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Miyahara H, Akagi A, Riku Y, Sone J, Otsuka Y, Sakai M, Kuru S, Hasegawa M, Yoshida M, Kakita A, Iwasaki Y. Independent distribution between tauopathy secondary to subacute sclerotic panencephalitis and measles virus: An immunohistochemical analysis in autopsy cases including cases treated with aggressive antiviral therapies. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13069. [PMID: 35373453 PMCID: PMC9616085 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerotic panencephalitis (SSPE) is a refractory neurological disorder after exposure to measles virus. Recently, SSPE cases have been treated with antiviral therapies, but data on the efficacy are inconclusive. Abnormal tau accumulation has been reported in the brain tissue of SSPE cases, but there are few reports in which this is amply discussed. Five autopsied cases diagnosed as definite SSPE were included in this study. The subject age or disease duration ranged from 7.6 to 40.9 years old or from 0.5 to 20.8 years, respectively. Cases 3 and 4 had been treated with antiviral therapies. All evaluated cases showed marked brain atrophy with cerebral ventricle dilatation; additionally, marked demyelination with fibrillary gliosis were observed in the cerebral white matter. The brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord were relatively preserved. Immunoreactivity (IR) against measles virus was seen in the brainstem tegmentum, neocortex, and/or limbic cortex of the untreated cases but was rarely seen in the two treated cases. Activated microglia were broadly observed from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and had no meaningful difference among cases. Neurofibrillary tangles characterized by a combination of 3‐ and 4‐repeat tau were observed mainly in the oculomotor nuclei, locus coeruleus, and limbic cortex. IR against phosphorylated tau was seen mainly in the cingulate gyrus, oculomotor nuclei, and pontine tegmentum, and tended to be observed frequently in cases with long disease durations but also tended to decrease along with neuronal loss, as in Case 5, which had the longest disease duration. Since the distribution of phosphorylated tau was independent from that of measles virus, the tauopathy following SSPE was inferred to be the result of diffuse brain inflammation triggered by measles rather than a direct result of measles virus. Moreover, antiviral therapies seemed to suppress measles virus but not the progression of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Miyahara
- Department of Pediatric Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akio Akagi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Riku
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Sone
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Otsuka
- Department of Neurology, Toki General Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Motoko Sakai
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuru
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Suzuka National Hospital, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasushi Iwasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Research of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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Increased insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid of advanced subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patients. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:611-5. [PMID: 27061773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive, lethal disease. Brain histopathology in certain SSPE patients shows, neurofibrillary tangles composed of abnormally phosphorylated, microtubule-associated protein tau (PHF-tau). Because the, phosphorylation of tau is inhibited by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), we investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) insulin and IGF-1 levels in SSPE patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study CSF IGF-1 and insulin levels of 45 SSPE and 25 age-matched control patients were investigated. CSF IGF-1 levels were significantly higher in SSPE patients at stage 4, compared to other stages (p 0.05). CSF insulin and IGF-1 levels were both positively correlated with serum measles IgG. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between CSF insulin and IGF-1 levels and serum measles virus IgG titer may be the result of, insulin activating IGF-1 receptors, and consequently, IGF-1 stimulating, plasma cells and enhancing IgG production. Increased IGF-1 may also, inhibit the phosphorylation of tau. Further studies examining the, correlation between IGF-1, insulin, tau, and PHF-tau levels in the same, patients may clarify any possible pathogenetic relation between these, pathways.
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Yuksel D, Yılmaz D, Yurttutan Uyar N, Senbil N, Gürer Y, Anlar B. Letter in response to Maderna E et al, Measles Inclusion-Body Encephalitis: Neuronal Phosphorylated Tau Protein Is Present in the Biopsy but Not in the Autoptic Specimens of the Same Patient, Brain Pathology, doi: 10.1111/bpa.12332. Brain Pathol 2016; 26:672. [PMID: 27040160 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yuksel
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Sami Ulus Research and Training Hospital of Women's and Children's Health and Diseases, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Kecioren Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nesrin Senbil
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Koru Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Gürer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Memorial Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Shiihara T, Miyake T, Izumi S, Sugihara S, Watanabe M, Takanashi JI, Kubota M, Kato M. Serum and CSF biomarkers in acute pediatric neurological disorders. Brain Dev 2014; 36:489-95. [PMID: 23850003 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been numerous reports regarding serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in various disorders; however, the validities of such biomarkers for more precise diagnoses and prognosis estimates remain to be determined, especially in pediatric patients with neurological disorders. METHODS Serum/CSF S100B, neuron-specific enolase, and total tau (tTau) were measured in various acute pediatric neurological disorders, and their usefulness for diagnostic and prognostic predictions was validated using receiver operating characteristic curves and area under the curve (AUC) analysis. RESULTS A total of 336 serum and 200 CSF specimens from 313 patients were examined, and we identified statistically significant differences that were relevant from diagnostic and prognostic viewpoints. CSF and serum tTau levels could be good predictors for diagnosis (CSF tTau; AUC=0.76) and prognosis (serum tTau; AUC=0.78). CONCLUSIONS Both CSF and serum tTau levels could be useful for precise diagnostic and prognostic estimations in acute pediatric neurological disorders. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical significance of such biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shiihara
- Department of Neurology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8577, Japan.
| | - Taeko Miyake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8577, Japan
| | - Sakiko Izumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8577, Japan
| | - Susumu Sugihara
- Department of Neurology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8577, Japan
| | - Mio Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, 779 Shimohakoda, Hokkitsu-machi, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8577, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kameda Medical Center, 929 Higashi-cho, Kamogawa-shi, Chiba 296-8602, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Kurian M, Burkhardt K, Assal F, Kövari E, Horvath J. Amyloid plaques and intraneuronal tau inclusions in A-beta-related angiitis (ABRA). Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:391-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The cell cycle regulator phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein is associated with tau pathology in several tauopathies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:578-87. [PMID: 21666500 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182204414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a ubiquitous 928-amino acid cell cycle regulatory molecule with diverse biologic activities. One critical function of pRb is the control of the G1-to-S phase checkpoint of the cell cycle. In the hypophosphorylated state, pRb suppresses the activity of E2F transcription factors thereby inhibiting transcription of cell cycle-promoting genes. On phosphorylation, primarily by cyclin-dependent kinases, phosphorylated pRb dissociates from E2F and permits cell cycle progression. We previously found phosphorylated pRb to be intimately associated with hyperphosphorylated tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease (AD), the pathogenesis of which is believed to involve dysregulation of the cell cycle and marked neuronal death. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the presence of phosphorylated pRb in other distinct neurodegenerative diseases that share the common characteristic of hyperphosphorylated tau pathology and neuronal loss with AD.We found colocalized labeling of tau pathology and phosphorylated pRb in Pick disease and progressive supranuclear palsy (3 cases each), neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 1 (2 cases), and Parkinson-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis of Guam, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, frontotemporal dementia and Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, and dementia pugilistica (1 case each). These observations further implicate aberrant neuronal cell cycle progression in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly tauopathies, and suggest a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Kon T, Mori F, Tanji K, Miki Y, Tomiyama M, Baba M, Umehara Y, Kurotaki H, Wakabayashi K. Abnormal tau deposition in neurons, but not in glial cells in the cerebral tissue surrounding arteriovenous malformation. Neuropathology 2011; 32:267-71. [PMID: 21848585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report an autopsy case of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the right frontal lobe in a 50-year-old man, in whom post mortem examination revealed massive tau deposition in the affected cerebral cortex. The patient was diagnosed as having AVM at the age of 21 years, and died of unknown cause at the age of 50 years. Immunostaining with anti-phosphorylated tau antibody (AT8) revealed many NFTs and neuropil threads, but not glial tau accumulation, in the right frontal cortex surrounding the AVM. The NFTs and neuropil threads contained both 3-repeat and 4-repeat tau. Ultrastructurally, the NFTs consisted of paired helical filaments. In the other brain areas, a few NFTs were found in the parahippocampal gyrus. There was no amyloid deposition in the brain. A variety of disease conditions, including brain tumor, viral encephalitis, angioma and cervical spondylotic myelopathy, have been reported to show Alzheimer-type NFTs. The present findings indicate that abnormal tau deposition can occur in neurons, but not in glial cells, of the affected cerebral cortex surrounding AVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Kon
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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