system. This study is of significant importance for the targeted breeding and synthetic metabolic regulation of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Xianglin Yu
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.Y.); (J.T.)
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
| | - Jialin Tian
- College of Food Sciences & Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (X.Y.); (J.T.)
| | - Na Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Chuanhong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.T.); (N.F.)
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (Y.T.); (N.F.)
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Pandur Ž, Penič S, Iglič A, Kralj-Iglič V, Stopar D, Drab M. Surfactin molecules with a cone-like structure promote the formation of membrane domains with negative spontaneous curvature and induce membrane invaginations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:1193-1200. [PMID: 37478736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Surfactin uniquely influences lipid bilayer structure by initially inducing membrane invaginations before solubilization. In this study, we exposed DOPC giant vesicles to various surfactin concentrations at different temperatures and observed surfactin-induced membrane invaginations by using differential interference contrast and confocal laser fluorescence microscopy. These invaginations were stable at room temperature but not at higher temperatures. Surfactin molecules induce membrane nanodomains with negative spontaneous curvature and membrane invaginations despite their intrinsic conical shape and intrinsic positive curvature. Considering the experimentally observed capacity of surfactin to fluidize lipid acyl chains and induce partial dehydration of lipid headgroups, we propose that the resulting surfactin-lipid complexes exhibit a net negative spontaneous curvature. We further conducted 3D numerical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations to investigate the behaviour of vesicles containing negative curvature nanodomains within their membrane at varying temperatures. MC simulations demonstrated strong agreement with experimental results, revealing that invaginations are preferentially formed at low temperatures, while being less pronounced at elevated temperatures. Our findings go beyond the expectations of the Israelachvili molecular shape and packing concepts analysis. These concepts do not take into account the influence of specific interactions between neighboring molecules on the inherent shapes of molecules and their arrangement within curved membrane nanodomains. Our work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex factors governing vesicle morphology and membrane organization and provides insight into the role of detergent-lipid interactions in modulating vesicle morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Pandur
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Penič
- Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mitja Drab
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Bjørnestad V, Lund R. Pathways of Membrane Solubilization: A Structural Study of Model Lipid Vesicles Exposed to Classical Detergents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:3914-3933. [PMID: 36893452 PMCID: PMC10035035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the pathways of solubilization of lipid membranes is of high importance for their use in biotechnology and industrial applications. Although lipid vesicle solubilization by classical detergents has been widely investigated, there are few systematic structural and kinetic studies where different detergents are compared under varying conditions. This study used small-angle X-ray scattering to determine the structures of lipid/detergent aggregates at different ratios and temperatures and studied the solubilization in time using the stopped-flow technique. Membranes composed of either of two zwitterionic lipids, DMPC or DPPC, and their interactions with three different detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), n-dodecyl-beta-maltoside (DDM), and Triton X-100 (TX-100), were tested. The detergent TX-100 can cause the formation of collapsed vesicles with a rippled bilayer structure that is highly resistant to TX-100 insertion at low temperatures, while at higher temperatures, it partitions and leads to the restructuring of vesicles. DDM also causes this restructuring into multilamellar structures at subsolubilizing concentrations. In contrast, partitioning of SDS does not alter the vesicle structure below the saturation limit. Solubilization is more efficient in the gel phase for TX-100 but only if the cohesive energy of the bilayer does not prevent sufficient partitioning of the detergent. DDM and SDS show less temperature dependence compared to TX-100. Kinetic measurements reveal that solubilization of DPPC largely occurs through a slow extraction of lipids, whereas DMPC solubilization is dominated by fast and burst-like solubilization of the vesicles. The final structures obtained seem to preferentially be discoidal micelles where the detergent can distribute in excess along the rim of the disc, although we do observe the formation of worm- and rodlike micelles in the case of solubilization of DDM. Our results are in line with the suggested theory that bilayer rigidity is the main factor influencing which aggregate is formed.
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Bjørnestad VA, Soto-Bustamante F, Tria G, Laurati M, Lund R. Beyond the standard model of solubilization: Non-ionic surfactants induce collapse of lipid vesicles into rippled bilamellar nanodiscs. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:553-567. [PMID: 36958276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Although solubilization of lipid membranes has been studied extensively, questions remain regarding the structural pathways and metastable structures involved. This study investigated whether the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 follows the classical solubilization pathway or if intermediate nanostructures are formed. EXPERIMENTS Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) was used in combination with transmission electron cryo-microscopy and cryo-tomography to deduce the structure of mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) vesicles and Triton X-100. Time-resolved SAXS and dynamic light scattering were used to investigate the kinetics of the process. FINDINGS Upon addition of moderate detergent amounts at low temperatures, the lipid vesicles implode into ordered rippled bilamellar disc structures. The bilayers arrange in a ripple phase to accommodate packing constraints caused by inserted TX-100 molecules. The collapse is suggested to occur through a combination of water structure destabilization by detergents flipping across the membrane and osmotic pressure causing interbilayer attraction internally. The subsequently induced ripples then stabilize the aggregates and prevent solubilization, supported by the observation that negatively charged vesicles undergo a different pathway upon TX-100 addition, forming large bicelles. The findings demonstrate the richness in assembly pathways of simple lipids and detergents and stimulate considerations for the use of certain detergents in membrane solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giancarlo Tria
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Laurati
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Reidar Lund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Sem Sælandsvei 26, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
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Liu J, Cui H, Wang R, Xu Z, Yu H, Song C, Lu H, Li Q, Xing D, Tan Q, Sun W, Zou G, Shang X. A Simple and Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 System Using A Ribonucleoprotein Method for Flammulina filiformis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101000. [PMID: 36294565 PMCID: PMC9604558 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 systems were established in some edible fungi based on in vivo expressed Cas9 and guide RNA. Compared with those systems, the in vitro assembled Cas9 and sgRNA ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) have more advantages, but only a few examples were reported, and the editing efficiency is relatively low. In this study, we developed and optimized a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing method based on in vitro assembled ribonucleoprotein complexes in the mushroom Flammulina filiformis. The surfactant Triton X-100 played a critical role in the optimal method, and the targeting efficiency of the genomic editing reached 100% on a selective medium containing 5-FOA. This study is the first to use an RNP complex delivery to establish a CRISPR/Cas9 genome-editing system in F. filiformis. Moreover, compared with other methods, this method avoids the use of any foreign DNA, thus saving time and labor when it comes to plasmid construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haiyang Cui
- College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinghuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ruijuan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Huan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Danrun Xing
- College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinghuangdao 066004, China
| | - Qi Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- College of Marine Resources and Environment, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinghuangdao 066004, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (G.Z.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-335-8058992 (W.S.); +86-13671512909 (G.Z.); +86-21-62209760 (X.S.)
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (G.Z.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-335-8058992 (W.S.); +86-13671512909 (G.Z.); +86-21-62209760 (X.S.)
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (G.Z.); (X.S.); Tel.: +86-335-8058992 (W.S.); +86-13671512909 (G.Z.); +86-21-62209760 (X.S.)
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6
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Zou G, Xiao M, Chai S, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Zhou Z. Efficient genome editing in filamentous fungi via an improved CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein method facilitated by chemical reagents. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2343-2355. [PMID: 32841542 PMCID: PMC8601184 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair induced by the RNA-programmed nuclease Cas9 has become a popular method for genome editing. Direct genome editing via Cas9-CRISPR gRNA (guide RNA) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes assembled in vitro has also been successful in some fungi. However, the efficiency of direct RNP transformation into fungal protoplasts is currently too low. Here, we report an optimized genome editing approach for filamentous fungi based on RNPs facilitated by adding chemical reagents. We increased the transformation efficiency of RNPs significantly by adding Triton X-100 and prolonging the incubation time, and the editing efficiency reached 100% in Trichoderma reesei and Cordyceps militaris. The optimized RNP-based method also achieved efficient (56.52%) homologous recombination integration with short homology arms (20 bp) and gene disruption (7.37%) that excludes any foreign DNA (selection marker) in T. reesei. In particular, after adding reagents related to mitosis and cell division, the further optimized protocol showed an increased ratio of edited homokaryotic transformants (from 0% to 40.0% for inositol and 71.43% for benomyl) from Aspergillus oryzae, which contains multinucleate spores and protoplasts. Furthermore, the multi-target engineering efficiency of the optimized RNP transformation method was similar to those of methods based on in vivo expression of Cas9. This newly established genome editing system based on RNPs may be widely applicable to construction of genome-edited fungi for the food and medical industries, and has good prospects for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zou
- CAS‐Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceFenglin Rd 300Shanghai200032China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingInstitute of Edible FungiShanghai Academy of Agriculture Science1000 Jinqi Rd, FengxianShanghai201403China
| | - Meili Xiao
- CAS‐Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceFenglin Rd 300Shanghai200032China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shunxing Chai
- CAS‐Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceFenglin Rd 300Shanghai200032China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Zhihua Zhu
- CAS‐Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceFenglin Rd 300Shanghai200032China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingInstitute of Edible FungiShanghai Academy of Agriculture Science1000 Jinqi Rd, FengxianShanghai201403China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS‐Key Laboratory of Synthetic BiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of ScienceFenglin Rd 300Shanghai200032China
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7
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Drab M, Pandur Ž, Penič S, Iglič A, Kralj-Iglič V, Stopar D. A Monte Carlo study of giant vesicle morphologies in nonequilibrium environments. Biophys J 2021; 120:4418-4428. [PMID: 34506775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that giant vesicles undergo dynamic morphological changes when exposed to a detergent. The solubilization process may take multiple pathways. In this work, we identify lipid vesicle shape dynamics before the solubilization of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine giant vesicles with Triton X-100 (TR) detergent. The violent lipid vesicle dynamics was observed with laser confocal scanning microscopy and was qualitatively explained via a numerical simulation. A three-dimensional Monte Carlo scheme was constructed that emulated the nonequilibrium conditions at the beginning stages of solubilization, accounting for a gradual addition of TR detergent molecules into the lipid bilayers. We suggest that the main driving factor for morphology change in lipid vesicles is the associative tendency of the TR molecules, which induces spontaneous curvature of the detergent inclusions, an intrinsic consequence of their molecular shape. The majority of the observed lipid vesicle shapes in the experiments were found to correspond very well to the numerically calculated shapes in the phase space of possible solutions. The results give an insight into the early stages of lipid vesicle solubilization by amphiphilic molecules, which is nonequilibrium in nature and very difficult to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitja Drab
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Žiga Pandur
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo Penič
- Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Modeling the saturation of detergent association in mixed liposome systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 206:111927. [PMID: 34216851 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells tune the lipid types present in their membranes to adjust for thermal and chemical stability, as well as to promote association and dissociation of small molecules and bound proteins. Understanding the influence of lipid type on molecule association would open doors for targeted cell therapies, in particular when molecular association is observed in the presence of competing membranes. For this reason, we modeled and experimentally observed the association of a small molecule with two membrane types present by measuring the association of the detergent Triton X-100 with two types of liposomes, egg phosphatidylcholine (ePC) liposomes and egg phosphatidic acid (ePA) liposomes, at varying ratios. We called this mixed liposomes, as each liposome population was formed from a different lipid type. Absorbance spectrometry was used to observe the stages of detergent association with mixed liposomes and to determine the detergent concentration at which the liposomes were fully saturated. A saturation model was also derived that predicts the detergent associated with each liposome type when the lipid bilayers are fully saturated with detergent. The techinical input parameters for the model are the detergent to lipid ratio and the relative absorbance intensity for each of the pure liposome species at saturation. With that, the association of detergent with any mixture of those liposome types at saturation can be determined.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Amdursky
- Schulich Faculty of ChemistryTechnion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Yiyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical MaterialsBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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10
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Clark ST, Arras MML, Sarles SA, Frymier PD. Lipid shape determination of detergent solubilization in mixed-lipid liposomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 187:110609. [PMID: 31806354 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of lipid charge and head group size on liposome partitioning by detergents is an important consideration for applications such as liposomal drug delivery or proteoliposome formation. Yet, the solubilization of mixed-lipid liposomes, those containing multiple types of lipids, by detergents has received insufficient attention. This study examines the incorporation into and subsequent dissolution of mixed-lipid liposomes comprised of both egg phosphatidylcholine (ePC) and egg phosphatidic acid (ePA) by the detergent Triton-X100 (TX). Liposomes were prepared with mixtures of the two lipids, ePC and ePA, at molar ratios from 0 to 1, then step-wise solubilized with TX. Changes in turbidity, size distribution, and molar heat power at constant temperature throughout the solubilization process were assessed. The data suggest that the difference in lipid shapes (shape factors = 0.74 and 1.4 [1,2]) affects packing in membranes, and hence influences how much TX can be incorporated before disruption. As such, liposomes containing the observed ratios of ePA incorporated higher concentrations of TX before initiating dissolution into detergent and lipid mixed-micelles. The cause was concluded to be increased mismatching in the bilayer from the conical shape of ePA compared to the cylindrical shape of ePC. Additionally, the degree to which ePA is approximated as conical versus cylindrical was modulated with pH. It was confirmed that less conical ePA behaved more similarly to ePC than more conical ePA. The understanding gained here on lipid shape in liposome incorporation of TX enables research to use in vitro liposomes that more closely mimic native membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha T Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1512 Middle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Matthias M L Arras
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Stephen A Sarles
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 1512 Middle Drive, 414 Dougherty Engineering Building, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Paul D Frymier
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1512 Middle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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11
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Dalgarno PA, Juan-Colás J, Hedley GJ, Piñeiro L, Novo M, Perez-Gonzalez C, Samuel IDW, Leake MC, Johnson S, Al-Soufi W, Penedo JC, Quinn SD. Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of sub-micron size vesicles by detergents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12897. [PMID: 31501469 PMCID: PMC6733941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The solubilization of membranes by detergents is critical for many technological applications and has become widely used in biochemistry research to induce cell rupture, extract cell constituents, and to purify, reconstitute and crystallize membrane proteins. The thermodynamic details of solubilization have been extensively investigated, but the kinetic aspects remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of single-vesicle Förster resonance energy transfer (svFRET), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring to access the real-time kinetics and elementary solubilization steps of sub-micron sized vesicles, which are inaccessible by conventional diffraction-limited optical methods. Real-time injection of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X, induced biphasic solubilization kinetics of surface-immobilized vesicles labelled with the Dil/DiD FRET pair. The nanoscale sensitivity accessible by svFRET allowed us to unambiguously assign each kinetic step to distortions of the vesicle structure comprising an initial fast vesicle-swelling event followed by slow lipid loss and micellization. We expect the svFRET platform to be applicable beyond the sub-micron sizes studied here and become a unique tool to unravel the complex kinetics of detergent-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dalgarno
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.,Institute of Biological Physics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - José Juan-Colás
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gordon J Hedley
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Piñeiro
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes Novo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - Cibran Perez-Gonzalez
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Mark C Leake
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, England, YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Wajih Al-Soufi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, E-27002, Spain
| | - J Carlos Penedo
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK. .,Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Steven D Quinn
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK. .,Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, England, YO10 5DD, UK. .,Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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12
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Cholesterol modulates curcumin partitioning and membrane effects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2320-2328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Riske KA, Domingues CC, Casadei BR, Mattei B, Caritá AC, Lira RB, Preté PSC, de Paula E. Biophysical approaches in the study of biomembrane solubilization: quantitative assessment and the role of lateral inhomogeneity. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:649-667. [PMID: 28836235 PMCID: PMC5662047 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detergents are amphiphilic molecules widely used to solubilize biological membranes and/or extract their components. Nevertheless, because of the complex composition of biomembranes, their solubilization by detergents has not been systematically studied. In this review, we address the solubilization of erythrocytes, which provide a relatively simple, robust and easy to handle biomembrane, and of biomimetic models, to stress the role of the lipid composition on the solubilization process. First, results of a systematic study on the solubilization of human erythrocyte membranes by different series of non-ionic (Triton, CxEy, Brij, Renex, Tween), anionic (bile salts) and zwitterionic (ASB, CHAPS) detergents are shown. Such quantitative approach allowed us to propose Resat-the effective detergent/lipid molar ratio in the membrane for the onset of hemolysis as a new parameter to classify the solubilization efficiency of detergents. Second, detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) obtained as a result of the partial solubilization of erythrocytes by TX-100, C12E8 and Brij detergents are examined. DRMs were characterized by their cholesterol, sphingolipid and specific proteins content, as well as lipid packing. Finally, lipid bilayers of tuned lipid composition forming liposomes were used to investigate the solubilization process of membranes of different compositions/phases induced by Triton X-100. Optical microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles revealed that pure phospholipid membranes are fully solubilized, whereas the presence of cholesterol renders the mixture partially or even fully insoluble, depending on the composition. Additionally, Triton X-100 induced phase separation in raft-like mixtures, and selective solubilization of the fluid phase only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Cleyton C Domingues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 200037, USA
| | - Bruna R Casadei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Caritá
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Lira
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Paulo S C Preté
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box - 6109, Campinas, SP, CEP 13083-862, Brazil.
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14
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Caritá AC, Mattei B, Domingues CC, de Paula E, Riske KA. Effect of Triton X-100 on Raft-Like Lipid Mixtures: Phase Separation and Selective Solubilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7312-7321. [PMID: 28474888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under certain conditions, biological membranes exhibit resistance to solubilization, even at high detergent concentration. These insoluble fragments are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and certain proteins having a preference for more organized environments. Here we investigated the effect of detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100) on raft-like lipid mixtures composed of POPC (palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylcholine, an unsaturated lipid), SM (sphingomyelin, a saturated lipid), and cholesterol, focusing on the detergent-induced phase separation at subsolubilizing concentration and the extent of solubilization at higher concentration. Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) of POPC/SM/chol containing a fluorescent probe known to prefer the liquid-disordered phase were prepared and observed with fluorescence microscopy. A phase diagram constructed in the presence and absence of 0.1 mM TX-100 showed that the detergent induces macroscopic liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered (Lo/Ld) phase separation over a wide range of membrane composition, indicating that TX-100 has the ability to rearrange the lateral heterogeneity of the lipid mixture. The extent of solubilization of the POPC/SM/chol GUVs was quantified by measuring the vesicle size before and after the injection of a high concentration of TX-100. In parallel, the solubilization extent of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) was assessed by turbidity measurements. The extent of solubilization decreases significantly as the fractions of SM and cholesterol in the mixture increase. The origin of the detergent resistance is the low partitioning of TX-100 in cholesterol-rich membranes, especially in SM-containing ones, as evidenced by isothermal titration calorimetry experiments on LUVs. Our results provide a guide to future research on the effects of TX-100 on raft-like lipid mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Caritá
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleyton C Domingues
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Pizzirusso A, De Nicola A, Sevink GJA, Correa A, Cascella M, Kawakatsu T, Rocco M, Zhao Y, Celino M, Milano G. Biomembrane solubilization mechanism by Triton X-100: a computational study of the three stage model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:29780-29794. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03871b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization mechanism of lipid membranes in the presence of Triton X-100 (TX-100) is investigated at molecular resolution using hybrid particle field–self consistence field simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano
- Italy
| | - G. J. Agur Sevink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Correa
- Department of Chemical Science
- Federico II University of Naples
- 80126 Napoli
- Italy
| | - Michele Cascella
- Department of Chemistry and Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences
- University of Oslo
- 0371 Oslo
- Norway
| | | | - Mattia Rocco
- Biopolimeri e Proteomica
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino
- Genova
- Italy
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Nano-Photonics
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering
- Dalian Minzu University
- Dalian 116600
- China
| | | | - Giuseppe Milano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia
- Università di Salerno
- Fisciano
- Italy
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16
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Mattei B, Lira RB, Perez KR, Riske KA. Membrane permeabilization induced by Triton X-100: The role of membrane phase state and edge tension. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 202:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Sot J, Manni MM, Viguera AR, Castañeda V, Cano A, Alonso C, Gil D, Valle M, Alonso A, Goñi FM. High-melting lipid mixtures and the origin of detergent-resistant membranes studied with temperature-solubilization diagrams. Biophys J 2016; 107:2828-2837. [PMID: 25517149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of resistance to detergent solubilization in certain membranes, or membrane components, is not clearly understood. We have studied the solubilization by Triton X-100 of binary mixtures composed of egg sphingomyelin (SM) and either ceramide, diacylglycerol, or cholesterol. Solubilization has been assayed in the 4-50°C range, and the results are summarized in a novel, to our knowledge, form of plots, that we have called temperature-solubilization diagrams. Despite using a large detergent excess (lipid/detergent 1:20 mol ratio) and extended solubilization times (24-48 h) certain mixtures were not amenable to Triton X-100 solubilization at one or more temperatures. DSC of all the lipid mixtures, and of all the lipid + detergent mixtures revealed that detergent resistance was associated with the presence of gel domains at the assay temperature. Once the system melted down, solubilization could occur. In general adding high-melting lipids limited the solubilization, whereas the addition of low-melting lipids promoted it. Lipidomic analysis of Madin-Darby canine kidney cell membranes and of the corresponding detergent-resistant fraction indicated a large enrichment of the nonsolubilized components in saturated diacylglycerol and ceramide. SM-cholesterol mixtures were special in that detergent solubilization was accompanied, for certain temperatures and compositions, by an independent phenomenon of reassembly of the partially solubilized lipid bilayers. The temperature at which lysis and reassembly prevailed was ∼25°C, thus for some SM-cholesterol mixtures solubilization occurred both above and below 25°C, but not at that temperature. These observations can be at the origin of the detergent resistance effects observed with cell membranes, and they also mean that cholesterol-containing detergent-resistant membrane remnants cannot correspond to structures existing in the native membrane before detergent addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Sot
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marco M Manni
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana R Viguera
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Verónica Castañeda
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainara Cano
- OWL, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Gil
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CICbiogune, Derio, Spain
| | - Mikel Valle
- Structural Biology Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CICbiogune, Derio, Spain
| | - Alicia Alonso
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Unidad de Biofísica (CSIC,UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.
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18
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Niroomand H, Venkatesan GA, Sarles SA, Mukherjee D, Khomami B. Lipid-Detergent Phase Transitions During Detergent-Mediated Liposome Solubilization. J Membr Biol 2016; 249:523-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-016-9894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Sychev SV, Sukhanov SV, Telezhinskaya IN, Ovchinnikova TV. Effective lipid-detergent system for study of membrane active peptides in fluid liposomes. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:98-105. [PMID: 26751806 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The structure of peptide antibiotic gramicidin A (gA) was studied in phosphatidylcholin liposomes modified by nonionic detergent Triton X-100. First, the detergent : lipid ratio at which the saturation of lipid membrane by Triton X-100 occurs (Re (sat)), was determined by light scattering. Measurements of steady-state fluorescence anisotropy of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene at sublytic concentrations of detergent showed that after saturation of the membrane by Triton X-100 microviscosity of lipid bilayer is reduced by 20%. The equilibrium conformational state of gA in phosphatidylcholine liposomes at Re (sat) was studied by CD spectroscopy. It was found that the conformational state of this channel-forming peptide changed crucially when Triton X-100 induced transition to more fluid membranes. The gA single-channel measurements were made with Triton X-100 containing bilayers. Tentative assignment of the channel type and gA structures was made by correlation of CD data with conductance histograms. Lipid-detergent system with variable viscosity developed in this work can be used to study the structure and folding of other membrane-active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Sychev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, str, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Sukhanov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, str, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N Telezhinskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, str, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya, str, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Ao D, Guo HC, Sun SQ, Sun DH, Fung TS, Wei YQ, Han SC, Yao XP, Cao SZ, Liu DX, Liu XT. Viroporin Activity of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Non-Structural 2B Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125828. [PMID: 25946195 PMCID: PMC4422707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viroporins are a family of low-molecular-weight hydrophobic transmembrane proteins that are encoded by various animal viruses. Viroporins form transmembrane pores in host cells via oligomerization, thereby destroying cellular homeostasis and inducing cytopathy for virus replication and virion release. Among the Picornaviridae family of viruses, the 2B protein encoded by enteroviruses is well understood, whereas the viroporin activity of the 2B protein encoded by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has not yet been described. An analysis of the FMDV 2B protein domains by computer-aided programs conducted in this study revealed that this protein may contain two transmembrane regions. Further biochemical, biophysical and functional studies revealed that the protein possesses a number of features typical of a viroporin when it is overexpressed in bacterial and mammalian cells as well as in FMDV-infected cells. The protein was found to be mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with both the N- and C-terminal domains stretched into the cytosol. It exhibited cytotoxicity in Escherichia coli, which attenuated 2B protein expression. The release of virions from cells infected with FMDV was inhibited by amantadine, a viroporin inhibitor. The 2B protein monomers interacted with each other to form both intracellular and extracellular oligomers. The Ca(2+) concentration in the cells increased, and the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane was disrupted in cells that expressed the 2B protein. Moreover, the 2B protein induced intense autophagy in host cells. All of the results of this study demonstrate that the FMDV 2B protein has properties that are also found in other viroporins and may be involved in the infection mechanism of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - De-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - To Sing Fung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan-Quan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shi-Chong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Ping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Sui-Zhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang-Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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21
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Casadei BR, Domingues CC, de Paula E, Riske KA. Direct visualization of the action of Triton X-100 on giant vesicles of erythrocyte membrane lipids. Biophys J 2015; 106:2417-25. [PMID: 24896120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The raft hypothesis proposes that microdomains enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific proteins are transiently formed to accomplish important cellular tasks. Equivocally, detergent-resistant membranes were initially assumed to be identical to membrane rafts, because of similarities between their compositions. In fact, the impact of detergents in membrane organization is still controversial. Here, we use phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy to observe giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made of erythrocyte membrane lipids (erythro-GUVs) when exposed to the detergent Triton X-100 (TX-100). We clearly show that TX-100 has a restructuring action on biomembranes. Contact with TX-100 readily induces domain formation on the previously homogeneous membrane of erythro-GUVs at physiological and room temperatures. The shape and dynamics of the formed domains point to liquid-ordered/liquid-disordered (Lo/Ld) phase separation, typically found in raft-like ternary lipid mixtures. The Ld domains are then separated from the original vesicle and completely solubilized by TX-100. The insoluble vesicle left, in the Lo phase, represents around 2/3 of the original vesicle surface at room temperature and decreases to almost 1/2 at physiological temperature. This chain of events could be entirely reproduced with biomimetic GUVs of a simple ternary lipid mixture, 2:1:2 POPC/SM/chol (phosphatidylcholine/sphyngomyelin/cholesterol), showing that this behavior will arise because of fundamental physicochemical properties of simple lipid mixtures. This work provides direct visualization of TX-100-induced domain formation followed by selective (Ld phase) solubilization in a model system with a complex biological lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Casadei
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cleyton C Domingues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Mattei B, França ADC, Riske KA. Solubilization of binary lipid mixtures by the detergent Triton X-100: the role of cholesterol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 31:378-386. [PMID: 25474726 DOI: 10.1021/la504004r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of lipid bilayers of different composition and phase by the detergent Triton X-100 (Triton X-100) was investigated using optical and fluorescence microscopy of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and light scattering of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs). The compositions explored were 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), in the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase, sphingomyelin (SM), in the gel phase, and binary mixtures of these phospholipids with 30 mol % cholesterol (chol), resulting in bilayers in the Ld and liquid-ordered (Lo) phases, respectively. We show that the phospholipid bilayers are completely soluble in TX-100, but optical microscopy reveals that whereas fluid POPC is gradually solubilized by TX-100, gel SM is first shattered in bilayer fragments. Incorporation of TX-100 in the membrane leads to increase in GUV area, which was quantified and expressed as bound detergent-to-lipid molar ratio. The partition of TX-100 in POPC is very high, decreases in POPC/chol, and is negligible in SM/chol. Fluorescence microscopy shows that TX-100 induces Lo/Ld phase separation in previously homogeneous POPC/chol GUVs, and insoluble bilayer fragments/vesicles are detected with optical microscopy and light scattering. Vesicles of SM/chol, in the Lo phase, are virtually insoluble in TX-100. Taken together, our results show that the presence of cholesterol is the origin of membrane resistance to solubilization, which depending on the specific lipid mixture can result in either partially (POPC/chol) or completely (SM/chol) insoluble mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Mattei
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Goñi FM. The mechanism of detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers. Biophys J 2014; 105:289-99. [PMID: 23870250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple data are available on the self-assembly of mixtures of bilayer-forming amphiphiles, particularly phospholipids and micelle-forming amphiphiles, commonly denoted detergents. The structure of such mixed assemblies has been thoroughly investigated, described in phase diagrams, and theoretically rationalized in terms of the balance between the large spontaneous curvature of the curvophilic detergent and the curvophobic phospholipids. In this critical review, we discuss the mechanism of this process and try to explain the actual mechanism involved in solubilization. Interestingly, membrane solubilization by some detergents is relatively slow and the common attribute of these detergents is that their trans-bilayer movement, commonly denoted flip-flop, is very slow. Only detergents that can flip into the inner monolayer cause relatively rapid solubilization of detergent-saturated bilayers. This occurs via the following sequence of events: 1), relatively rapid penetration of detergent monomers into the outer monolayer; 2), trans-membrane equilibration of detergent monomers between the two monolayers; 3), saturation of the bilayer by detergents and consequent permeabilization of the membrane; and 4), transition of the whole bilayer to thread-like mixed micelles. When the detergent cannot flip to the inner monolayer, the outer monolayer becomes unstable due to mass imbalance between the monolayers and inclusion of the curvophilic detergent molecules in a flat surface. Consequently, the outer monolayer forms mixed micellar structures within the outer monolayer. Shedding of these micelles into the aqueous solution results in partial solubilization. The consequent leakage of detergent into the liposome results in trans-membrane equilibration of detergent and subsequent micellization through the rapid bilayer-saturation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov Lichtenberg
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Freeland J, Bueren EV, Muralitharan S, Meng XY, Harvey M, Lienhart W, King C, Milliman K. Water-soluble organic solvent improves paraffin displacement in all-in-one epitope retrieval buffers. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/2046023613y.0000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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25
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Fernandez D, Lee TH, Sani MA, Aguilar MI, Separovic F. Proline facilitates membrane insertion of the antimicrobial peptide maculatin 1.1 via surface indentation and subsequent lipid disordering. Biophys J 2013; 104:1495-507. [PMID: 23561526 PMCID: PMC3617439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of proline in the disruption of membrane bilayer structure upon antimicrobial peptide (AMP) binding was studied. Specifically, (31)P and (2)H solid-state NMR and dual polarization interferometry (DPI) were used to analyze the membrane interactions of three AMPs: maculatin 1.1 and two analogs in which Pro-15 is replaced by Gly and Ala. For NMR, deuterated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (d54-DMPC) and d54-DMPC/dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) were used to mimic eukaryotic and prokaryotic membranes, respectively. In fluid-phase DMPC bilayer systems, the peptides interacted primarily with the bilayer surface, with the native peptide having the strongest interaction. In the mixed DMPC/DMPG bilayers, maculatin 1.1 induced DMPG phase separation, whereas the analogs promoted the formation of isotropic and lipid-enriched phases with an enhanced effect relative to the neutral DMPC bilayers. In gel-phase DMPC vesicles, the native peptide disrupted the bilayer via a surface mechanism, and the effect of the analogs was similar to that observed in the fluid phase. Real-time changes in bilayer order were examined via DPI, with changes in bilayer birefringence analyzed as a function of the peptide mass bound to the bilayer. Although all three peptides decreased the bilayer order as a function of bound concentration, maculatin 1.1 caused the largest change in bilayer structure. The NMR data indicate that maculatin 1.1 binds predominantly at the surface regions of the bilayer, and both NMR and DPI results indicate that this binding leads to a drop in bilayer order. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proline at residue 15 plays a central role in the membrane interaction of maculatin 1.1 by inducing a significant change in membrane order and affecting the ability of the bilayer to recover from structural changes induced by the binding and insertion of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Fernandez
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tzong-Hsien Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc-Antoine Sani
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie-Isabel Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ahyayauch H, Arnulphi C, Sot J, Alonso A, Goñi FM. The onset of Triton X-100 solubilization of sphingomyelin/ceramide bilayers: effects of temperature and composition. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 167-168:57-61. [PMID: 23453949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The early stages of Triton X-100 solubilization of bilayers consisting of sphingomyelin/ceramide (SM/Cer) mixtures have been studied using a combination of calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. Compositions based on sphingomyelin, containing up to 30 mol% Cer, at 4, 20 and 50°C have been examined. The presence of Cer does not modify the affinity (in terms of ΔG of binding per mol total lipid) of the SM-based bilayers for Triton X-100, although it does increase the amount of detergent required for the onset of solubilization. At 50°C more detergent was required to solubilize the SM/Cer bilayers than at 20°C. The data can be rationalized in terms of lipid and detergent geometries and interactions (Lichtenberg et al., 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasna Ahyayauch
- Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto CSIC, UPV/EHU), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
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Lichtenberg D, Ahyayauch H, Alonso A, Goñi FM. Detergent solubilization of lipid bilayers: a balance of driving forces. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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