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Wright CJ, Milosavljevic S, Pocivavsek A. The stress of losing sleep: Sex-specific neurobiological outcomes. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 24:100543. [PMID: 37252645 PMCID: PMC10209346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a vital and evolutionarily conserved process, critical to daily functioning and homeostatic balance. Losing sleep is inherently stressful and leads to numerous detrimental physiological outcomes. Despite sleep disturbances affecting everyone, women and female rodents are often excluded or underrepresented in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Advancing our understanding of the role of biological sex in the responses to sleep loss stands to greatly improve our ability to understand and treat health consequences of insufficient sleep. As such, this review discusses sex differences in response to sleep deprivation, with a focus on the sympathetic nervous system stress response and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We review sex differences in several stress-related consequences of sleep loss, including inflammation, learning and memory deficits, and mood related changes. Focusing on women's health, we discuss the effects of sleep deprivation during the peripartum period. In closing, we present neurobiological mechanisms, including the contribution of sex hormones, orexins, circadian timing systems, and astrocytic neuromodulation, that may underlie potential sex differences in sleep deprivation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Pocivavsek
- Corresponding author. Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, USC School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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Plasma levels of S100B and neurofilament light chain protein in stress-related mental disorders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8339. [PMID: 35585111 PMCID: PMC9117317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological changes underlying stress-related mental disorders remain unclear. However, research suggests that alterations in astrocytes and neurons may be involved. This study examined potential peripheral markers of such alterations, including S100B and neurofilament light chain (NF-L). We compared plasma levels of S100B and NF-L in patients with chronic stress-induced exhaustion disorder (SED), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy controls. We also investigated whether levels of S100B and NF-L correlated with levels of astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs that indicate astrocyte activation or apoptosis) and with symptom severity. Only women had measurable levels of S100B. Women with SED had higher plasma levels of S100B than women with MDD (P < 0.001) and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Self-rated symptoms of cognitive failures were positively correlated with levels of S100B (rs = 0.434, P = 0.005) as were depressive symptoms (rs = 0.319, P < 0.001). Plasma levels of astrocyte-derived EVs were correlated with levels of S100B (rs = 0.464, P < 0.001). Plasma levels of NF-L did not differ between the groups and were not correlated with symptom severity or EV levels. Thus, long-term stress without sufficient recovery and SED may be associated with raised plasma levels of S100B, which may be evidence of pathophysiological changes in astrocytes. The findings also support the hypothesis that plasma levels of S100B are associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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Myburgh-Jacobsz CE, Malan L, von Känel R, Steyn HS, Malan NT. Stress-induced cardiac troponin T, S100B and estradiol responses in defensive copers: The SABPA study. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Varanoske AN, McClung HL, Sepowitz JJ, Halagarda CJ, Farina EK, Berryman CE, Lieberman HR, McClung JP, Pasiakos SM, Philip Karl J. Stress and the gut-brain axis: Cognitive performance, mood state, and biomarkers of blood-brain barrier and intestinal permeability following severe physical and psychological stress. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:383-393. [PMID: 35131441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical and psychological stress alter gut-brain axis activity, potentially causing intestinal barrier dysfunction that may, in turn, induce cognitive and mood impairments through exacerbated inflammation and blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. These interactions are commonly studied in animals or artificial laboratory environments. However, military survival training provides an alternative and unique human model for studying the impacts of severe physical and psychological stress on the gut-brain axis in a realistic environment. PURPOSE To determine changes in intestinal barrier and BBB permeability during stressful military survival training and identify relationships between those changes and markers of stress, inflammation, cognitive performance, and mood state. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-one male U.S. Marines (25.2 ± 2.6 years) were studied during Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training. Measurements were conducted on day 2 of the 10-day classroom phase of training (PRE), following completion of the 7.5-day field-based simulation phase of the training (POST), and following a 27-day recovery period (REC). Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured to assess the overall physiologic impact of the training. Biomarkers of intestinal permeability (liposaccharide-binding protein [LBP]) and BBB permeability (S100 calcium-binding protein B [S100B]), stress (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA-S] epinephrine, norepinephrine) and inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]) were measured in blood. Cognitive performance was assessed by psychomotor vigilance (PVT) and grammatical reasoning (GR) tests, and mood state by the Profile of Mood States (total mood disturbance; TMD), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health (PHQ-9) questionnaires. RESULTS FFM, psychomotor vigilance, and LBP decreased from PRE to POST, while TMD, anxiety, and depression scores, and S100B, DHEA-S, IL-6, norepinephrine, and epinephrine concentrations all increased (all p ≤ 0.01). Increases in DHEA-S were associated with decreases in body mass (p = 0.015). Decreases in FFM were associated with decreases in LBP concentrations (p = 0.015), and both decreases in FFM and LBP were associated with increases in TMD and depression scores (all p < 0.05) but not with changes in cognitive performance. Conversely, increases in S100B concentrations were associated with decreases in psychomotor vigilance (p < 0.05) but not with changes in mood state or LBP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Evidence of increased intestinal permeability was not observed in this military survival training-based model of severe physical and psychological stress. However, increased BBB permeability was associated with stress and cognitive decline, while FFM loss was associated with mood disturbance, suggesting that distinct mechanisms may contribute to decrements in cognitive performance and mood state during the severe physical and psychological stress experienced during military survival training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Holly L McClung
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, USARIEM, Natick, MA, USA
| | - John J Sepowitz
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | - James P McClung
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA
| | | | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA, USA.
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Akther S, Hirase H. Assessment of astrocytes as a mediator of memory and learning in rodents. Glia 2021; 70:1484-1505. [PMID: 34582594 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical view of astrocytes is that they provide supportive functions for neurons, transporting metabolites and maintaining the homeostasis of the extracellular milieu. This view is gradually changing with the advent of molecular genetics and optical methods allowing interrogation of selected cell types in live experimental animals. An emerging view that astrocytes additionally act as a mediator of synaptic plasticity and contribute to learning processes has gained in vitro and in vivo experimental support. Here we focus on the literature published in the past two decades to review the roles of astrocytes in brain plasticity in rodents, whereby the roles of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are considered to be comparable to those in humans. We outline established inputs and outputs of astrocytes and discuss how manipulations of astrocytes have impacted the behavior in various learning paradigms. Multiple studies suggest that the contribution of astrocytes has a considerably longer time course than neuronal activation, indicating metabolic roles of astrocytes. We advocate that exploring upstream and downstream mechanisms of astrocytic activation will further provide insight into brain plasticity and memory/learning impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Akther
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hajime Hirase
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bassi TG, Rohrs EC, Fernandez KC, Ornoswska M, Nicholas M, Gani M, Evans D, Reynolds SC. Transvenous Diaphragm Neurostimulation Mitigates Ventilation-associated Brain Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1391-1402. [PMID: 34491883 PMCID: PMC8865722 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202101-0076oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanical ventilation (MV) is associated with hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation, and it is important to study strategies to mitigate them. OBJECTIVES Explore whether temporary transvenous diaphragm neurostimulation (TTDN) in association with MV mitigates hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation after 50 hours of MV. METHODS Normal-lung porcine study comparing apoptotic index, inflammatory markers, and neurological-damage serum markers between never-ventilated subjects, subjects undergoing 50 hours of MV plus either TTDN every other breath or every breath, and subjects undergoing 50 hours of MV (MV group). MV settings in volume control were tidal volume of 8 ml/kg, and positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Apoptotic indices, microglia percentages, and reactive astrocyte percentages were greater in the MV group in comparison to the other groups (p<0.05). Transpulmonary pressure at baseline and at study end were both lower in the group receiving TTDN every breath, but lung injury scores and systemic inflammatory markers were not different between the groups. Serum concentrations of four neurological-damage markers were lower in the group receiving TTDN every breath than in the MV group (p<0.05). Heart rate variability declined significantly in the MV group and increased significantly in both TTDN groups over the course of the experiments. CONCLUSION Our study found that mechanical ventilation is associated with hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation, independent of lung injury and systemic inflammation. Also, in a porcine model, TTDN results in neuroprotection after 50 hours, and the degree of neuroprotection increases with greater exposure to TTDN. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago G Bassi
- Simon Fraser University, 1763, Biomedicine and Physiology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada;
| | | | - Karl C Fernandez
- Simon Fraser University, 1763, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Matt Gani
- Lungpacer Medical, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Doug Evans
- Lungpacer Medical, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven C Reynolds
- Royal Columbian Hospital, University of British Columbia, Department of Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
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Brain injury after 50 h of lung-protective mechanical ventilation in a preclinical model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5105. [PMID: 33658581 PMCID: PMC7930247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of the Intensive Care Unit. However, it has been associated with many negative consequences. Recently, ventilator-induced brain injury has been reported in rodents under injurious ventilation settings. Our group wanted to explore the extent of brain injury after 50 h of mechanical ventilation, sedation and physical immobility, quantifying hippocampal apoptosis and inflammation, in a normal-lung porcine study. After 50 h of lung-protective mechanical ventilation, sedation and immobility, greater levels of hippocampal apoptosis and neuroinflammation were clearly observed in the mechanically ventilated group, in comparison to a never-ventilated group. Markers in the serum for astrocyte damage and neuronal damage were also higher in the mechanically ventilated group. Therefore, our study demonstrated that considerable hippocampal insult can be observed after 50 h of lung-protective mechanical ventilation, sedation and physical immobility.
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Circulating neurotrophins and hemostatic risk factors of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease at baseline and during sympathetic challenge: the SABPA study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2297. [PMID: 33504912 PMCID: PMC7841151 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic activation may trigger acute coronary syndromes. We examined the relation between circulating neurotrophic factors and hemostatic risk factors of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease at baseline and in response to acute mental stress to establish a brain-heart link. In 409 black and white South Africans, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and fibrinolytic measures were assessed at baseline. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), S100 calcium-binding protein (S100B), von Willebrand factor (VWF), fibrinogen and D-dimer were assessed at baseline and 10 min after the Stroop test. Neurotrophins were regressed on hemostatic measures adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, cardiometabolic factors and health behaviors. Higher baseline BDNF was associated with greater stress-induced increase in fibrinogen (p = 0.003) and lower D-dimer increase (p = 0.016). Higher baseline S100B was significantly associated with higher baseline VWF (p = 0.031) and lower fibrinogen increase (p = 0.048). Lower baseline GDNF was associated with higher baseline VWF (p = 0.035) but lower VWF increase (p = 0.001). Greater GDNF (p = 0.006) and S100B (p = 0.042) increases were associated with lower VWF increase. All associations showed small-to-moderate effect sizes. Neurotrophins and fibrinolytic factors showed no significant associations. The findings support the existence of a peripheral neurothrophin-hemostasis interaction of small-to-moderate clinical relevance. The implications for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease need further exploration.
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Nagy B, Engblom E, Matas M, Maróti P, Kőszegi T, Menyhei G, Lantos J, Szabó P, Molnár T. Increased serum level of high sensitivity troponin T even prior to surgery can predict adverse events during carotid endarterectomy. Vascular 2021; 29:938-944. [PMID: 33427096 DOI: 10.1177/1708538120986297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perioperative stress affects the outcome of carotid endarterectomy performed under regional anesthesia. Here we aimed to explore the temporal profile of the stress marker cortisol and its relationship to high-sensitivity troponin-T, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and S100B as an indicator of blood-brain barrier alteration in the systemic circulation. METHODS Prospective part of the study: a total of 31 patients with significant carotid stenosis scheduled for carotid endarterectomy in regional anesthesia were enrolled. Follow-up part of the study and retrospective analysis of the outcome: each patient was followed up to five years and morbidity as well as mortality data were collected from an electronic database. Blood samples from each patient were serially taken; prior to surgery (T1), at the time of reperfusion (T2), 24 h (T3) and 72 h later postoperatively (T4), then the plasma concentration of each biomarker was measured. Besides, the clinical and surgical factors and perioperative adverse events were recorded. RESULTS More positive correlations were found between: the early change of S100B (T2-T1) and late change in plasma cortisol level (T4-T3) (r = 0.403; p < 0.05); the early change of cortisol (T2-T1) and the early postoperative change of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 level (T3-T2) (r = 0.432; p = 0.01); the plasma concentration of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 at 24 postoperative hours and the late change in plasma high-sensitivity troponin-T level (T4-T3) (r = 0.705; p < 0.001). Five patients needed an intraoperative shunt in whom the high-sensitivity troponin-T was elevated even prior to surgery, but definitive stroke never occurred. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentration at reperfusion independently predicted the five-year mortality with a cut-off value of 456 ng/ml (sensitivity: 86%, specificity: 84%, area 0.887, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS A higher intraoperative change in S100B level reflecting carotid endarterectomy induced acute silent brain ischemia was associated with more pronounced post-operative change of cortisol. An early elevation of cortisol was found to be associated with a delayed increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Importantly, an increased high-sensitivity troponin-T even prior to carotid endarterectomy may predict clamp intolerance, and elevated matrix metalloproteinase-9 at reperfusion suggests a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Nagy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Marijana Matas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Péter Maróti
- Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kőszegi
- Depatment of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Menyhei
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Lantos
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Szabó
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tihamér Molnár
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Carlier A, Boers K, Veerhuis R, Bouckaert F, Sienaert P, Eikelenboom P, Vandenbulcke M, Stek ML, van Exel E, Dols A, Rhebergen D. S100 calcium-binding protein B in older patients with depression treated with electroconvulsive therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 110:104414. [PMID: 31493698 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that glial mediated disruption of neuroplasticity contributes to depression. S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) promotes neuronal protection in nanomolar concentrations. Studies on its possible role as a treatment outcome marker in affective disorders are limited. Recent evidence suggests a putative role for S100B as a state marker of illness activity as it is found elevated in episodes of major depression. AIM To investigate whether higher S100B is associated with favourable treatment outcome following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and to further explore whether S100B reflects a state marker of depression activity. METHODS Serum S100B samples, at baseline and post-ECT and clinical assessments including Montgomery Åsberg Rating scales were collected in 91 older depressed patients (mean age: 73.0 years), referred for ECT. Change in pre- and post-ECT S100B was compared between remitters and nonremitters. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to determine whether S100B was associated with remission of depression. RESULTS Patients with S100B levels in the intermediate tertile, that is, between 33 ng/L and 53 ng/L, had higher odds on remission, odds ratio: 5.5 (95%Confidence Interval (CI): 1.55-19.20, p = <0.01), and were more likely to remit from depression over time, hazard ratio: 1.96 (95%CI: 1.04-3.72, p = 0.04), compared with patients in the lowest tertile. There was no significant decrease in levels of S100B after ECT in both remitters and nonremitters. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that patients with higher S100B levels at baseline were more likely to remit from depression suggesting an association between higher S100B and responsiveness to ECT. Next, S100B levels do not decrease after remission, suggesting S100B is not a state marker of depression. S100B is not capable of predicting treatment outcome by itself, further research may combine outcome markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Carlier
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kimberly Boers
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Chemistry Department, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Bouckaert
- KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium; KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Pascal Sienaert
- KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Academic Center for ECT and Neuromodulation, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Piet Eikelenboom
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Vandenbulcke
- KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Max L Stek
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Exel
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Dols
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Didi Rhebergen
- GGZ inGeest Specialized Mental Health Care, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Oldenaller 1, 1081 HJ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute and Neuroscience Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Asken BM, Bauer RM, DeKosky ST, Houck ZM, Moreno CC, Jaffee MS, Weber AG, Clugston JR. Concussion Biomarkers Assessed in Collegiate Student-Athletes (BASICS) I: Normative study. Neurology 2018; 91:e2109-e2122. [PMID: 30404785 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe variability in concussion biomarker concentrations collected from serum in a sample of healthy collegiate athletes, as well as report reliability metrics in a subsample of female athletes. METHODS In this observational cohort study, β-amyloid peptide 42 (Aβ42), total tau, S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolyzing enzyme L1 (UCH-L1), glial fibrillary acidic protein, microtubule associated protein 2, and 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) serum concentrations were measured in 415 (61% male, 40% white, aged 19.0 ± 1.2 years) nonconcussed collegiate athletes without recent exposure to head impacts. Standardized normative distributions are reported for each biomarker. We evaluated main effects (analyses of variance) of sex and race, reporting demographic-specific normative metrics when appropriate. In a subset of 31 female participants, test-retest reliability (Pearson r) and reliable change indices (80%, 90%, and 95% confidence intervals) across a 6- to 12-month interval are reported for Aβ42, total tau, S100B, and UCH-L1. RESULTS Males exhibited higher UCH-L1 (p < 0.001, Cohen d = 0.75) and S100B (p < 0.001, d = 0.56) than females, while females had higher CNPase (p < 0.001, d = 0.43). Regarding race, black participants had higher baseline levels of UCH-L1 (p < 0.001, d = 0.61) and S100B (p < 0.001, d = 1.1) than white participants. Conversely, white participants had higher baseline levels of Aβ42 (p = 0.005, d = 0.28) and CNPase (p < 0.001, d = 0.46). Test-retest reliability was generally poor, ranging from -0.02 to 0.40, and Aβ42 significantly increased from time 1 to time 2. CONCLUSION Healthy collegiate athletes express concussion-related serum biomarkers in variable concentrations. Accounting for demographic factors such as sex and race is essential. Evidence suggested poor reliability for serum biomarkers; however, understanding how other factors influence biomarker expression, as well as knowledge of reliable change metrics, may improve clinical interpretation and future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breton M Asken
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL.
| | - Russell M Bauer
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - Zachary M Houck
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - Charles C Moreno
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - Michael S Jaffee
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - Arthur G Weber
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
| | - James R Clugston
- From the Departments of Clinical and Health Psychology (B.M.A., R.M.B., Z.M.H., C.C.M.), Neurology (R.M.B., S.T.D., M.S.J., J.R.C.), and Community Health and Family Medicine (J.R.C.), and University Athletic Association (J.R.C.), University of Florida, Gainesville; and Banyan Biomarkers, Inc. (A.G.W.), Alachua, FL
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Asken BM, Bauer RM, DeKosky ST, Svingos AM, Hromas G, Boone JK, DuBose DN, Hayes RL, Clugston JR. Concussion BASICS III. Neurology 2018; 91:e2133-e2143. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in serum biomarker concentrations (β-amyloid peptide 42 [Aβ42], total tau, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolyzing enzyme L1, S100 calcium binding protein B [S100B], glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP], microtubule associated protein 2 [MAP2], and 2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase [CNPase]) after sport-related concussion (SRC) in a sample of collegiate athletes. Associations with clinical outcomes were also investigated.MethodsParticipants in this case-control study included 36 athletes (50% male, 61% white, aged 19.7 ± 1.0 years) with SRC. Twenty-nine also had baseline blood drawn, allowing for within-patient analyses of concentration changes. Between-group analyses incorporated 86 demographically matched controls (51% male, 63% white, aged 19.6 ± 1.1 years). Biomarker sensitivity/specificity for SRC vs controls and relative to standardized normative cutoffs was evaluated (receiver operating characteristics). We also analyzed associations between post-SRC clinical outcomes and both biomarker change from baseline and post-SRC concentrations.ResultsThe majority of blood samples had concentrations of GFAP, MAP2, and CNPase below limits of quantification. Within-patient analyses indicated elevated S100B after SRC (p = 0.003, 67% of patients elevated), especially for blood samples collected <4 hours post-SRC (88% of patients). Significant between-group differences were limited to blood draws <4 hours post-SRC: Aβ42 (81% of SRC > control median, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.75 [95% confidence interval 0.59–0.91]), total tau (75% SRC > control, AUC = 0.74 [0.56–0.79]), and S100B (88% SRC > control; AUC [specific to white race] = 0.82 [0.72–0.93]). Using standardized normative cutoffs (z > 1.0), specificity ranged from 79.1% to 89.3% while sensitivity was <70%. Biomarkers were not associated with clinical outcomes.ConclusionFor SRC, diagnostic accuracy of serum biomarkers appears best if blood is collected within a few hours. Accurate blood marker identification of SRC appears somewhat dependent on the “healthy” comparison. Additional research must evaluate whether physiologic changes in the absence of clinical changes, or vice versa, are relevant for concurrent or future neurologic health.Classification of evidenceThis study provides Class III evidence that certain serum biomarkers are elevated from baseline and higher than demographically matched controls after sport-related concussion.
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13
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR. Protein biomarker for psoriasis: A systematic review on their role in the pathomechanism, diagnosis, potential targets and treatment of psoriasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1796-1810. [PMID: 30017989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is defined as a long-lasting multifactorial inflammatory autoimmune skin condition precisely characterized by delimited, erythematic papules with adherent shiny scales. The conditions are led by hyperproliferative responses of epidermis due to hyperactivation and immature keratinocytes production. The psoriatic skin consists of the thickened epidermal layer, in concurrence with inflammatory exudates in the dermis mainly of dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages, contributing to the distinct manifestation of psoriatic lesions. It consents to multifaceted and discrete pathology due to the genetic and immunological alteration resulting from abnormal expression of various regulatory and structural proteins. These proteins are associated with various cellular and sub-cellular activities. Therefore, the presence of protein in a pathological cellular environment in the psoriatic lesions as well as in serum could be a great avenue for the insight of pathomechanism, anticipation and diagnosis of psoriasis. Research of protein biomarker in psoriasis is yet a developing realm to be explored by both fundamental and clinical researchers. This review is an attempt to assimilate the current discoveries and revelations of different proteins as a biomarker and their importance in pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and anticipation of both the inflammatory and other dermatological aspects of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India; National Centre for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India; National Centre for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
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14
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Asadollahi M, Simani L. The diagnostic value of serum UCHL-1 and S100-B levels in differentiate epileptic seizures from psychogenic attacks. Brain Res 2018; 1704:11-15. [PMID: 30253122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the value of postictal serum Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase (UCHL-1), a neuronal biomarker, and S100-B, a glial biomarker, levels, in differentiate epileptic seizures (ES) form psychogenic attacks. METHODS In this analytical cross-sectional study, serum UCHL-1 and S100-B levels were measured within six hours of occurring seizure, in 43 patients with ES, 20 patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) and 19 healthy individuals by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS Both serum UCHL-1 and S100-B levels were significantly higher in patients with ES than PNES (P < 0.05) and controls (P < 0.01). PNES patients had significantly higher serum S100-B levels compared to controls (P < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between the serum UCHL-1 and S100-B levels in patients with ES (r = 0.46, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that serum UCHL-1 level could be potentially used in differentiate ES from PNES (sensitivity 72%, specificity 59%). Serum S100-B level had lower value compared to UCHL-1 (AUC 0.68 for UCHL-1 v/s 0.59 for S100B). Post-seizure serum UCHL-1 and S100-B levels could be used in future studies to better understand the underlying mechanism of seizures and may offer as an adjunctive diagnostic test in differentiate ES from PNES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Asadollahi
- Department of Epilepsy, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Simani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain Mapping Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Joshi PC, Benerjee S. Effects of glucocorticoids in depression: Role of astrocytes. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:200-210. [PMID: 32341961 PMCID: PMC7179343 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes or astroglia are heterogeneous cells, similar to neurons, that have different properties in different brain regions. The implications of steroid hormones on glial cells and stress-related pathologies have been studied previously. Glucocorticoids (GCs) that are released in response to stress have been shown to be deleterious to neurons in various brain regions. Further, in the light of the effect of GCs on astrocytes, several reports have shown the crucial role of glia. Still, much remains to be done to understand the stress-astrocytes-glucocorticoid interactions associated with the pathological consequences of various CNS disorders. This review is an attempt to summarize the effects of GCs and stress on astrocytes and its implications in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Chintamani Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Sugato Benerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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16
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Salem SAM, El-Khateeb EA, Harvy M, Emam HMES, Abdelaal W, Nemr RE, El-Hagry OO. Study of serum levels and skin expression of S100B protein in psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol 2018; 92:323-328. [PMID: 29186242 PMCID: PMC5514570 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20175038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S100B protein was reported to be elevated in psoriatic patients' serum, with
no previous evaluation of its skin expression, in contrast to the
extensively studied S100 protein. Objective To evaluate the serum level and skin expression of S100B in psoriasis to
assess its possible involvement in its pathogenesis. Methods Serum level of S100B protein was estimated in 40 psoriatic patients of
different clinical varieties and 10 healthy controls. S100B protein
expression was assessed immunohistochemically in lesional and non-lesional
skin of patients and in normal skin of controls. Relation to disease
severity was also evaluated. Results Serum level of S100B protein was significantly higher in psoriatic patients
(0.15±0.03 µg/l) than in controls (0.03±0.007
µg/l) (P-value <0.001) with no significant correlation with PASI
score. On comparing grades of S100B protein skin expression in lesional and
non-lesional skin biopsies, a statistically significant difference was found
(P=0.046) with higher percentage of strong S100B skin expression (60%) in
non-lesional than in lesional (42%) skin. All the control biopsies showed
negative expression. Study limitations Relatively small sample size with a limited range of low PASI scores. Conclusion This study points to a potential link between psoriasis and S100B protein
with higher serum and skin expression in patients than in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mervat Harvy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Center - Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Wafaa Abdelaal
- Department of Pathology, National Research Center - Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham El Nemr
- Department of Pathology, National Research Center - Giza, Egypt
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17
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Bender CL, Calfa GD, Molina VA. Astrocyte plasticity induced by emotional stress: A new partner in psychiatric physiopathology? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:68-77. [PMID: 26320029 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has demonstrated that astrocytes play a pivotal role in the normal functioning of the nervous system. This new conceptual framework has set the groundwork to be able to hypothesize that astrocytes could underlie signs and symptoms of mental diseases. Stress is a major risk factor in the etiology of several psychiatric diseases, such as anxiety disorders and depression. Hence, understanding the effects of stress on astrocytes and how these changes contribute to the development of psychiatric endophenotypes is crucial for both a better comprehension of mental illness and for potential targeted treatment of stress-related mental disorders. Here, we describe the currently used approaches and recent evidence showing astrocyte alterations induced by chronic and acute stress in animals. In addition, the relevance of these changes in stress-induced behavioral sequelae and human data linking astrocytes with neuropsychiatric disorders related to stress are also discussed. All together, the data indicate that astrocytes are also an important target of stress, with both chronic and acute stressors being able to alter the morphology or the expression of several astrocyte specific proteins in brain areas that are known to play a critical role in emotional processing, such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Furthermore, different lines of evidences suggest that these changes may contribute, at less in part, to the behavioral consequences of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crhistian L Bender
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Gaston D Calfa
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victor A Molina
- IFEC-CONICET, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, (5000) Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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Havnes MB, Kerlefsen Y, Møllerløkken A. S100B and NSE serum concentrations after simulated diving in rats. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/10/e12546. [PMID: 26462746 PMCID: PMC4632946 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess whether one could detect S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in serum of rats after a simulated dive breathing air, with the main hypothesis that the serum concentrations of S100B and NSE in rats will increase above pre-exposure levels following severe decompression stress measured as venous gas emboli (VGE). The dive group was exposed to a simulated air dive to 700 kPa for 45 min. Pulmonary artery was monitored for vascular gas bubbles by ultrasound. Pre- and postdive blood samples were analyzed for S100B and NSE using commercially available Elisa kits. There was no increase in serum S100B or NSE after simulated diving and few of the animals were showing high bubble grades after the dives. The present study examined whether the protein biomarkers S100B and NSE could be found in serum from rats after exposure to a simulated dive to 700 kPa for 45 min breathing air. There were no differences in serum concentrations before versus after the dive exposure. This may be explained by the lack of vascular gas bubbles after the dives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne B Havnes
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7489, Norway
| | - Yvonne Kerlefsen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7489, Norway
| | - Andreas Møllerløkken
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7489, Norway
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Schulte S, Podlog LW, Hamson-Utley JJ, Strathmann FG, Strüder HK. A systematic review of the biomarker S100B: implications for sport-related concussion management. J Athl Train 2015; 49:830-50. [PMID: 25299445 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated levels of the astroglial protein S100B have been shown to predict sport-related concussion. However, S100B levels within an athlete can vary depending on the type of physical activity (PA) engaged in and the methodologic approach used to measure them. Thus, appropriate reference values in the diagnosis of concussed athletes remain undefined. The purpose of our systematic literature review was to provide an overview of the current literature examining S100B measurement in the context of PA. The overall goal is to improve the use of the biomarker S100B in the context of sport-related concussion management. DATA SOURCES PubMed, SciVerse Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Cochrane. STUDY SELECTION We selected articles that contained (1) research studies focusing exclusively on humans in which (2) either PA was used as an intervention or the test participants or athletes were involved in PA and (3) S100B was measured as a dependent variable. DATA EXTRACTION We identified 24 articles. Study variations included the mode of PA used as an intervention, sample types, sample-processing procedures, and analytic techniques. DATA SYNTHESIS Given the nonuniformity of the analytical methods used and the data samples collected, as well as differences in the types of PA investigated, we were not able to determine a single consistent reference value of S100B in the context of PA. Thus, a clear distinction between a concussed athlete and a healthy athlete based solely on the existing S100B cutoff value of 0.1 μg/L remains unclear. However, because of its high sensitivity and excellent negative predictive value, S100B measurement seems to have the potential to be a diagnostic adjunct for concussion in sports settings. We recommend that the interpretation of S100B values be based on congruent study designs to ensure measurement reliability and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schulte
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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20
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Falcone T, Janigro D, Lovell R, Simon B, Brown CA, Herrera M, Myint AM, Anand A. S100B blood levels and childhood trauma in adolescent inpatients. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 62:14-22. [PMID: 25669696 PMCID: PMC4413930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum levels of the astrocytic protein S100B have been reported to indicate disruption of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we investigated the relationship between S100B levels and childhood trauma in a child psychiatric inpatient unit. METHOD Levels of S100B were measured in a group of youth with mood disorders or psychosis with and without history of childhood trauma as well as in healthy controls. Study participants were 93 inpatient adolescents admitted with a diagnosis of psychosis (N = 67), or mood disorder (N = 26) and 22 healthy adolescents with no history of trauma or psychiatric illness. Childhood trauma was documented using the Life Events Checklist (LEC) and Adverse Child Experiences (ACE). RESULTS In a multivariate regression model, suicidality scores and trauma were the only two variables which were independently related to serum S100B levels. Patients with greater levels of childhood trauma had significantly higher S100B levels even after controlling for intensity of suicidal ideation. Patients with psychotic diagnoses and mood disorders did not significantly differ in their levels of S100B. Patients exposed to childhood trauma were significantly more likely to have elevated levels of S100B (p < .001) than patients without trauma, and patients with trauma had significantly higher S100B levels (p < .001) when compared to the control group. LEC (p = 0.046), and BPRS-C suicidality scores (p = 0.001) significantly predicted S100B levels. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma can potentially affect the integrity of the blood-brain barrier as indicated by associated increased S100B levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Falcone
- Cleveland Clinic, Neurologic Institute, Department of Neurology, 9500 Euclid Avenue, S60, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Cleveland Clinic, Neurologic Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Damir Janigro
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cerebrovascular Research NB-20 LRI, 9600 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Rachel Lovell
- Begun Center for Violence Prevention Research and Education, Case Western Reserve University, 11402 Bellflower Road, Cleveland, OH 44106-7167, USA.
| | - Barry Simon
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Charles A. Brown
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mariela Herrera
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Euclid Avenue, P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Aye Mu Myint
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychiatric Hospital Ludwig-Maximilian University, Nussbaumstrasse, 780336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Amit Anand
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Health, 9500 Euclid Avenue P57, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Schiltz K, Haase T, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Müller UJ, Martins-de-Souza D, Borucki K, Schroeter ML, Isermann B, Bogerts B, Westphal S. Decrease of serum S100B during an oral glucose tolerance test correlates inversely with the insulin response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39:33-38. [PMID: 24275002 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased S100B serum levels have been considered as a marker of glial pathology, brain damage, and blood-brain-barrier impairment. However, S100B expression has also been detected outside the nervous system, suggesting that altered S100B serum levels may not exclusively reflect brain-specific pathologies. Notably, S100B secretion in adipocytes seems to be down-regulated by insulin, and up-regulated by stress and fasting. Therefore, we assumed that dynamic changes of S100B could be observed by challenging healthy subjects with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). OGTT was performed in 17 healthy adult test persons (9 male and 8 female). Apart from S100B, glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, C-peptide, and cortisol were determined in all samples after an overnight fast (0 h), as well as 1h and 2h after ingestion of 75 g glucose. Mean S100B concentrations decreased about 20% during the first hour after glucose ingestion (P<0.001). This decrease of S100B levels was not related to the declining morning peak of cortisol. However, the decrease of serum-S100B 1h after glucose ingestion correlated inversely with the respective changes of serum-insulin (r = -0.484, P=0.049) and serum-C-peptide (r = -0.570, P = 0.017). Our study suggests an inverse correlation between insulin secretion and S100B release after a standardized OGTT. Additional experiments, including the administration of insulin and the measurement of other food intake-related factors are important to ascertain an insulin-regulated S100B release in vivo. To improve comparability between clinical studies assessing conditions with rather mild changes of serum S100B, blood should be taken in a more standardized way (e.g., after fasting overnight).
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | | | - Kolja Schiltz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thekla Haase
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ulf J Müller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Borucki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Day Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Berend Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Dessau Hospital, Dessau, Germany
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Khan BA, Farber MO, Campbell N, Perkins A, Prasad NK, Hui SL, Miller DK, Calvo-Ayala E, Buckley JD, Ionescu R, Shekhar A, Ely EW, Boustani MA. S100 calcium binding protein B as a biomarker of delirium duration in the intensive care unit - an exploratory analysis. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:855-61. [PMID: 24324346 PMCID: PMC3855164 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s51004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no valid and reliable biomarkers to identify delirious patients predisposed to longer delirium duration. We investigated the hypothesis that elevated S100 calcium binding protein B (S100β) levels will be associated with longer delirium duration in critically ill patients. METHODS A prospective observational cohort study was performed in the medical, surgical, and progressive intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary care, university affiliated, and urban hospital. Sixty-three delirious patients were selected for the analysis, with two samples of S100β collected on days 1 and 8 of enrollment. The main outcome measure was delirium duration. Using the cutoff of <0.1 ng/mL and ≥0.1 ng/mL as normal and abnormal levels of S100β, respectively, on day 1 and day 8, four exposure groups were created: Group A, normal S100β levels on day 1 and day 8; Group B, normal S100β level on day 1 and abnormal S100β level on day 8; Group C, abnormal S100β level on day 1 and normal on day 8; and Group D, abnormal S100β levels on both day 1 and day 8. RESULTS Patients with abnormal levels of S100β showed a trend towards higher delirium duration (P=0.076); Group B (standard deviation) (7.0 [3.2] days), Group C (5.5 [6.3] days), and Group D (5.3 [6.0] days), compared to patients in Group A (3.5 [5.4] days). CONCLUSION This preliminary investigation identified a potentially novel role for S100β as a biomarker for delirium duration in critically ill patients. This finding may have important implications for refining future delirium management strategies in ICU patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar A Khan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA ; Indiana University Center for Aging Research, USA ; Regenstrief Institute, Inc, USA
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Buschert J, Hohoff C, Touma C, Palme R, Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Zhang W, Ambrée O. S100B overexpression increases behavioral and neural plasticity in response to the social environment during adolescence. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1791-9. [PMID: 23972702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants as well as increased serum levels of the neurotrophic factor S100B are associated with different psychiatric disorders. However, elevated S100B levels are also related to a better therapeutic outcome in psychiatric patients. The functional role of elevated S100B in psychiatric disorders is still unclear. Hence, this study was designed in order to elucidate the differential effects of S100B overexpression in interaction with chronic social stress during adolescence on emotional behavior and adult neurogenesis. S100B transgenic and wild-type mice were housed either in socially stable or unstable environments during adolescence, between postnatal days 28 and 77. In adulthood, anxiety-related behavior in the open field, dark-light, and novelty-induced suppression of feeding test as well as survival of proliferating hippocampal progenitor cells were assessed. S100B transgenic mice revealed significantly reduced anxiety-related behavior in the open field compared to wild-types when reared in stable social conditions. In contrast, when transgenic mice grew up in unstable social conditions, their level of anxiety-related behavior was comparable to the levels of wild-type mice. In addition, S100B overexpressing mice from unstable housing conditions displayed higher numbers of surviving newborn cells in the adult hippocampus which developed into mature neurons. In conclusion, elevated S100B levels increase the susceptibility to environmental stimuli during adolescence resulting in more variable behavioral and neural phenotypes in adulthood. In humans, this increased plasticity might lead to both, enhanced risk for psychiatric disorders in negative environments and improved therapeutic outcome in positive environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Buschert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A9, D-48149 Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Germany
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24
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Effects of restraint stress on glial activity in the rostral ventromedial medulla. Neuroscience 2013; 241:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Gonçalves CA. Os possíveis papéis da S100B na esquizofrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-60832012005000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXTO: Evidências científicas do aumento da concentração da proteína S100B no sangue de pacientes esquizofrênicos são muito consistentes. No passado essa informação era principalmente considerada como reflexo da disfunção astroglial ou da barreira hematoencefálica. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de publicações no PubMed até o dia 15 de junho de 2011 visando estabelecer potenciais ligações entre a proteína S100B e as hipóteses correntes da esquizofrenia. RESULTADOS: A S100B está potencialmente associada com as hipóteses dopaminérgica e glutamatérgica. O aumento da expressão de S100B tem sido detectado em astrócitos corticais em casos de esquizofrenia paranoide, enquanto se observa uma redução da expressão em oligodendrócitos na esquizofrenia residual, dando suporte à hipótese glial. Recentemente, a hipótese da neuroinflamação da esquizofrenia tem recebido atenção crescente. Nesse sentido, a S100B pode funcionar como uma citocina secretada por células gliais, linfócitos CD8+ e células NK, levando à ativação de monócitos e microglia. Além disso, a S100B apresenta propriedades do tipo adipocina e pode estar desregulada na esquizofrenia, devido a distúrbios da sinalização de insulina, levando ao aumento da liberação de S100B e ácidos graxos do tecido adiposo. CONCLUSÃO: A expressão de S100B em diferentes tipos celulares está envolvida em muitos processos regulatórios. Atualmente, não pode ser respondido qual mecanismo relacionado à esquizofrenia é o mais importante.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Universidade de Magdeburg, Germany; Universidade de Cambridge, UK
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26
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Michetti F, Corvino V, Geloso MC, Lattanzi W, Bernardini C, Serpero L, Gazzolo D. The S100B protein in biological fluids: more than a lifelong biomarker of brain distress. J Neurochem 2012; 120:644-59. [PMID: 22145907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein concentrated in glial cells, although it has also been detected in definite extra-neural cell types. Its biological role is still debated. When secreted, S100B is believed to have paracrine/autocrine trophic effects at physiological concentrations, but toxic effects at higher concentrations. Elevated S100B levels in biological fluids (CSF, blood, urine, saliva, amniotic fluid) are thus regarded as a biomarker of pathological conditions, including perinatal brain distress, acute brain injury, brain tumors, neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders. In the majority of these conditions, high S100B levels offer an indicator of cell damage when standard diagnostic procedures are still silent. The key question remains as to whether S100B is merely leaked from injured cells or is released in concomitance with both physiological and pathological conditions, participating at high concentrations in the events leading to cell injury. In this respect, S100B levels in biological fluids have been shown to increase in physiological conditions characterized by stressful physical and mental activity, suggesting that it may be physiologically regulated and raised during conditions of stress, with a putatively active role. This possibility makes this protein a candidate not only for a biomarker but also for a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
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27
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Steiner J, Marquardt N, Pauls I, Schiltz K, Rahmoune H, Bahn S, Bogerts B, Schmidt RE, Jacobs R. Human CD8(+) T cells and NK cells express and secrete S100B upon stimulation. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1233-41. [PMID: 21447379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of S100B as a surrogate marker of brain-related pathologies, e.g. neuropsychiatric disorders, and melanoma progression, which have an inflammatory component. This study addresses the relevance of S100B(+) lymphocytes in mediating such responses. S100B expression was determined in human peripheral blood leukocytes isolated from healthy volunteers using flow cytometry. S100B(+) lymphocytes were characterised for phenotype, cytokine production and S100B secretion. In addition, we investigated whether S100B activates monocytes and neutrophils. S100B(+) cells comprised 2-4% of all lymphocytes and the majority displayed a CD3(+) CD8(+) phenotype; fewer cells were CD3(-) CD56(+) NK lymphocytes. Comparison of S100B(+) and S100B(-) CD3(+) CD8(+) cells revealed no differences in production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Stimulation of S100B(+) CD3(+) CD8(+) lymphocytes with anti-CD3 or phytohaemagglutinin resulted in release of S100B. High concentrations of recombinant human S100B triggered upregulation of CD11b and membrane shedding of CD62L in granulocytes and monocytes. These findings set the stage for a new field of research addressing a S100B-mediated crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune systems if close proximity of effector and responder cells accomplishes sufficient local S100B levels. In various physiological and pathological conditions S100B might function as an interface to immunological processes, distinct from known cytokine- and chemokine-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Steiner J, Bogerts B, Schroeter ML, Bernstein HG. S100B protein in neurodegenerative disorders. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 49:409-24. [PMID: 21303299 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
"Classic" neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis share common pathophysiological features and involve progressive loss of specific neuronal populations, axonal or synaptic loss and dysfunction, reactive astrogliosis, and reduction in myelin. Furthermore, despite the absence of astrogliosis, impaired expression of astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte-related genes has been observed in patients with major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and mood disorders. Because S100B is expressed in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, its concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum has been considered a suitable surrogate marker for the diagnostic or prognostic assessment of neurodegeneration. This review summarizes previous postmortem, CSF and serum studies regarding the role of S100B in this context. A general drawback is that only small single-center studies have been performed. Many potential confounding factors exist because of the wide extra-astrocytic and extracerebral expression of S100B. Due to lack of disease specificity, reliance on S100B concentrations for differential diagnostic purposes in cases of suspected neurodegenerative disorders is not recommended. Moreover, there is no consistent evidence for a correlation between disease severity and concentrations of S100B in CSF or serum. Therefore, S100B has limited usefulness for monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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29
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Gazzolo D, Florio P, Zullino E, Giovannini L, Scopesi F, Bellini C, Peri V, Mezzano P, Petraglia F, Michetti F. S100B protein increases in human blood and urine during stressful activity. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 48:1363-5. [PMID: 20604725 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Zhang XY, Xiu MH, Song C, Chen DC, Wu GY, Haile CN, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Increased serum S100B in never-medicated and medicated schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res 2010; 44:1236-40. [PMID: 20510426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a calcium-binding protein, which is produced primarily by glial cells. It modulates the proliferation and differentiation of neurons and glia by affecting protective and apoptotic mechanisms. Recently, several studies have shown increased serum S100B levels in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that S100B might be relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. S100B levels were assessed using ELISA in the serum of 80 never-medicated early-stage and 82 medicated chronic schizophrenia patients and 97 healthy controls subjects. The psychopathology of schizophrenia was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Our results showed significantly increased serum S100B levels in both never-medicated and medicated patients compared to normal controls (both p<0.0001). S100B in never-medicated patients was also markedly increased, compared with medicated patients (p<0.0001). S100B changes observed were irrespective of neuroleptic medication, gender, age, and smoking. Increased S100B levels in the early stage of schizophrenia suggest that glial cell activation or structural damage may be part of a neurodegenerative process in schizophrenia. The lower S100B levels in chronic than early-stage patients further suggest that antipsychotic treatment may reduce this neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yang Zhang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
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31
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Kazlauckas V, Kalinine E, Leke R, Oses JP, Nunes F, Espinosa J, Mioranzza S, Lulhier F, Portela LV, Porciúncula LO, Lara DR. Distinctive effects of unpredictable subchronic stress on memory, serum corticosterone and hippocampal BDNF levels in high and low exploratory mice. Behav Brain Res 2010; 218:80-6. [PMID: 21108973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects learning and memory processes and sensitivity to stress greatly varies between individuals. We studied behavioral and neurobiological effects of unpredictable subchronic stress (USCS) in two behavioral extremes of mice from the same strain (CF1) selected by their exploratory behavior of the central arena of an open field. The top and bottom 25% explorers were classified as low exploratory (LE) and high exploratory (HE) mice, respectively. The open field task, the novel object recognition task (NOR), sucrose intake and tail suspension task were evaluated in LE and HE groups exposed to USCS for two weeks or control conditions. Also serum corticosterone and hippocampal BDNF and S100B levels were analyzed. Both stressed groups exhibited less exploratory activity when submitted to USCS, but their difference in exploratory behavior remained. This short stress protocol did not induce changes in sucrose intake or immobility in the tail suspension task. Also, LE mice exhibited impaired NOR performance after USCS, whereas HE mice changed their pattern of exploration towards less exploration of the familiar object. HE had lower corticosterone levels than LE mice, but corticosterone levels increased after stress only in HE mice. Hippocampal BDNF in LE was lower than in HE but decreased after USCS only in HE mice, whereas S100B levels were not different between groups and did not change with USCS. In conclusion, our results suggest that individual differences in exploratory behavior in rodents from the same strain influence cognitive and biochemical response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kazlauckas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas/Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica, Porto Alegre/RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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32
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Jauregui-Huerta F, Ruvalcaba-Delgadillo Y, Gonzalez-Castañeda R, Garcia-Estrada J, Gonzalez-Perez O, Luquin S. Responses of glial cells to stress and glucocorticoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:195-204. [PMID: 20729991 DOI: 10.2174/157339510791823790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that glial cells are involved in practically all aspects of neural function. Glial cells regulate the homeostasis of the brain, influence the development of the nervous system, modulate synaptic activity, and carry out the immune response inside the brain. In addition, they play an important role in the restoration of the nervous system after damage, and they also participate in various neurodegenerative disorders. In a similar way, the importance of stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) on brain function is being increasingly recognized. Within the brain, stress hormones target both neurons and glial cells. Through their actions on these cells, glucocorticoids exert organizational functions on various processes of the developing brain and contribute to neuronal plasticity in the adult brain. Moreover, stress and glucocorticoids have become especially attractive in the study of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. However, studies on the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid-induced regulation of brain function have been classically focused on their effects on neurons. In this review, we start by describing the main functions of glial cells and then proceed to present data highlighting the effects of stress and GCs on brain function. We conclude the review by presenting recent evidence linking stress and glucocorticoids to glial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jauregui-Huerta
- Microscopía de Alta Resolución. Departamento de Neurociencias. Universidad de Guadalajara
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33
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S100B Serum Levels in Schizophrenia Are Presumably Related to Visceral Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2010; 2010:480707. [PMID: 20631894 PMCID: PMC2902008 DOI: 10.1155/2010/480707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood levels of S100B in schizophrenia have so far been mainly attributed to glial pathology, as S100B is produced by astro- and oligodendroglial cells and is thought to act as a neurotrophic factor with effects on synaptogenesis, dopaminergic and glutamatergic neutrotransmission. However, adipocytes are another important source of S100B since the concentration of S100B in adipose tissue is as high as in nervous tissue. Insulin is downregulating S100B in adipocytes, astrocyte cultures and rat brain. As reviewed in this paper, our recent studies suggest that overweight, visceral obesity, and peripheral/cerebral insulin resistance may be pivotal for at least part of the elevated S100B serum levels in schizophrenia. In the context of this recently identified framework of metabolic disturbances accompanying S100B elevation in schizophrenia, it rather has to be attributed to systemic alterations in glucose metabolism than to be considered a surrogate marker for astrocyte-specific pathologies.
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Alttoa A, Kõiv K, Hinsley TA, Brass A, Harro J. Differential gene expression in a rat model of depression based on persistent differences in exploratory activity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:288-300. [PMID: 19854624 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Affective disorders are often accompanied by changes in motivation and anxiety. We investigated the genome-wide gene expression patterns in an animal model of depression that separates Wistar rats belonging into clusters of persistently high anxiety/low motivation to explore and low anxiety/high motivation to explore (low explorers and high explorers, LE and HE, respectively), in three brain regions previously implicated in mood disorders (raphe, hippocampus and the frontal cortex). Several serotonin-, GABA-, and glutamatergic genes were differentially expressed in LE- and HE-rats. The analysis of Gene Ontology biological process terms associated with the differentially regulated genes identified a significant overrepresentation of genes involved in the neuron development, morphogenesis, and differentiation; the most enriched pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were the Wnt signalling, MAPK signalling, long-term potentiation, and long-term depression pathways. These findings corroborate some expression data from other models of depression, and suggest additional targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aet Alttoa
- Department of Psychology, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
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35
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Arellano SM, Xiao K, Qian PY. Comparative Proteome and Phosphoproteome Analyses during Cyprid Development of the Barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3146-57. [DOI: 10.1021/pr1000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Xu
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shawn M. Arellano
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Bjursten H, Ederoth P, Sigurdsson E, Gottfredsson M, Syk I, Einarsson O, Gudbjartsson T. S100B Profiles and Cognitive Function at High Altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2010; 11:31-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2009.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Bjursten
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Ederoth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Engilbert Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Magnus Gottfredsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingvar Syk
- Department of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Orri Einarsson
- Department of Radiology, Akureyri Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Tomas Gudbjartsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Landspitali University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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37
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Castagne V, Lemaire M, Kheyfets I, Dugina JL, Sergeeva SA, Epstein OI. Antibodies to S100 proteins have anxiolytic-like activity at ultra-low doses in the adult rat. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:309-16. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.3.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
S100 proteins are small calcium-binding proteins interacting with numerous intra- and extra cellular targets involved in diverse physiological functions. In particular, S100 proteins may be involved in the regulation of anxiety-related behaviour. In the present study, the effects of affinity-purified antibodies to S100 proteins administered orally at ultra-low doses were evaluated in pre-clinical tests for anxiolytic-like activity in the adult rat. In the Vogel conflict test in the rat, antibodies to S100 proteins increased punished drinking (anti-conflict effect) at 5 and 7.5 mL kg−1, but not at 2.5 or 10 mL kg−1. Antibodies to S100 proteins increased the percentage of entries into the open arms of an elevated plus-maze at 10 mL kg−1, but not at lower doses. Taken together, these results indicate the presence of anxiolytic-like activity for antibodies to S100 proteins over the dose range 5–10 mL kg−1 in the adult rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Castagne
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Martine Lemaire
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Irina Kheyfets
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia L Dugina
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Sergeeva
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Epstein
- Porsolt & Partners Pharmacology, 9 bis rue Henri Martin, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- NPF Materia Medica Holding, Research & Development Department, 3rd Samotechniy per., 9, 127473, Moscow, Russia
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38
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S. Benetti C, Silveira PP, Matté C, Stefanello FM, Leite MC, Gonçalves CAS, Wyse AT, Dalmaz C, Goldani MZ. Effects of a chronic exposure to a highly palatable diet and its withdrawal, in adulthood, on cerebral Na
+
,K
+
‐ATPase and plasma S100B in neonatally handled rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carla S. Benetti
- PPG Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, FAMED, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Patrícia P. Silveira
- PPG Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, FAMED, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreFaculdade de MedicinaUFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Departamento de BioquímicaICBS, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | | | - Marina C. Leite
- Departamento de BioquímicaICBS, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Carlos Alberto S. Gonçalves
- PPG Neurociências, ICBS, UFRGS90046‐900Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaICBS, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Angela T.S. Wyse
- Departamento de BioquímicaICBS, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Carla Dalmaz
- PPG Neurociências, ICBS, UFRGS90046‐900Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Departamento de BioquímicaICBS, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Marcelo Z. Goldani
- PPG Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, FAMED, UFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Núcleo de Estudos da Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreFaculdade de MedicinaUFRGS90035‐003Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
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39
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Andersson JPA, Linér MH, Jönsson H. Increased serum levels of the brain damage marker S100B after apnea in trained breath-hold divers: a study including respiratory and cardiovascular observations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:809-15. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91434.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of the protein S100B in serum is used as a brain damage marker in various conditions. We wanted to investigate whether a voluntary, prolonged apnea in trained breath-hold divers resulted in an increase of S100B in serum. Nine trained breath-hold divers performed a protocol mimicking the procedures they use during breath-hold training and competition, including extensive preapneic hyperventilation and glossopharyngeal insufflation, in order to perform a maximum-duration apnea, i.e., “static apnea” (average: 335 s, range: 281–403 s). Arterial blood samples were collected and cardiovascular variables recorded. Arterial partial pressures of O2 and CO2 (PaO2 and PaCO2) were 128 Torr and 20 Torr, respectively, at the start of apnea. The degree of asphyxia at the end of apnea was considerable, with PaO2 and PaCO2 reaching 28 Torr and 45 Torr, respectively. The concentration of S100B in serum transiently increased from 0.066 μg/l at the start of apnea to 0.083 μg/l after the apnea ( P < 0.05). The increase in S100B is attributed to the asphyxia or to other physiological responses to apnea, for example, increased blood pressure, and probably indicates a temporary opening of the blood-brain barrier. It is not possible to conclude that the observed increase in S100B levels in serum after a maximal-duration apnea reflects a serious injury to the brain, although the results raise concerns considering negative long-term effects. At the least, the results indicate that prolonged, voluntary apnea affects the integrity of the central nervous system and do not preclude cumulative effects.
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Söderqvist F, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K, Hardell L. Exposure to an 890-MHz mobile phone-like signal and serum levels of S100B and transthyretin in volunteers. Toxicol Lett 2009; 189:63-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Schulpis KH, Margeli A, Akalestos A, Vlachos GD, Partsinevelos GA, Papastamataki M, Antsaklis A, Papassotiriou I. Effects of mode of delivery on maternal–neonatal plasma antioxidant status and on protein S100B serum concentrations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2009; 66:733-42. [PMID: 17101566 DOI: 10.1080/00365510600977737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of the mode of labour and delivery on total antioxidant status (TAS) and on the protein S100B serum concentrations in mothers and their newborns. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty women with normal pregnancies were divided into three groups: Group A (n = 20) with normal labour and vaginal delivery (VG), group B (n = 18) with prolonged labour+VG and group C (n = 22) with scheduled caesarean section (CS). Blood was obtained at the beginning of the labour process and immediately after delivery (pre- and post-delivery) as well as from the umbilical cord (CB). TAS and creatine kinase (CK) were measured using commercial kits. Serum S100B levels were evaluated with the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay "ECLIA" on the ROCHE ELECSYS 2010 immunoassay analyser. RESULTS Post-delivery, TAS levels were significantly decreased in group A and especially in group B. S100B levels were increased in group B (0.0712+/-0.02 microg/L) as compared with those of group A (0.0567+/-0.03 microg/L, p<0.01) and group C (0.038+/-0.03 microg/L, p<0.01), the levels in group C remaining practically unaltered (pre- versus post-delivery). In the newborns, S100B levels were almost 2-fold higher in group B (0.67+/-0.18 microg/L) than those in group A (0.40+/-0.05 microg/L p<0.001) and group C (0.31+/-0.04 microg/L p<0.001). A negative correlation was found between TAS and S100B protein (r = -0.61, p<0.001), the latter positively correlated to CK (r = 0.48, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The increased S100B serum levels in the mothers of group B, post-delivery, may have been due to the long-lasting, oxidative and/or psychogenic stress. The observed remarkably high levels of S100B in the group B newborns may have been due to compressive conditions on the foetus brain during this mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Schulpis
- Institute of Child Health, Research Centre, Athens, Greece
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Braun K, Antemano R, Helmeke C, Büchner M, Poeggel G. Juvenile separation stress induces rapid region- and layer-specific changes in S100ß- and glial fibrillary acidic protein–immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the rodent medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 2009; 160:629-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wierońska JM, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the tripartite synapse as a target for new psychotropic drugs. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:85-97. [PMID: 19428811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia, has become a large medical and social problem recently. Studies performed in animal tests and early clinical investigations brought a new insight in the pharmacotherapy of these disorders. Latest investigations are focused mainly on the glutamatergic system, a main excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the brain. Evidence indicates that metabotropic glutamate receptors ligands have excellent antidepressant, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects. Metabotopic glutamate receptors (mGlu) divaded into three groups (group I, II and III) are localized on nerve terminals, postsynaptic sites and glial cells and thus they can influence and modulate the action of glutamate on different levels in the synapse. Recent advances in the identification of selective and specific compounds (both ortho- and allosteric ligands), and the generation of transgenic animals enabled to have new insight into the pathophysiology and therapy of mood disorders. At present, the most potent seem to be negative allosteric modulators of the first group (mGlu1 and mGlu5), and positive allosteric modulators of the second (mGlu2 and mGlu3) and third (mGlu4/7/8) group of mGlu receptors.
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Yang K, Xie GR, Hu YQ, Mao FQ, Su LY. The effects of gender and numbers of depressive episodes on serum S100B levels in patients with major depression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 115:1687-94. [PMID: 18982242 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
S100B protein is a calcium-binding protein mostly derived from glial cells, which exerts trophic or toxic effects on neural cell depending on its concentration. It has been reported that S100B played an important role as a potential marker in psychiatric disorders. Thus, we will explore the clinical implication of S100B in major depression, especially the effect of gender and numbers of depressive episodes on S100B. The levels of serum S100B were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 54 patients with major depression and 35 age-matched healthy controls. The S100B levels in major depressed patients were significantly higher than those in controls. The serum S100B levels in female patients were significantly higher than those in male patients. Patients with recurrent depressive episodes had significantly higher S100B levels than those in first-episode depression. Serum S100B levels were significantly positive related with the numbers of depressive episode, family history and cognitive disturbance scores. These findings confirmed an increase in serum S100B levels in major depressive patients and presence of a sexual dimorphism. Moreover, numbers of depressive episodes in depression seemed to have an additional increasing effect on S100B levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Tanaka Y, Marumo T, Omura T, Yoshida S. Early increases in serum S100B are associated with cerebral hemorrhage in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2008; 1227:248-54. [PMID: 18621038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S100B is a 21-kD, Ca2+-binding protein that is mainly expressed in astroglial cells and Schwann cells in the nervous system. The S100B level in peripheral blood samples is reportedly elevated in patients with various central nervous system disorders including ischemic stroke. Since an elevated peripheral S100B level seems to be related closely to cerebral vascular damage involving a blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, we hypothesized that the peripheral S100B levels may increase earlier and to a greater extent after stroke onset when the cerebral blood vessels are severely damaged and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage exists. In the present study, the relationship between an increase in the serum S100B level and cerebral hemorrhage was investigated within 24 h of stroke onset. A rat model for focal cerebral ischemia using an intraluminal filament method was utilized because cerebral hemorrhage is sometimes observed as a result of vascular damage caused by the filament. Significant increases in the serum S100B levels of rats with cerebral hemorrhage were observed from 1 h after stroke onset, compared with the levels in rats without cerebral hemorrhage. The early increases in serum S100B were not correlated with the brain infarct volumes at 3 h after stroke. These findings suggest that the serum S100B level increases earlier, reflecting the existence of cerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tanaka
- Molecular Function and Pharmacology Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
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Straume-Næsheim TM, Andersen TE, Jochum M, Dvorak J, Bahr R. MINOR HEAD TRAUMA IN SOCCER AND SERUM LEVELS OF S100B. Neurosurgery 2008; 62:1297-305; discussion 1305-6. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000333301.34189.3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Straume-Næsheim TM, Andersen TE, Jochum M, Dvorak J, Bahr R. MINOR HEAD TRAUMA IN SOCCER AND SERUM LEVELS OF S100B. Neurosurgery 2008. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000312714.63191.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gonçalves CA, Leite MC, Nardin P. Biological and methodological features of the measurement of S100B, a putative marker of brain injury. Clin Biochem 2008; 41:755-63. [PMID: 18454941 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The S100B astroglial protein is widely used as a parameter of glial activation and/or death in several conditions of brain injury. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum S100B variations have been proposed to evaluate clinical outcomes in these situations. Here, we briefly broach some aspects, commonly not sufficiently valorized, concerning the biology and measurements of this protein. S100B has molecular targets and activities in and outside of astrocytes, and variations of intra and extracellular content are not necessarily coupled. We discuss the extracellular origin of this protein in brain tissue, as well as extracerebral sources of this protein in serum, comparing it with other available protein markers of brain damage. The superestimation of the heterodimer S100A1-B in the current clinical literature is also analyzed. We affirm that poor dualistic views that consider S100B elevation as "bad" or "good" simplify clinical practice and delay our comprehension of the role of this protein, both in physiological conditions and in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Steiner J, Bernstein HG, Bogerts B, Gos T, Richter-Landsberg C, Wunderlich MT, Keilhoff G. S100B is expressed in, and released from, OLN-93 oligodendrocytes: Influence of serum and glucose deprivation. Neuroscience 2008; 154:496-503. [PMID: 18472341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
S100B (member of a family of proteins that are 100% soluble in ammonium sulfate at neutral pH) has been widely used as astrocyte marker in animal models and in human brain diseases. Recent studies revealed S100B-immunopositivity in oligodendrocytes and O2A oligodendroglial progenitor cells. It is unknown, however, if oligodendrocytes produce S100B themselves, or if the S100B-immunolabeling is caused by binding or absorption of the protein. To address this question, S100B expression and protein release were analyzed in a highly pure oligodendrocytic OLN-93 cell line (from rat), in the astrocytic C6 cell line (from rat) and primary astrocytes. S100B was gene expressed in all cultures, as revealed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. OLN-93 cells and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-negative astrocytes expressed the multiligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). S100B protein levels were determined in supernatants and cell homogenates by immunoluminometry under normal conditions and after serum and glucose deprivation (SGD). SGD led to a several-fold increased release of S100B (after 6 and 24 h), which was particularly pronounced in primary astrocytes. Increased S100B in cell homogenates was most notable in OLN-93 cells under SGD, indicating activated S100B synthesis. These cells also showed the highest percentage of dead cells, as determined by propidium iodide-positivity, after SGD. Incubation with 0.5, 2 and 5 microg/l exogenous S100B was not toxic to OLN-93 cells. In conclusion, OLN-93 cells produce more S100B under SGD than astrocytes and are more susceptible to cell death upon SGD, which provokes leakage of S100B. Our data indicate active S100B secretion from astrocytes under SGD since highly elevated levels of S100B were detected in the supernatant despite a low percentage of dead cells. The experimental results provide further evidence for a production/release of S100B in/from oligodendrocytes, e.g. in metabolic stress conditions like cerebral ischemia. Studies on S100B in bodily fluids should be carefully interpreted in order to avoid misleading hypotheses concerning the specific involvement of astrocytes, due to the various cellular sources of S100B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Vicente E, Tramontina F, Leite MC, Nardin P, Silva M, Karkow AR, Adolf R, Lucion AB, Netto CA, Gottfried C, Gonçalves CA. S100B levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats are sex and anaesthetic dependent. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:1126-30. [PMID: 17880365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. S100B is a calcium-binding protein that acts as a neurotrophic cytokine and is expressed in the central nervous system, predominantly by astrocytes. At nanomolar concentrations, S100B stimulates neurite outgrowth and glial glutamate uptake, as well as protecting neurons against glutamate excitoxicity. 2. Peripheral S100B concentrations, particularly in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), have been used as a parameter of glial activation or death in several physiological and pathological conditions. 3. In the present study, we investigated the effect of anaesthetics (thiopental, ketamine and halothane) on CSF concentrations of S100B, as well as a possible sex dependence, because several studies have suggested astrocytes as putative targets for oestrogen. 4. Higher levels of CSF S100B were found when rats were anaesthetized with thiopental; these levels, independently of anaesthetic, were sex dependent. Conversely, no effect of anaesthetic or sex was observed on serum concentrations of S100B. 5. The increase in CSF concentrations of S100B induced by thiopental was confirmed in non-anaesthetized neonatal rats and cortical astrocyte cultures. 6. Assuming CSF S100B as a marker of development, glial activation or even brain damage, investigations regarding the sex dependence of its concentration may be useful in gaining an understanding of sex variations in the behaviour and the pathological course of, as well as susceptibility to, many brain disorders. The findings of the present study reinforce the sex effect on synaptic plasticity and suggest a sex dependence of neural communication mediated by extracellular S100B without restricting the influence of astrocytes on the developmental phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Vicente
- Post Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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