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Shi Z, Innes-Gold S, Cohen AE. Membrane tension propagation couples axon growth and collateral branching. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1297. [PMID: 36044581 PMCID: PMC9432834 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal axons must navigate a mechanically heterogeneous environment to reach their targets, but the biophysical mechanisms coupling mechanosensation, growth, and branching are not fully understood. Here, we show that local changes in membrane tension propagate along axons at approximately 20 μm/s, more than 1000-fold faster than in most other nonmotile cells where this property has been measured. Local perturbations to tension decay along the axon with a length constant of approximately 41 μm. This rapid and long-range mechanical signaling mediates bidirectional competition between axonal branch initiation and growth cone extension. Our data suggest a mechanism by which mechanical cues at one part of a growing axon can affect growth dynamics remotely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah Innes-Gold
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam E. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Biomechanics of Neutrophil Tethers. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060515. [PMID: 34073130 PMCID: PMC8230032 DOI: 10.3390/life11060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes, including neutrophils, propelled by blood flow, can roll on inflamed endothelium using transient bonds between selectins and their ligands, and integrins and their ligands. When such receptor–ligand bonds last long enough, the leukocyte microvilli become extended and eventually form thin, 20 µm long tethers. Tether formation can be observed in blood vessels in vivo and in microfluidic flow chambers. Tethers can also be extracted using micropipette aspiration, biomembrane force probe, optical trap, or atomic force microscopy approaches. Here, we review the biomechanical properties of leukocyte tethers as gleaned from such measurements and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. We also review and discuss viscoelastic models that describe the dependence of tether formation on time, force, rate of loading, and cell activation. We close by emphasizing the need to combine experimental observations with quantitative models and computer simulations to understand how tether formation is affected by membrane tension, membrane reservoir, and interactions of the membrane with the cytoskeleton.
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Marki A, Gutierrez E, Mikulski Z, Groisman A, Ley K. Microfluidics-based side view flow chamber reveals tether-to-sling transition in rolling neutrophils. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28870. [PMID: 27357741 PMCID: PMC4928115 DOI: 10.1038/srep28870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils rolling at high shear stress (above 6 dyn/cm2) form tethers in the rear and slings in the front. Here, we developed a novel photo-lithographically fabricated, silicone(PDMS)-based side-view flow chamber to dynamically visualize tether and sling formation. Fluorescently membrane-labeled mouse neutrophils rolled on P-selectin substrate at 10 dyn/cm2. Most rolling cells formed 5 tethers that were 2–30 μm long. Breaking of a single tether caused a reproducible forward microjump of the cell, showing that the tether was load-bearing. About 15% of all tether-breaking events resulted in slings. The tether-to-sling transition was fast (<100 ms) with no visible material extending above the rolling cell, suggesting a very low bending modulus of the tether. The sling downstream of the rolling cell aligned according to the streamlines before landing on the flow chamber. These new observations explain how slings form from tethers and provide insight into their biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Marki
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edgar Gutierrez
- Department of Physics and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex Groisman
- Department of Physics and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Datar A, Bornschlögl T, Bassereau P, Prost J, Pullarkat PA. Dynamics of membrane tethers reveal novel aspects of cytoskeleton-membrane interactions in axons. Biophys J 2015; 108:489-97. [PMID: 25650917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties of cell membranes are known to be significantly influenced by the underlying cortical cytoskeleton. The technique of pulling membrane tethers from cells is one of the most effective ways of studying the membrane mechanics and the membrane-cortex interaction. In this article, we show that axon membranes make an interesting system to explore as they exhibit both free membrane-like behavior where the tether-membrane junction is movable on the surface of the axons (unlike many other cell membranes) as well as cell-like behavior where there are transient and spontaneous eruptions in the tether force that vanish when F-actin is depolymerized. We analyze the passive and spontaneous responses of axonal membrane tethers and propose theoretical models to explain the observed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Datar
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Thomas Bornschlögl
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche. CNRS, UMR168 Physico-Chimie Curie and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche. CNRS, UMR168 Physico-Chimie Curie and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Prost
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche. CNRS, UMR168 Physico-Chimie Curie and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pramod A Pullarkat
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
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Moo E, Amrein M, Epstein M, Duvall M, Abu Osman N, Pingguan-Murphy B, Herzog W. The properties of chondrocyte membrane reservoirs and their role in impact-induced cell death. Biophys J 2013; 105:1590-600. [PMID: 24094400 PMCID: PMC3822719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact loading of articular cartilage causes extensive chondrocyte death. Cell membranes have a limited elastic range of 3-4% strain but are protected from direct stretch during physiological loading by their membrane reservoir, an intricate pattern of membrane folds. Using a finite-element model, we suggested previously that access to the membrane reservoir is strain-rate-dependent and that during impact loading, the accessible membrane reservoir is drastically decreased, so that strains applied to chondrocytes are directly transferred to cell membranes, which fail when strains exceed 3-4%. However, experimental support for this proposal is lacking. The purpose of this study was to measure the accessible membrane reservoir size for different membrane strain rates using membrane tethering techniques with atomic force microscopy. We conducted atomic force spectroscopy on isolated chondrocytes (n = 87). A micron-sized cantilever was used to extract membrane tethers from cell surfaces at constant pulling rates. Membrane tethers could be identified as force plateaus in the resulting force-displacement curves. Six pulling rates were tested (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 μm/s). The size of the membrane reservoir, represented by the membrane tether surface areas, decreased exponentially with increasing pulling rates. The current results support our theoretical findings that chondrocytes exposed to impact loading die because of membrane ruptures caused by high tensile membrane strain rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng Kuan Moo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marcelo Epstein
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mike Duvall
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Noor Azuan Abu Osman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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