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Hooper R, Cummings C, Beck A, Vazquez-Armendariz J, Rodriguez C, Dean D. Sheet-based extrusion bioprinting: a new multi-material paradigm providing mid-extrusion micropatterning control for microvascular applications. Biofabrication 2024; 16:025032. [PMID: 38447217 PMCID: PMC10938191 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad30c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
As bioprinting advances into clinical relevance with patient-specific tissue and organ constructs, it must be capable of multi-material fabrication at high resolutions to accurately mimick the complex tissue structures found in the body. One of the most fundamental structures to regenerative medicine is microvasculature. Its continuous hierarchical branching vessel networks bridge surgically manipulatable arteries (∼1-6 mm) to capillary beds (∼10µm). Microvascular perfusion must be established quickly for autologous, allogeneic, or tissue engineered grafts to survive implantation and heal in place. However, traditional syringe-based bioprinting techniques have struggled to produce perfusable constructs with hierarchical branching at the resolution of the arterioles (∼100-10µm) found in microvascular tissues. This study introduces the novel CEVIC bioprinting device (i.e.ContinuouslyExtrudedVariableInternalChanneling), a multi-material technology that breaks the current extrusion-based bioprinting paradigm of pushing cell-laden hydrogels through a nozzle as filaments, instead, in the version explored here, extruding thin, wide cell-laden hydrogel sheets. The CEVIC device adapts the chaotic printing approach to control the width and number of microchannels within the construct as it is extruded (i.e. on-the-fly). Utilizing novel flow valve designs, this strategy can produce continuous gradients varying geometry and materials across the construct and hierarchical branching channels with average widths ranging from 621.5 ± 42.92%µm to 11.67 ± 14.99%µm, respectively, encompassing the resolution range of microvascular vessels. These constructs can also include fugitive/sacrificial ink that vacates to leave demonstrably perfusable channels. In a proof-of-concept experiment, a co-culture of two microvascular cell types, endothelial cells and pericytes, sustained over 90% viability throughout 1 week in microchannels within CEVIC-produced gelatin methacryloyl-sodium alginate hydrogel constructs. These results justify further exploration of generating CEVIC-bioprinted microvasculature, such as pre-culturing and implantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Caleb Cummings
- Department of Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Anna Beck
- Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Javier Vazquez-Armendariz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
| | - Ciro Rodriguez
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital (MADiT), Apodaca 66629, NL, Mexico
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Materiales Avanzados, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
| | - David Dean
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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Flores-Jimenez MS, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ, Garcia-Gonzalez A. Design and Analysis of a Rotational Mixer to produce 3D Bioprinting Gyroid-Helical-Patterned Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083792 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering scaffolds require complex networks for nutrient diffusion and cell attachment. They must have specific surface area and curvature, and often need a multimaterial composition, demanding advanced micro-fabrication methods. 3D extrusion bioprinting offers versatility to manufacture different scaffold, and strategies for multimaterial printing have been introduced. We propose a method to fabricate scaffolds based on gyroid-helical-patterned microfibers, providing a platform to study the effect of the gyroid minimum curvature on cellular processes, since the geometry wont be layer-by-layer approximated. The pattern is obtained by mixing inks using a gyroid-helix shaped rotational mixer, modifying the extruder of a conventional 3D printer. The mixer was simulated using computational fluid dynamics tools, varying the volumetric flow to obtain different gyroid-thickness. Due to its surface area minimization, it shows lower energy requirements than state-of-art fluid mixers, with a pressure drop of 1.7%, a power number of 39, and a rotation-induced shear stress of ∼400 Pa, enabling the use of cell-embedded bioinks.
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Shokrani H, Shokrani A, Seidi F, Mashayekhi M, Kar S, Nedeljkovic D, Kuang T, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. Polysaccharide-based biomaterials in a journey from 3D to 4D printing. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10503. [PMID: 37476065 PMCID: PMC10354780 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing is a state-of-the-art technology for the fabrication of biomaterials with myriad applications in translational medicine. After stimuli-responsive properties were introduced to 3D printing (known as 4D printing), intelligent biomaterials with shape configuration time-dependent character have been developed. Polysaccharides are biodegradable polymers sensitive to several physical, chemical, and biological stimuli, suited for 3D and 4D printing. On the other hand, engineering of mechanical strength and printability of polysaccharide-based scaffolds along with their aneural, avascular, and poor metabolic characteristics need to be optimized varying printing parameters. Multiple disciplines such as biomedicine, chemistry, materials, and computer sciences should be integrated to achieve multipurpose printable biomaterials. In this work, 3D and 4D printing technologies are briefly compared, summarizing the literature on biomaterials engineering though printing techniques, and highlighting different challenges associated with 3D/4D printing, as well as the role of polysaccharides in the technological shift from 3D to 4D printing for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Shokrani
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSharif University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | | | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Saptarshi Kar
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle EastKuwait
| | - Dragutin Nedeljkovic
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle EastKuwait
| | - Tairong Kuang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Flores-Jiménez MS, Garcia-Gonzalez A, Fuentes-Aguilar RQ. Review on Porous Scaffolds Generation Process: A Tissue Engineering Approach. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1-23. [PMID: 36599046 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds have been widely explored for tissue regeneration and engineering in vitro three-dimensional models. In this review, a comprehensive literature analysis is conducted to identify the steps involved in their generation. The advantages and disadvantages of the available techniques are discussed, highlighting the importance of considering pore geometrical parameters such as curvature and size, and summarizing the requirements to generate the porous scaffold according to the desired application. This paper considers the available design tools, mathematical models, materials, fabrication techniques, cell seeding methodologies, assessment methods, and the status of pore scaffolds in clinical applications. This review compiles the relevant research in the field in the past years. The trends, challenges, and future research directions are discussed in the search for the generation of a porous scaffold with improved mechanical and biological properties that can be reproducible, viable for long-term studies, and closer to being used in the clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Flores-Jiménez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Alejandro Garcia-Gonzalez
- Escuela de Medicina, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
| | - Rita Q Fuentes-Aguilar
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Av. Gral. Ramon Corona No 2514, Colonia Nuevo México, 45121Zapopan, Jalisco, México
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Wenger L, Radtke CP, Gerisch E, Kollmann M, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS, Hubbuch J. Systematic evaluation of agarose- and agar-based bioinks for extrusion-based bioprinting of enzymatically active hydrogels. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:928878. [PMID: 36479432 PMCID: PMC9720278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.928878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D bioprinting enables the production of customized hydrogel structures that can be employed in flow reactors when printing with enzyme-containing inks. The present study compares inks based on either low-melt agarose or agar at different concentrations (3-6%) and loaded with the thermostable enzyme esterase 2 from the thermophilic organism Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaEst2) with regard to their suitability for the fabrication of such enzymatically active hydrogels. A customized printer setup including a heatable nozzle and a cooled substrate was established to allow for clean and reproducible prints. The inks and printed hydrogel samples were characterized using rheological measurements and compression tests. All inks were found to be sufficiently printable to create lattices without overhangs, but printing quality was strongly enhanced at 4.5% polymer or more. The produced hydrogels were characterized regarding mechanical strength and diffusibility. For both properties, a strong correlation with polymer concentration was observed with highly concentrated hydrogels being more stable and less diffusible. Agar hydrogels were found to be more stable and show higher diffusion rates than comparable agarose hydrogels. Enzyme leaching was identified as a major drawback of agar hydrogels, while hardly any leaching from agarose hydrogels was detected. The poor ability of agar hydrogels to permanently immobilize enzymes indicates their limited suitability for their employment in perfused biocatalytic reactors. Batch-based activity assays showed that the enzymatic activity of agar hydrogels was roughly twice as high as the activity of agarose hydrogels which was mostly attributed to the increased amount of enzyme leaching. Agarose bioinks with at least 4.5% polymer were identified as the most suitable of the investigated inks for the printing of biocatalytic reactors with AaEst2. Drawbacks of these inks are limited mechanical and thermal stability, not allowing the operation of a reactor at the optimum temperature of AaEst2 which is above the melting point of the employed low-melt agarose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wenger
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten P. Radtke
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eva Gerisch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Kollmann
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Institute for Biological Interfaces 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Doustdar F, Olad A, Ghorbani M. Effect of glutaraldehyde and calcium chloride as different crosslinking agents on the characteristics of chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:912-924. [PMID: 35367272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glutaraldehyde and calcium cations as covalent and ionic crosslinkers was investigated on the main characteristics of scaffolds based on chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals. Therefore, four different scaffolds based on chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals with different crosslinking methods were fabricated using the freeze-drying method for potential use in bone tissue engineering. The structural and chemical features of prepared scaffolds were studied by the FTIR technique. FESEM images revealed that all scaffold samples are porous three-dimensional networks in which the pores are connected. TGA analysis showed that the thermal stability of scaffolds based on chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals has not been changed significantly by using different crosslinking methods. The chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals scaffold crosslinked by glutaraldehyde represented the highest compressive strength and the uncrosslinked scaffold showed the highest swelling ratio in comparison to the other scaffolds. The fastest degradation rate belonged to the scaffold crosslinked by calcium cations. FESEM images and EDX analysis confirmed that fabricated scaffolds have good biomineralization ability. The cell viability and cell attachment results indicated that all four scaffolds support cell proliferation and cell adhesion. However, the viability of NIH3T3 fibroblast cells in the presence of glutaraldehyde-containing scaffolds was lower than that of other scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Doustdar
- Polymer Composite Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Olad
- Polymer Composite Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Marjan Ghorbani
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Green Bioprinting with Layer-by-Layer Photo-Crosslinking: A Designed Experimental Investigation on Shape Fidelity and Cell Viability of Printed Constructs. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp6020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Process variables of bioprinting (including extrusion pressure, nozzle size, and bioink composition) can affect the shape fidelity and cell viability of printed constructs. Reported studies show that increasing extrusion pressure or decreasing nozzle size would decrease cell viability in printed constructs. However, a smaller nozzle size is often necessary for printing constructs of higher shape fidelity, and a higher extrusion pressure is usually needed to extrude bioink through nozzles with a smaller diameter. Because values of printing process variables that increase shape fidelity can be detrimental to cell viability, the optimum combination of variables regarding both shape fidelity and cell viability must be determined for specific bioink compositions. This paper reports a designed experimental investigation (full factorial design with three variables and two levels) on bioprinting by applying layer-by-layer photo-crosslinking and using the alginate-methylcellulose-GelMA bioink containing algae cells. The study investigates both the main effects and interaction effects of extrusion pressure, nozzle size, and bioink composition on the shape fidelity and cell viability of printed constructs. Results show that, as extrusion pressure changed from its low level to its high level, shape fidelity and cell viability decreased. As nozzle size changed from its low level to its high level, shape fidelity decreased while cell viability increased. As bioink composition changed from its low level (with more methylcellulose content in the bioink) to its high level (with less methylcellulose content in the bioink), shape fidelity and cell viability increased.
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Tamay DG, Hasirci N. Bioinks-materials used in printing cells in designed 3D forms. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2021; 32:1072-1106. [PMID: 33720806 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2021.1892470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Use of materials to activate non-functional or damaged organs and tissues goes back to early ages. The first materials used for this purpose were metals, and in time, novel materials such as ceramics, polymers and composites were introduced to the field to serve in medical applications. In the last decade, the advances in material sciences, cell biology, technology and engineering made 3D printing of living tissues or organ models in the designed structure and geometry possible by using cells alone or together with hydrogels through additive manufacturing. This review aims to give a brief information about the chemical structures and properties of bioink materials and their applications in the production of 3D tissue constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Goksu Tamay
- BIOMATEN - Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Hasirci
- BIOMATEN - Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Tissue Engineering and Biomaterial Research Center, Near East University, TRNC, Mersin 10, Turkey
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Chansoria P, Narayanan LK, Wood M, Alvarado C, Lin A, Shirwaiker RA. Effects of Autoclaving, EtOH, and UV Sterilization on the Chemical, Mechanical, Printability, and Biocompatibility Characteristics of Alginate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:5191-5201. [PMID: 33455269 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sterilization is a necessary step during the processing of biomaterials, but it can affect the materials' functional characteristics. This study characterizes the effects of three commonly used sterilization processes-autoclaving (heat-based), ethanol (EtOH; chemical-based), and ultraviolet (UV; radiation-based)-on the chemical, mechanical, printability, and biocompatibility properties of alginate, a widely used biopolymer for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other biomedical applications. Sterility assessment tests showed that autoclaving was effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at loads up to 108 CFU/mL, while EtOH was the least effective. Nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy showed that the sterilization processes did not affect the monomeric content in the alginate solutions. The differences in compressive stiffness of the three sterilized hydrogels were also not significant. However, autoclaving significantly reduced the molecular weight and polydispersity index, as determined via gel permeation chromatography, as well as the dynamic viscosity of alginate. Printability analyses showed that the sterilization process as well as the extrusion pressure and speed affected the number of discontinuities and spreading ratio in printed and cross-linked strands. Finally, human adipose-derived stem cells demonstrated over 90% viability in all sterilized hydrogels over 7 days, but the differences in cellular metabolic activity in the three groups were significant. Taken together, the autoclaving process, while demonstrating broad spectrum sterility effectiveness, also resulted in most notable changes in alginate's key properties. In addition to the specific results with the three sterilization processes and alginate, this study serves as a roadmap to characterize the interrelationships between sterilization processes, fundamental chemical properties, and resulting functional characteristics and processability of hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Chansoria
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Lokesh Karthik Narayanan
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States.,Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, United States
| | - Madison Wood
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Claudia Alvarado
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Annie Lin
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Rohan A Shirwaiker
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7906, United States.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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