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Podgrajsek R, Hodzic A, Stimpfel M, Kunej T, Peterlin B. Insight into the complexity of male infertility: a multi-omics review. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:73-90. [PMID: 38517373 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2317804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Male infertility is a reproductive disorder, accounting for 40-50% of infertility. Currently, in about 70% of infertile men, the cause remains unknown. With the introduction of novel omics and advancement in high-throughput technology, potential biomarkers are emerging. The main purpose of our work was to overview different aspects of omics approaches in association with idiopathic male infertility and highlight potential genes, transcripts, non-coding RNA, proteins, and metabolites worth further exploring. Using the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, we aimed to compare enriched GO terms from each omics approach and determine their overlapping. A PubMed database screening for the literature published between February 2014 and June 2022 was performed using the keywords: male infertility in association with different omics approaches: genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, ncRNAomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. A GO enrichment analysis was performed using the Enrichr tool. We retrieved 281 global studies: 171 genomics (DNA level), 21 epigenomics (19 of methylation and two histone residue modifications), 15 transcriptomics, 31 non-coding RNA, 29 proteomics, two protein posttranslational modification, and 19 metabolomics studies. Gene ontology comparison showed that different omics approaches lead to the identification of different molecular factors and that the corresponding GO terms, obtained from different omics approaches, do not overlap to a larger extent. With the integration of novel omics levels into the research of idiopathic causes of male infertility, using multi-omic systems biology approaches, we will be closer to finding the potential biomarkers and consequently becoming aware of the entire spectrum of male infertility, their cause, prognosis, and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Podgrajsek
- Department of Human Reproduction, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Hodzic
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Novo mesto, Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - Martin Stimpfel
- Department of Human Reproduction, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Genomic Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Application of single-sperm sequencing in a male with Marfan syndrome: a case report and a literature review. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Chen D, Shen X, Xu Y, Ding C, Ye Q, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Zhou C. Successful four-factor preimplantation genetic testing: α- and β-thalassemia, human leukocyte antigen typing, and aneuploidy screening. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 67:151-159. [PMID: 33494632 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2020.1832158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our study established an effective next-generation sequencing (NGS) protocol for four-factor preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) using α- and β-thalassemia, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, and aneuploidy screening. Three couples, in whom both partners were α- and β-double thalassemia carriers, underwent PGT between 2016 and 2018. These individuals sought an opportunity for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to save their children from β-thalassemia major. A total of 35 biopsied trophectoderm samples underwent multiple displacement amplification (MDA). PGT for α- and β-thalassemia and HLA typing were performed on MDA products using NGS-based single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotyping. Although two samples failed MDA, 94.3% (33/35) of samples were successfully amplified, achieving conclusive PGT results. Furthermore, 51.5% (17/33) of the embryos were diagnosed as unaffected non-carriers or carriers. Of the 17 unaffected embryos, nine (52.9%) were tested further and identified as euploid via NGS-based aneuploid screening, in which five had HLA types matching affected children. One family did not achieve any unaffected euploid embryos. The two other families transferred HLA-matched and unaffected euploid embryos, resulting in two healthy 'savior babies.' NGS-PGT results were confirmed in prenatal diagnosis. Therefore, NGS-SNP was effective in performing PGT for multipurpose detection within a single PGT cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjia Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Shen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Ding
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingjian Ye
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Zhong
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwen Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canquan Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Phacomatoses are a group of neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndromes/ neurocutaneous disorders, involving structures arising from the embryonic ectoderm. Most of phacomatoses including the most common ones:, neurofibromatosis type I and type II (NF1, NF2) and tuberosclerosis complex (TSC), are autosomal dominant genetic disorders with full penetrance and variable expression. As no effective treatment exists, the only way to prevent the disease, is by prenatal genetic diagnosis (either chorionic villus sampling-CVS or amniocentesis-AC) and termination of pregnancy or performing preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). As the risk for an affected offspring is 50% in every pregnancy of an affected parent, prenatal, and preimplantation testing are of great importance. However, those procedures are associated with technical and ethical concerns. This chapter shortly reviews the common phacomatoses emphasizes their genetics and inheritance. We will review the common methods for prenatal and preimplantation diagnoses and discuss its use in common phacomatoses. CONCLUSION Phacomatoses are common autosomal dominant genetic conditions with variable expression. Ante-natal genetic diagnosis is an appropriate approach for family planning in individuals affected by phacomatosis or parents of an affected child.
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Brandsema JF, Gross BN, Matesanz SE. Diagnostic Testing for Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy. Clin Lab Med 2020; 40:357-367. [PMID: 32718505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic genetic testing for spinal muscular atrophy is key in establishing early diagnosis for affected individuals. Prenatal carrier testing of parents with subsequent testing of the fetus for homozygous SMN1 gene deletion in those at risk of this autosomal recessive disorder as well as newborn screening can identify the vast majority of affected individuals before the onset of symptoms. Patients presenting symptomatically must be genetically confirmed as soon as possible because targeted treatments are now available that profoundly impact symptoms and improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Brandsema
- Division of Neurology, Colket Translational Research Building, 10th Floor, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brianna N Gross
- Division of Neurology, Colket Translational Research Building, 10th Floor, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan E Matesanz
- Division of Neurology, Colket Translational Research Building, 10th Floor, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Xi Y, Chen G, Lei C, Wu J, Zhang S, Xiao M, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Sun X. Expanded carrier screening in Chinese patients seeking the help of assisted reproductive technology. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1340. [PMID: 32573981 PMCID: PMC7507411 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Expanded carrier screening (ECS) has emerged as an effective approach to identify at‐risk couples (ARCs)—before they initiate attempts at reproduction—who possess a high probability of having a child affected by severe recessive diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of ECS in Chinese patients seeking the help of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods An ECS test, which covers 201 genes implicated in 135 recessive (autosomal or X‐linked) diseases, was routinely offered to all ART patients in a single genetics and in vitro fertilization clinic. Additional options for preimplantation or prenatal genetic diagnosis were discussed and offered to all ARCs. All ECS results were aggregated and the clinical decisions of the ARCs were surveyed. Results A total of 2,923 ART patients, representing 1,462 couples, were screened. Overall, 46.73% of the individuals were found to be the carriers for at least 1 of the 135 diseases. Of the tested couples, 2.26% (n = 33) were identified as ARCs. As of the completion of this study, 21 (63.6%) ARCs have decided to avert an affected pregnancy with the help of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenetic conditions. The cumulative carrier rate of the 187 autosomal recessive genes in the ECS panel for the 2,836 Han Chinese individuals without a family history was estimated to be 45.91%. The estimated at‐risk couple rate indicates that the screening for only the top 31 genes with gene carrier rates >0.5% would identify more than 94% of the ARCs identified by screening all 187 genes. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that ESC yields a significant clinical value for ART patients in China. In addition, by estimating the yields of the ECS panel, we identify genes that are appropriate for screening the Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xi
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangquan Chen
- WuXi NextCODE Genomics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Lei
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junping Wu
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbi Zhang
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Sun
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics & IVF Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Obstetrics, and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wolf DP, Mitalipov PA, Mitalipov SM. Principles of and strategies for germline gene therapy. Nat Med 2019; 25:890-897. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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He WB, Du J, Xie PY, Zhou S, Zhang YX, Lu GX, Lin G, Li W, Tan YQ. X-chromosome inactivation pattern of amniocytes predicts the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers of DMD mutations. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:603-608. [PMID: 31069818 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To predict the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers of dystrophin gene (DMD) mutations. METHODS Twenty-three pregnant women, with a total of 25 female fetuses carrying DMD mutations, were recruited. Among them, 13 pregnant women who participated in this study were only used to analyse the incidence of induced abortion after fetuses were diagnosed as dystrophinopathy carriers. Eleven fetal carriers from 10 pregnant women were tested to analyse X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) using amniocytes to assess the risk of dystrophinopathy. Follow-ups were conducted on all cases. RESULTS Approximately one-third of fetuses were aborted before assessing the risk of dystrophinopathy. XCI analysis of amniocytes showed that 10 fetuses had random XCI patterns, and one fetus exhibited a highly skewed XCI pattern (100:0) with primary expression of the maternal X chromosome that carried the mutant allele. These 11 fetal carriers were born, and follow-up showed that the girl who showed the skewed XCI pattern as a fetus was diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) at the age of four. The others did not present with dystrophinopathy-associated symptoms. CONCLUSIONS XCI was significantly implicated in symptomatic female carriers of dystrophinopathies, and XCI pattern analysis of amniocytes may be useful in predicting the risk of dystrophinopathy in fetal carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin He
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping-Yuan Xie
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Xiu Lu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering,. School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zanetti BF, Braga DPDAF, Azevedo MDC, Setti AS, Figueira RCS, Iaconelli A, Borges E. Preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic diseases: a Brazilian IVF centre experience. JBRA Assist Reprod 2019; 23:99-105. [PMID: 30614237 PMCID: PMC6501745 DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the cases of preimplantation genetic testing for monogenic diseases (PGT-M) in fertile couples who had undergone intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles in a Brazilian in vitro fertilisation (IVF) centre and determine whether these cases were different from those reported from the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). METHODS This retrospective collection included data obtained from ICSI-PGT-M cycles between 2011 and 2016. The disease indication, number of biopsied embryos, biopsy stage, diagnosed and affected embryos, and cycles with embryo to transfer as well as implantation, pregnancy and miscarriage rates were analysed and compared to cycles without genetic diagnosis (PGT) and with ESHRE PGD Consortium collection XIV-XV. RESULTS From 5,070 cycles performed, 72 had indications for PGT-M. The most common time for biopsy was cleavage-stage; 93% of the embryos had a diagnostic result, 59.4% of which were genetically transferable, resulting in 68% of the cycles with transferred embryos, a 22.1% implantation rate, and a 28.6% pregnancy rate. No differences in clinical outcomes of cycles with PGT-M or without PGT were observed. The day of biopsy and diagnostic success as well as implantation, pregnancy and miscarriage rates were similar to ESHRE collection. CONCLUSIONS Although the proportion of cases with PGT-M was low, its efficacy was similar to what was reported in the European collection and represents a viable alternative for families at risk of transmitting a genetic disorder to their offspring. The main difference between our and ESHRE collection were the disease indications, which reflected the admixed, multi-ethnic Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ferrarini Zanetti
- Fertility - Medical Group, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Souza Setti
- Fertility - Medical Group, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | | | - Assumpto Iaconelli
- Fertility - Medical Group, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Edson Borges
- Fertility - Medical Group, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Instituto Sapientiae - Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Reprodução Humana Assistida, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
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Capalbo A, Chokoshvili D, Dugoff L, Franasiak J, Gleicher N, Pennings G, Simon C. Should the reproductive risk of a couple aiming to conceive be tested in the contemporary clinical context? Fertil Steril 2019; 111:229-238. [PMID: 30642571 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Davit Chokoshvili
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorraine Dugoff
- Maternal Fetal Medicine and Reproductive Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jason Franasiak
- IVI-RMA America, Reproductive Medicine Associates of New Jersey, Basking Ridge, New Jersey; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- Center for Human Reproduction, New York, New York; Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, New York; Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna University of Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guido Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG), Department of Philosophy and Moral Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlos Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Valencia University, and INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, California; Igenomix, Valencia, Spain.
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Guo W, Zhu X, Yan L, Qiao J. The present and future of whole-exome sequencing in studying and treating human reproductive disorders. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:517-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bergougnoux A, Taulan-Cadars M, Claustres M, Raynal C. Current and future molecular approaches in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Expert Rev Respir Med 2018; 12:415-426. [PMID: 29580110 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1457438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic Fibrosis is among the first diseases to have general population genetic screening tests and one of the most common indications of prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis for single gene disorders. During the past twenty years, thanks to the evolution of diagnostic techniques, our knowledge of CFTR genetics and pathophysiological mechanisms involved in cystic fibrosis has significantly improved. Areas covered: Sanger sequencing and quantitative methods greatly contributed to the identification of more than 2,000 sequence variations reported worldwide in the CFTR gene. We are now entering a new technological age with the generalization of high throughput approaches such as Next Generation Sequencing and Droplet Digital PCR technologies in diagnostics laboratories. These powerful technologies open up new perspectives for scanning the entire CFTR locus, exploring modifier factors that possibly influence the clinical evolution of patients, and for preimplantation and prenatal diagnosis. Expert commentary: Such breakthroughs would, however, require powerful bioinformatics tools and relevant functional tests of variants for analysis and interpretation of the resulting data. Ultimately, an optimal use of all those resources may improve patient care and therapeutic decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bergougnoux
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,b EA 7402 , Université de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | | | | | - Caroline Raynal
- a Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire , Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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