1
|
Mei S, Gao Y, He W, Jarrold C, Wang T. Age-related differences in the removal of information from working memory. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 240:105836. [PMID: 38176257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Removal has been assumed to be a core mechanism in working memory. However, it remains unclear whether children can actively remove outdated information from working memory and how this ability develops as children age. The current study aimed to examine age-related differences in removal ability and its relations with cognitive control and working memory capacity. Children aged 7, 9, and 11 years performed a modified working memory updating task assessing removal efficiency. In addition, a battery of cognitive control and working memory capacity tasks was administered. Results indicated that updating response times decreased considerably when a longer time was given for removal, suggesting that children aged 7 to 11 years can actively remove outdated items from working memory prior to encoding the new ones and that removal efficiency increased with age. More important, age-related increases in removal efficiency occurred concurrently with the development of working memory capacity. Proactive control predicted removal efficiency over and beyond age and working memory capacity. The findings shed new light on the mechanisms underlying the development of working memory updating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Mei
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanna He
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin CC, Hsieh SS, Huang CJ, Kao SC, Chang YK, Hung TM. The unique contribution of motor ability to visuospatial working memory in school-age children: Evidence from event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14182. [PMID: 36094017 PMCID: PMC10078500 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the unique contribution of motor ability to visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and neuroelectric activity in school-age children. Seventy-six children aged 8.7 ± 1.1 years participated in this cross-sectional study. We assessed aerobic fitness using the 20-m endurance shuttle run test, muscular fitness (endurance, power) using a standard test battery, and motor ability (manual dexterity, ball skills, and static and dynamic balance) using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children. A modified delayed match-to-sample test was used to assess VSWM and the P3 component of event-related potentials. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that greater aerobic fitness was associated with smaller coefficient of variation of reaction time (p = .008), greater muscular fitness was associated with higher response accuracy (p = .022), greater motor ability was associated with higher response accuracy (p < .001) and increased P3 mean amplitude (p < .001) after controlling for age. Furthermore, the positive associations of motor ability with response accuracy (p = .001) were independent of muscular fitness. The findings from this study provide new insight into the differential associations between health-related fitness domains and VSWM, highlighting the influence of motor ability on brain health and cognitive development during childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chien Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute in Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute in Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on brain dynamics during a working memory task in preschool children. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266713. [PMID: 35482742 PMCID: PMC9049575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functioning in preschool children is important for building social relationships during the early stages of development. We investigated the brain dynamics of preschool children during an attention-shifting task involving congruent and incongruent gaze directions in emotional facial expressions (neutral, angry, and happy faces). Ignoring distracting stimuli (gaze direction and expression), participants (17 preschool children and 17 young adults) were required to detect and memorize the location (left or right) of a target symbol as a simple working memory task (i.e., no general priming paradigm in which a target appears after a cue stimulus). For the preschool children, the frontal late positive response and the central and parietal P3 responses increased for angry faces. In addition, a parietal midline α (Pmα) power to change attention levels decreased mainly during the encoding of a target for angry faces, possibly causing an association of no congruency effect on reaction times (i.e., no faster response in the congruent than incongruent gaze condition). For the adults, parietal P3 response and frontal midline θ (Fmθ) power increased mainly during the encoding period for incongruent gaze shifts in happy faces. The Pmα power for happy faces decreased for incongruent gaze during the encoding period and increased for congruent gaze during the first retention period. These results suggest that adults can quickly shift attention to a target in happy faces, sufficiently allocating attentional resources to ignore incongruent gazes and detect a target, which can attenuate a congruency effect on reaction times. By contrast, possibly because of underdeveloped brain activity, preschool children did not show the happy face superiority effect and they may be more responsive to angry faces. These observations imply a crucial key point to build better relationships between developing preschoolers and their parents and educators, incorporating nonverbal communication into social and emotional learning.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pelegrina S, Molina R, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Linares R, Gómez CM. Age-related changes in selection, recognition, updating and maintenance information in WM. An ERP study in children and adolescents. Biol Psychol 2020; 157:107977. [PMID: 33159983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Possible age-related changes in different working memory (WM) subcomponents were assessed by analyzing the event-related-potentials associated with the n-back task. Two versions of the task (0- and 1-back) were administered to 168 subjects between 6 and 20 years of age. In both n-back tasks, lists of symbol-letter pairs were presented. Participants had to select the letter and decide whether it matched the target in memory. Selection-matching of the relevant item, as indexed by an N2pc component, was evident in all age groups, indicating early maturation of this ability. The decreasing amplitude of the P300 with age, coupled with the longer duration of the load effect in young children, suggests that WM updating requires greater processing resources at younger ages. The slow wave, present during the maintenance period, showed an inversion of polarity with age in anterior sites that could reflect age-related changes in the active maintenance of information in WM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Molina
- University of Jaén, Department of Psychology, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Linares
- University of Jaén, Department of Psychology, Jaén, Spain
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- University of Sevilla, Experimental Psychology Department, Human Psychobiology Lab., Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effects of the Enriched Sports Activities-Program on Executive Functions in Italian Children. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5020026. [PMID: 33467242 PMCID: PMC7739327 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) during childhood plays an important role in brain development. This role is played in both the structural domain, prefrontal cortex area, and in the functional domain, involving the higher cognitive functions, including the executive functions (EF). Working memory (WM), inhibition, and switching as fundamental EF were investigated in an Italian children sample before and after four months of an Enriched Sports Activities-Program (ESA-Program). EFs were assessed at pre-test and post-test using, respectively, the digit span test, the color word Stroop test, and the trail making test derived from Millisecond Software. The Italian sample was composed of 141 children aged 8.54 years. The intervention group (IG) was composed of 61 children and the control group (CG) of 80 children. Significant differences in WM (p < 0.05) were found in the IG following the ESA-Program intervention. Children's performance improved both in forward digit span (FDS1 mean difference = 0.26; p = 0.04; FDS2 mean difference = 0.21; p = 0.01) and backward digit span (BDS2 mean difference = 0.14; p = 0.02). No significant improvements were observed for inhibition and switching processes (p > 0.05). Since this finding suggests that brain functioning is sensitive to lifestyle factors, such as PA, an essential goal for ESA-Program is to emphasize the importance of PA to enhance cognitive skills in childhood and prevent sedentary life.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen IH, Liu PY, Chen CL. Neural correlates underlying spatial and verbal working memory in children with different mathematics achievement levels: An event-related potential study. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 133:149-158. [PMID: 30012458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Shen
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate Institute of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Rehabilitation, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5 Fu-Hsing Street, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Early Intervention, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
HSIEH SHUSHIH, LIN CHIHCHIEN, CHANG YUKAI, HUANG CHUNGJU, HUNG TSUNGMIN. Effects of Childhood Gymnastics Program on Spatial Working Memory. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:2537-2547. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Jeong BS, Han DH, Kim SM, Lee SW, Renshaw PF. White matter connectivity and Internet gaming disorder. Addict Biol 2016; 21:732-42. [PMID: 25899390 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Internet use and on-line game play stimulate corticostriatal-limbic circuitry in both healthy subjects and subjects with Internet gaming disorder (IGD). We hypothesized that increased fractional anisotropy (FA) with decreased radial diffusivity (RD) would be observed in IGD subjects, compared with healthy control subjects, and that these white matter indices would be associated with clinical variables including duration of illness and executive function. We screened 181 male patients in order to recruit a large number (n = 58) of IGD subjects without psychiatric co-morbidity as well as 26 male healthy comparison subjects. Multiple diffusion-weighted images were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Tract-based spatial statistics was applied to compare group differences in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics between IGD and healthy comparison subjects. IGD subjects had increased FA values within forceps minor, right anterior thalamic radiation, right corticospinal tract, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus, right cingulum to hippocampus and right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF) as well as parallel decreases in RD value within forceps minor, right anterior thalamic radiation and IFOF relative to healthy control subjects. In addition, the duration of illness in IGD subjects was positively correlated with the FA values (integrity of white matter fibers) and negatively correlated with RD scores (diffusivity of axonal density) of whole brain white matter. In IGD subjects without psychiatric co-morbidity, our DTI results suggest that increased myelination (increased FA and decreased RD values) in right-sided frontal fiber tracts may be the result of extended game play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bum Seok Jeong
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Development; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry; Chung Ang University Hospital; Korea
| | - Sun Mi Kim
- Department of Psychiatry; Chung Ang University Hospital; Korea
| | - Sang Won Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Development; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Concurrent validity of approximate number sense tasks in adults and children. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 150:120-8. [PMID: 24875582 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reasoning with non-symbolic numerosities is suggested to be rooted in the Approximate Number System (ANS) and evidence pointing to a relationship between the acuity of this system and mathematics is available. In order to use the acuity of this ANS as a screening instrument to detect future math problems, it is important to model ANS acuity over development. However, whether ANS acuity and its development have been described accurately can be questioned. Namely, different tasks were used to examine the developmental trajectory of ANS acuity and studies comparing performances on these different tasks are scarce. In the present study, we examined whether different tasks designed to measure the acuity of the ANS are comparable and lead to related ANS acuity measures (i.e., the concurrent validity of these tasks). We contrasted the change detection task, which is used in infants, with tasks that are more commonly used in older children and adults (i.e., comparison and same-different tasks). Together, our results suggest that ANS acuity measures obtained with different tasks are not related. This poses serious problems for the comparison of ANS acuity measures derived from different tasks and thus for the establishment of the developmental trajectory of ANS acuity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Tsai CL, Chang YK, Chen FC, Hung TM, Pan CY, Wang CH. Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Enhancement on Deficits in Visuospatial Working Memory in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Cognitive Electrophysiological Study. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013; 29:173-85. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|