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Sotoyama H, Namba H, Tohmi M, Nawa H. Schizophrenia Animal Modeling with Epidermal Growth Factor and Its Homologs: Their Connections to the Inflammatory Pathway and the Dopamine System. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020372. [PMID: 36830741 PMCID: PMC9953688 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its homologs, such as neuregulins, bind to ErbB (Her) receptor kinases and regulate glial differentiation and dopaminergic/GABAergic maturation in the brain and are therefore implicated in schizophrenia neuropathology involving these cell abnormalities. In this review, we summarize the biological activities of the EGF family and its neuropathologic association with schizophrenia, mainly overviewing our previous model studies and the related articles. Transgenic mice as well as the rat/monkey models established by perinatal challenges of EGF or its homologs consistently exhibit various behavioral endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia. In particular, post-pubertal elevation in baseline dopaminergic activity may illustrate the abnormal behaviors relevant to positive and negative symptoms as well as to the timing of this behavioral onset. With the given molecular interaction and transactivation of ErbB receptor kinases with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), EGF/ErbB signals are recruited by viral infection and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19-mediated pneumonia and poxvirus-mediated fibroma and implicated in the immune-inflammatory hypothesis of schizophrenia. Finally, we also discuss the interaction of clozapine with ErbB receptor kinases as well as new antipsychotic development targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8122, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 649-8156, Japan
| | - Manavu Tohmi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 649-8156, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 649-8156, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (H.S.)
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de Bartolomeis A, Vellucci L, Barone A, Manchia M, De Luca V, Iasevoli F, Correll CU. Clozapine's multiple cellular mechanisms: What do we know after more than fifty years? A systematic review and critical assessment of translational mechanisms relevant for innovative strategies in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 236:108236. [PMID: 35764175 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost fifty years after its first introduction into clinical care, clozapine remains the only evidence-based pharmacological option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS), which affects approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia. Despite the long-time experience with clozapine, the specific mechanism of action (MOA) responsible for its superior efficacy among antipsychotics is still elusive, both at the receptor and intracellular signaling level. This systematic review is aimed at critically assessing the role and specific relevance of clozapine's multimodal actions, dissecting those mechanisms that under a translational perspective could shed light on molecular targets worth to be considered for further innovative antipsychotic development. In vivo and in vitro preclinical findings, supported by innovative techniques and methods, together with pharmacogenomic and in vivo functional studies, point to multiple and possibly overlapping MOAs. To better explore this crucial issue, the specific affinity for 5-HT2R, D1R, α2c, and muscarinic receptors, the relatively low occupancy at dopamine D2R, the interaction with receptor dimers, as well as the potential confounder effects resulting in biased ligand action, and lastly, the role of the moiety responsible for lipophilic and alkaline features of clozapine are highlighted. Finally, the role of transcription and protein changes at the synaptic level, and the possibility that clozapine can directly impact synaptic architecture are addressed. Although clozapine's exact MOAs that contribute to its unique efficacy and some of its severe adverse effects have not been fully understood, relevant information can be gleaned from recent mechanistic understandings that may help design much needed additional therapeutic strategies for TRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| | - Licia Vellucci
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Barone
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Felice Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational and Molecular Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University Medical School of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA; Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany
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Sotoyama H, Namba H, Kobayashi Y, Hasegawa T, Watanabe D, Nakatsukasa E, Sakimura K, Furuyashiki T, Nawa H. Resting-state dopaminergic cell firing in the ventral tegmental area negatively regulates affiliative social interactions in a developmental animal model of schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33888687 PMCID: PMC8062445 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperdopaminergic activities are often linked to positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but their neuropathological implications on negative symptoms are rather controversial among reports. Here, we explored the regulatory role of the resting state-neural activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) on social interaction using a developmental rat model for schizophrenia. We prepared the model by administering an ammonitic cytokine, epidermal growth factor (EGF), to rat pups, which later exhibit the deficits of social interaction as monitored with same-gender affiliative sniffing. In vivo single-unit recording and microdialysis revealed that the baseline firing frequency of and dopamine release from VTA dopaminergic neurons were chronically increased in EGF model rats, and their social interaction was concomitantly reduced. Subchronic treatment with risperidone ameliorated both the social interaction deficits and higher frequency of dopaminergic cell firing in this model. Sustained suppression of hyperdopaminergic cell firing in EGF model rats by DREADD chemogenetic intervention restored the event-triggered dopamine release and their social behaviors. These observations suggest that the higher resting-state activity of VTA dopaminergic neurons is responsible for the reduced social interaction of this schizophrenia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan ,grid.412857.d0000 0004 1763 1087Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156 Japan
| | - Yutaro Kobayashi
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Taku Hasegawa
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ena Nakatsukasa
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuyashiki
- grid.31432.370000 0001 1092 3077Division of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, 650-0017 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan. .,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan.
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Clozapine-dependent inhibition of EGF/neuregulin receptor (ErbB) kinases. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:181. [PMID: 31371697 PMCID: PMC6675791 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine is an antipsychotic agent prescribed to psychotic patients exhibiting tolerance and/or resistance to the conventional antipsychotic medications that mainly drive monoamine antagonism. As the pharmacological fundamentals of its unique antipsychotic profile have been unrevealed, here, we attempted to obtain hints at this question. Here, we found that clozapine directly acts on ErbB kinases to downregulate epidermal growth factor (EGF)/neuregulin signaling. In cultured cell lines and cortical neurons, EGF-triggered ErbB1 phosphorylation was diminished by 30 μM clozapine, but not haloperidol, risperidone, or olanzapine. The neuregulin-1-triggered ErbB4 phosphorylation was attenuated by 10 μM clozapine and 30 μM haloperidol. We assumed that clozapine may directly interact with the ErbB tyrosine kinases and affect their enzyme activity. To test this assumption, we performed in vitro kinase assays using recombinant truncated ErbB kinases. Clozapine (3-30 μM) significantly decreased the enzyme activity of the truncated ErbB1, B2, and B4 kinases. Acute in vivo administration of clozapine (20 mg/kg) to adult rats significantly suppressed the basal phosphorylation levels of ErbB4 in the brain, although we failed to detect effects on basal ErbB1 phosphorylation. Altogether with the previous findings that quinazoline inhibitors for ErbB kinases harbor antipsychotic potential in animal models for schizophrenia, our present observations suggest the possibility that the micromolar concentrations of clozapine can attenuate the activity of ErbB receptor kinases, which might illustrate a part of its unique antipsychotic psychopharmacology.
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Jodo E, Inaba H, Narihara I, Sotoyama H, Kitayama E, Yabe H, Namba H, Eifuku S, Nawa H. Neonatal exposure to an inflammatory cytokine, epidermal growth factor, results in the deficits of mismatch negativity in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7503. [PMID: 31097747 PMCID: PMC6522493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces various cognitive and behavioral abnormalities after maturation in non-human animals, and is used for animal models of schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia often display a reduction of mismatch negativity (MMN), which is a stimulus-change specific event-related brain potential. Do the EGF model animals also exhibit the MMN reduction as schizophrenic patients do? This study addressed this question to verify the pathophysiological validity of this model. Neonatal rats received repeated administration of EGF or saline and were grown until adulthood. Employing the odd-ball paradigm of distinct tone pitches, tone-evoked electroencephalogram (EEG) components were recorded from electrodes on the auditory and frontal cortices of awake rats, referencing an electrode on the frontal sinus. The amplitude of the MMN-like potential was significantly reduced in EGF-treated rats compared with saline-injected control rats. The wavelet analysis of the EEG during a near period of tone stimulation revealed that synchronization of EEG activity, especially with beta and gamma bands, was reduced in EGF-treated rats. Results suggest that animals exposed to EGF during a perinatal period serve as a promising neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Jodo
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Inaba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Itaru Narihara
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Eiko Kitayama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hirooki Yabe
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
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Namba H, Nagano T, Jodo E, Eifuku S, Horie M, Takebayashi H, Iwakura Y, Sotoyama H, Takei N, Nawa H. Epidermal growth factor signals attenuate phenotypic and functional development of neocortical GABA neurons. J Neurochem 2017; 142:886-900. [PMID: 28608461 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic development of neocortical GABA neurons is highly plastic and promoted by various neurotrophic factors such as neuregulin-1. A subpopulation of GABA neurons expresses not only neuregulin receptor (ErbB4) but also epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (ErbB1) during development, but the neurobiological action of EGF on this cell population is less understood than that of neuregulin-1. Here, we examined the effects of exogenous EGF on immature GABA neurons both in culture and in vivo and also explored physiological consequences in adults. We prepared low density cultures from the neocortex of rat embryos and treated neocortical neurons with EGF. EGF decreased protein levels of glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67), and EGF influences on neuronal survival and glial proliferation were negligible or limited. The EGF treatment also diminished the frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). In vivo administration of EGF to mouse pups reproduced the above GABAergic phenomena in neocortical culture. In EGF-injected postnatal mice, GAD- and parvalbumin-immunoreactivities were reduced in the frontal cortex. In addition, postnatal EGF treatment decreased mIPSC frequency in, and the density of, GABAergic terminals on pyramidal cells. Although these phenotypic influences on GABA neurons became less marked during development, it later resulted in the reduced β- and γ-powers of sound-evoked electroencephalogram in adults, which is regulated by parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons and implicated in the schizophrenia pathophysiology. These findings suggest that, in contrast to the ErbB4 ligand of neuregulin-1, the ErbB1 ligand of EGF exerts unique maturation-attenuating influences on developing cortical GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadasato Nagano
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Niigata Prefecture, Higashi-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Eiichi Jodo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Eifuku
- Department of Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takei
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
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Nagano T, Mizuno M, Morita K, Nawa H. Pathological Implications of Oxidative Stress in Patients and Animal Models with Schizophrenia: The Role of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:429-446. [PMID: 26475158 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines perturb brain development and neurotransmission and are implicated in various psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and depression. These cytokines often induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulate not only cell survival and proliferation but also inflammatory process and neurotransmission. Under physiological conditions, ROS are moderately produced in mitochondria but are rapidly scavenged by reducing agents in cells. However, brain injury, ischemia, infection, or seizure-like neural activities induce inflammatory cytokines and trigger the production of excessive amounts of ROS, leading to abnormal brain functions and psychiatric symptoms. Protein phosphatases, which are involved in the basal silencing of cytokine receptor activation, are the major targets of ROS. Consistent with this, several ROS scavengers, such as polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids, attenuate both cytokine signaling and psychiatric abnormalities. In this review, we list the inducers, producers, targets, and scavengers of ROS in the brain and discuss the interaction between ROS and cytokine signaling implicated in schizophrenia and its animal models. In particular, we present an animal model of schizophrenia established by perinatal exposure to epidermal growth factor and illustrate the pathological role of ROS and antipsychotic actions of ROS scavengers, such as emodin and edaravone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadasato Nagano
- Faculty of Human Life Studies, University of Niigata Prefecture, 471 Ebigase, Higashi-ku, Niigata, 950-8680, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Aichi Human Service Center, Institute for Developmental Research, Kasugai, Aichi, 480-0392, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-Dori 1-757, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-Dori 1-757, Niigata, 951-8585, Japan.
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Zhan L, Zheng L, Hosoi T, Okuma Y, Nomura Y. Stress-induced neuroprotective effects of epiregulin and amphiregulin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118280. [PMID: 25675253 PMCID: PMC4326420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor family play important roles in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and survival. However, the specific roles of each epidermal growth factor family member with respect to brain injury are not well understood. Gene chip assay screens have revealed drastic increases in the expression of the epidermal growth factor family members amphiregulin and epiregulin following lipopolysaccharide stimulation, which activates an immune response. Both immune activity and endoplasmic reticulum stress are activated during cerebral ischemia. We found that the expression levels of amphiregulin and epiregulin were significantly increased under conditions of cerebral ischemia. Because endoplasmic reticulum stress increased the expression of amphiregulin and epiregulin in glial cells, endoplasmic reticulum stress may be a key mediatory factor of pathophysiological activity. Recombinant epiregulin and amphiregulin proteins effectively inhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress and the subsequent induction of neuronal cell death. Therefore, the upregulation of the epidermal growth factor family members epiregulin and amphiregulin may play a critical role in preventing endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death, thus providing a potential therapy for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Luping Zheng
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Toru Hosoi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Okuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Sciences, Choshi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Neuropathologic implication of peripheral neuregulin-1 and EGF signals in dopaminergic dysfunction and behavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia: their target cells and time window. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:697935. [PMID: 24949465 PMCID: PMC4052624 DOI: 10.1155/2014/697935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To test the developmental hypothesis for schizophrenia, we administered these factors to rodent pups, juveniles, and adults and characterized neurobiological and behavioral consequences. These factors were also provided from their transgenes or infused into the adult brain. Here we summarize previous results from these experiments and discuss those from neuropathological aspects. In the neonatal stage but not the juvenile and adult stages, subcutaneously injected factors penetrated the blood-brain barrier and acted on brain neurons, which later resulted in persistent behavioral and dopaminergic impairments associated with schizophrenia. Neonatally EGF-treated animals exhibited persistent hyperdopaminergic abnormalities in the nigro-pallido-striatal system while neuregulin-1 treatment resulted in dopaminergic deficits in the corticolimbic dopamine system. Effects on GABAergic and glutamatergic systems were transient or limited. Even in the adult stage, intracerebral administration and transgenic expression of these factors produced similar but not identical behavioral impairments, although the effects of intracerebral administration were reversible. These findings suggest that dopaminergic development is highly vulnerable to circulating ErbB ligands in the pre- and perinatal stages. Once maldevelopment of the dopaminergic system is established during early development, dopamine-associating behavioral deficits become irreversible and manifest at postpubertal stages.
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10
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Eda T, Mizuno M, Araki K, Iwakura Y, Namba H, Sotoyama H, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Satoh H, Chan SY, Nawa H. Neurobehavioral deficits of epidermal growth factor-overexpressing transgenic mice: impact on dopamine metabolism. Neurosci Lett 2013; 547:21-5. [PMID: 23669645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its family member neuregulin-1 are implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. Our recent pharmacological studies indicate that EGF injections to neonatal and adult rats both induce neurobehavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia. We, however, did not evaluate the genetic impact of EGF transgene on neurobehavioral traits. Here we analyzed transgenic mice carrying the transgene of mouse EGF cDNA. As compared to control littermates, heterozygous EGF transgenic mice had an increase in EGF mRNA levels and showed significant decreases in prepulse inhibition and context-dependent fear learning, but there were no changes in locomotor behaviors and sound startle responses. In addition, these transgenic mice exhibited higher behavioral sensitivity to the repeated cocaine injections. There were neurochemical alterations in metabolic enzymes of dopamine (i.e., tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase, catechol-O-methyl transferase) and monoamine contents in various brain regions of the EGF transgenic mice, but there were no apparent neuropathological signs in the brain. The present findings rule out the indirect influence of anti-EGF antibody production on the reported behavioral deficits of EGF-injected mice. These results support the argument that aberrant hyper-signals of EGF have significant impact on mouse behavioral traits and dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyoshi Eda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Mizuno M, Sotoyama H, Namba H, Shibuya M, Eda T, Wang R, Okubo T, Nagata K, Iwakura Y, Nawa H. ErbB inhibitors ameliorate behavioral impairments of an animal model for schizophrenia: implication of their dopamine-modulatory actions. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e252. [PMID: 23632456 PMCID: PMC3641415 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligands for ErbB receptors, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and neuregulin-1, have a neurotrophic activity on midbrain dopaminergic neurons and are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although ErbB kinase inhibitors ameliorate behavioral deficits of the schizophrenia model that was established by hippocampal lesioning of rat pups, the antipsychotic action of ErbB kinase inhibitors and its general applicability to other models are not fully characterized. Using a different animal model, here, we examined whether and how ErbB kinase inhibitors ameliorate the behavioral endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia. The animal model for schizophrenia was prepared by exposing neonatal rats to the cytokine EGF. Intraventricular infusion of the ErbB1 inhibitors ZD1839 and PD153035 in these animals ameliorated the deficits in startle response and prepulse inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. The deficits of latent inhibition of fear learning were also alleviated by ZD1839 with its limited effects on body weight gain or locomotor activity. ZD1839 infusion also decreased the busting activity of nigral dopamine (DA) neurons and reduced pallidal DA metabolism, a result that mimics the anti-dopaminergic profile of risperidone and haloperidol in this brain region. ErbB inhibitors appear to have anti-dopaminergic actions to alleviate some of the behavioral deficits common to animal models for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - H Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - M Shibuya
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Eda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - R Wang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - T Okubo
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - K Nagata
- Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Y Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,Department of Molecular Biology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Asahimachi-dori 1-757, Niigata 951-8585, Japan. E-mail:
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Sotoyama H, Zheng Y, Iwakura Y, Mizuno M, Aizawa M, Shcherbakova K, Wang R, Namba H, Nawa H. Pallidal hyperdopaminergic innervation underlying D2 receptor-dependent behavioral deficits in the schizophrenia animal model established by EGF. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25831. [PMID: 22022452 PMCID: PMC3192134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the ErbB receptor ligands implicated in schizophrenia neuropathology as well as in dopaminergic development. Based on the immune inflammatory hypothesis for schizophrenia, neonatal rats are exposed to this cytokine and later develop neurobehavioral abnormality such as prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficit. Here we found that the EGF-treated rats exhibited persistent increases in tyrosine hydroxylase levels and dopamine content in the globus pallidus. Furthermore, pallidal dopamine release was elevated in EGF-treated rats, but normalized by subchronic treatment with risperidone concomitant with amelioration of their PPI deficits. To evaluate pathophysiologic roles of the dopamine abnormality, we administered reserpine bilaterally to the globus pallidus to reduce the local dopamine pool. Reserpine infusion ameliorated PPI deficits of EGF-treated rats without apparent aversive effects on locomotor activity in these rats. We also administered dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptor antagonists (SCH23390 and raclopride) and a D2-like receptor agonist (quinpirole) to the globus pallidus and measured PPI and bar-hang latencies. Raclopride (0.5 and 2.0 µg/site) significantly elevated PPI levels of EGF-treated rats, but SCH23390 (0.5 and 2.0 µg/site) had no effect. The higher dose of raclopride induced catalepsy-like changes in control animals but not in EGF-treated rats. Conversely, local quinpirole administration to EGF-untreated control rats induced PPI deficits and anti-cataleptic behaviors, confirming the pathophysiologic role of the pallidal hyperdopaminergic state. These findings suggest that the pallidal dopaminergic innervation is vulnerable to circulating EGF at perinatal and/or neonatal stages and has strong impact on the D2-like receptor-dependent behavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Sotoyama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yingjun Zheng
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Mizuno
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Miho Aizawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ksenia Shcherbakova
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Namba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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13
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Mizuno M, Iwakura Y, Shibuya M, Zheng Y, Eda T, Kato T, Takasu Y, Nawa H. Antipsychotic potential of quinazoline ErbB1 inhibitors in a schizophrenia model established with neonatal hippocampal lesioning. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 114:320-31. [PMID: 20962455 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10099fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyper-signaling of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB) is implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Various quinazoline inhibitors targeting ErbB1 or ErbB2 - 4 have been developed as anti-cancer agents and might be useful for antipsychotic treatment. In the present study, we used an animal model of schizophrenia established by neonatal hippocampal lesioning and evaluated the neurobehavioral consequences of ErbB1-inhibitor treatment. Subchronic administration of the ErbB1 inhibitor ZD1839 to the cerebroventricle of rats receiving neonatal hippocampal lesioning ameliorated deficits in prepulse inhibition as well as those in the latent inhibition of tone-dependent fear learning. There were no apparent adverse effects on basal learning scores or locomotor activity, however. The administration of other ErbB1 inhibitors, PD153035 and OSI-774, similarly attenuated the prepulse inhibition impairment of this animal model. In parallel, there were decreases in ErbB1 phosphorylation in animals treated with ErbB1 inhibitors. These results indicate an antipsychotic potential of quinazoline ErbB1 inhibitors. ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases may be novel therapeutic targets for schizophrenia or its related psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mizuno
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Japan
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Watanabe Y, Someya T, Nawa H. Cytokine hypothesis of schizophrenia pathogenesis: evidence from human studies and animal models. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:217-30. [PMID: 20602722 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia has yet to be fully characterized. Gene-environment interactions have been found to play a crucial role in the vulnerability to this disease. Among various environmental factors, inflammatory immune processes have been most clearly implicated in the etiology and pathology of schizophrenia. Cytokines, regulators of immune/inflammatory reactions and brain development, emerge as part of a common pathway of genetic and environmental components of schizophrenia. Maternal infection, obstetric complications, neonatal hypoxia and brain injury all recruit cytokines to mediate inflammatory processes. Abnormal expression levels of specific cytokines such as epidermal growth factor, interleukins (IL) and neuregulin-1 are found both in the brain and peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia. Accordingly, cytokines have been proposed to transmit peripheral immune/inflammatory signals to immature brain tissue through the developing blood-brain barrier, perturbing structural and phenotypic development of the brain. This cytokine hypothesis of schizophrenia is also supported by modeling experiments in animals. Animals treated with specific cytokines of epidermal growth factor, IL-1, IL-6, and neuregulin-1 as embryos or neonates exhibit schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities after puberty, some of which are ameliorated by treatment with antipsychotics. In this review, we discuss the neurobiological mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and novel antipsychotic candidates based on the cytokine hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21:553-60. [PMID: 19622920 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e3283300b10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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