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Lewandowska H, Sadło J, Męczyńska S, Stępkowski TM, Wójciuk G, Kruszewski M. Formation of glutathionyl dinitrosyl iron complexes protects against iron genotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:12640-52. [PMID: 26079708 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00927h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dinitrosyl iron(i) complexes (DNICs), intracellular NO donors, are important factors in nitric oxide-dependent regulation of cellular metabolism and signal transduction. It has been shown that NO diminishes the toxicity of iron ions and vice versa. To gain insight into the possible role of DNIC in this phenomenon, we examined the effect of GS-DNIC formation on the ability of iron ions to mediate DNA damage, by treatment of the pUC19 plasmid with physiologically relevant concentrations of GS-DNIC. It was shown that GS-DNIC formation protects against the genotoxic effect of iron ions alone and iron ions in the presence of a naturally abundant antioxidant, GSH. This sheds new light on the iron-related protective effect of NO under the circumstances of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lewandowska
- The Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 16 Dorodna Str., 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Yadav R, Samuni Y, Abramson A, Zeltser R, Casap N, Kabiraj TK, L Banach M, Samuni U. Pro-oxidative synergic bactericidal effect of NO: kinetics and inhibition by nitroxides. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:248-54. [PMID: 24140438 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
NO plays diverse roles in physiological and pathological processes, occasionally resulting in opposing effects, particularly in cells subjected to oxidative stress. NO mostly protects eukaryotes against oxidative injury, but was demonstrated to kill prokaryotes synergistically with H2O2. This could be a promising therapeutic avenue. However, recent conflicting findings were reported describing dramatic protective activity of NO. The previous studies of NO effects on prokaryotes applied a transient oxidative stress while arbitrarily checking the residual bacterial viability after 30 or 60min and ignoring the process kinetics. If NO-induced synergy and the oxidative stress are time-dependent, the elucidation of the cell killing kinetics is essential, particularly for survival curves exhibiting a "shoulder" sometimes reflecting sublethal damage as in the linear-quadratic survival models. We studied the kinetics of NO synergic effects on H2O2-induced killing of microbial pathogens. A synergic pro-oxidative activity toward gram-negative and gram-positive cells is demonstrated even at sub-μM/min flux of NO. For certain strains, the synergic effect progressively increased with the duration of cell exposure, and the linear-quadratic survival model best fit the observed survival data. In contrast to the failure of SOD to affect the bactericidal process, nitroxide SOD mimics abrogated the pro-oxidative synergy of NO/H2O2. These cell-permeative antioxidants, which hardly react with diamagnetic species and react neither with NO nor with H2O2, can detoxify redox-active transition metals and catalytically remove intracellular superoxide and nitrogen-derived reactive species such as (•)NO2 or peroxynitrite. The possible mechanism underlying the bactericidal NO synergy under oxidative stress and the potential therapeutic gain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Yuval Samuni
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel; School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Alex Abramson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Rephael Zeltser
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nardi Casap
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tonmoy K Kabiraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Maureen L Banach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Uri Samuni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Lewandowska H, Stępkowski TM, Sadło J, Wójciuk GP, Wójciuk KE, Rodger A, Kruszewski M. Coordination of iron ions in the form of histidinyl dinitrosyl complexes does not prevent their genotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6732-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lozinsky OV, Lushchak OV, Storey JM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Sodium nitroprusside toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: delayed pupation, reduced adult emergence, and induced oxidative/nitrosative stress in eclosed flies. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 80:166-85. [PMID: 22692768 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was tested on the Drosophila melanogaster model system. Fly larvae were raised on food supplemented with SNP at concentrations of 0.01-1.5 mM. Food supplementation with SNP caused a developmental delay in flies and reduced adult eclosion. Biochemical analyses such as levels of oxidative stress markers and activities of antioxidant and associated enzymes were carried out on 2-day-old flies emerged from control and SNP-fed larvae. Larval exposure to SNP resulted in lower activities of aconitase and catalase in adult flies relative to the control cohort. However, larval treatment with SNP led to higher carbonyl protein content and higher activities of superoxide dismutase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, thioredoxin reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase in flies. Among the parameters tested, aconitase activity and developmental end points may be useful early indicators of toxicity caused by SNP. The study also suggests that the toxicity of SNP may arise not just from its direct effects, but also from its decomposition products such as nitric oxide and iron ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Lozinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vassyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Kim SY, Park E, Park JA, Choi BS, Kim S, Jeong G, Kim CS, Kim DK, Kim SJ, Chun HS. The plant phenolic diterpene carnosol suppresses sodium nitroprusside-induced toxicity in c6 glial cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1543-1550. [PMID: 20073473 DOI: 10.1021/jf903294x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carnosol, a naturally occurring bioactive phenolic diterpene originating from rosemary and sage, has been shown to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study examined possible protective effects of carnosol on sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced cytotoxicity in C6 glial cells. Carnosol (1-10 microM) dose-dependently attenuated SNP (100 microM)-induced cell death and NO production. SNP-induced apoptotic characteristics, including DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and c-jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, were significantly suppressed by carnosol (10 microM). In addition, carnosol pretreatment restored the level of reduced glutathione (GSH), which was diminished by SNP treatment. Although both SNP (100 microM) and carnosol (10 microM) stimulated the HO-1 expression time-dependently, SNP caused a temporal increase in HO-1 in early time periods (3-6 h) before cell death occurred. In contrast, carnosol induced the sustained expression of HO-1 until a late time point (24 h). The addition of 1 microM zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP), a specific HO inhibitor, with SNP or carnosol further reduced cell viability. Also, the addition of ZnPP inhibited the protective effect of carnosol against SNP-induced cytotoxicity in C6 cells. These results suggest that carnosol possesses abilities to inhibit SNP-mediated glial cell death through modulation of apoptotic events and induction of HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Panickar KS, Polansky MM, Anderson RA. Cinnamon polyphenols attenuate cell swelling and mitochondrial dysfunction following oxygen-glucose deprivation in glial cells. Exp Neurol 2009; 216:420-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Romero JM, Bizzozero OA. Intracellular glutathione mediates the denitrosylation of protein nitrosothiols in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:701-9. [PMID: 18831065 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein S-nitrosothiols (PrSNOs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Although the metabolically instability of PrSNOs is well known, there is little understanding of the factors involved in the cleavage of S-NO linkage in intact cells. To address this issue, we conducted chase experiments in spinal cord slices incubated with S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). The results show that removal of GSNO leads to a rapid disappearance of PrSNOs (t(1/2) approximately 2 hr), which is greatly accelerated when glutathione (GSH) levels are raised with the permeable analogue GSH ethyl ester. Moreover, PrSNOs are stable in the presence of the GSH depletor diethyl maleate, indicating that GSH is critical for protein denitrosylation. Inhibition of GSH-dependent enzymes (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutaredoxin) and enzymes that could mediate denitrosylation (alcohol dehydrogense-III, thioredoxin and protein disulfide isomerase) do not alter the rate of PrSNO decomposition. These findings and the lack of protein glutathionylation during the chase indicate that most proteins are denitrosylated via rapid transnitrosylation with GSH. The differences in the denitrosylation rate of individual proteins suggest the existence of additional structural factors in this process. This study is relevant to our recent discovery that PrSNOs accumulate in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Romero
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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Sinke AP, Jayakumar AR, Panickar KS, Moriyama M, Reddy PVB, Norenberg MD. NFkappaB in the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in culture. J Neurochem 2008; 106:2302-11. [PMID: 18662246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocyte swelling and brain edema are major neuropathological findings in the acute form of hepatic encephalopathy (fulminant hepatic failure), and substantial evidence supports the view that elevated brain ammonia level is an important etiological factor in this condition. Although the mechanism by which ammonia brings about astrocyte swelling remains to be determined, oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been considered as important elements in this process. One factor known to be activated by both oxidative stress and MAPKs is nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), a transcription factor that activates many genes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). As the product of iNOS, nitric oxide (NO), is known to cause astrocyte swelling, we examined the potential involvement of NFkappaB in ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. Western blot analysis of cultured astrocytes showed a significant increase in NFkappaB nuclear translocation (a measure of NFkappaB activation) from 12 h to 2 days after treatment with NH(4)Cl (5 mM). Cultures treated with anti-oxidants, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and vitamin E as well as the MAPKs inhibitors, SB239063 (an inhibitor of p38-MAPK) and SP600125 (an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase), significantly diminished NFkappaB activation by ammonia, supporting a role of oxidative stress and MAPKs in NFkappaB activation. The activation of NFkappaB was associated with increased iNOS protein expression and NO generation, and these changes were blocked by BAY 11-7082, an inhibitor of NFkappaB. Additionally, ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling was inhibited by the NFkappaB inhibitors, BAY 11-7082 and SN-50, thereby implicating NFkappaB in the mechanism of astrocyte swelling. Our studies indicate that cultured astrocytes exposed to ammonia display NFkappaB activation, which is likely to be a consequence of oxidative stress and activation of MAPKs. NFkappaB activation appears to contribute to the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling, apparently through its up-regulation of iNOS protein expression and the subsequent generation of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P Sinke
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Pinthong M, Black SAG, Ribeiro FM, Pholpramool C, Ferguson SSG, Rylett RJ. Activity and Subcellular Trafficking of the Sodium-Coupled Choline Transporter CHT Is Regulated Acutely by Peroxynitrite. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:801-12. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Fawcett RJ, Osborne NN. Flupirtine attenuates sodium nitroprusside-induced damage to retinal photoreceptors, in situ. Brain Res Bull 2007; 73:278-88. [PMID: 17562394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flupirtine has been shown to function as a neuroprotectant and is presently used in man to treat a number of conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific antioxidant properties of flupirtine in relation to oxidant-induced damage to retinal photoreceptors. Initial in vitro studies on brain membranes showed that flupirtine was approximately 20 times more potent than trolox (vitamin E analogue) and 8 times more potent than metipranolol at attenuating lipid peroxidation caused by the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Subsequent immunohistochemical studies revealed that following an intraocular injection of SNP, retinal photoreceptors are the only retinal cell types that appear to be clearly affected. This was supported by electroretinogram (ERG) recordings which showed both the a- and b-wave amplitudes to be significantly reduced. Western blotting techniques showed that SNP caused a significant decrease in photoreceptor-specific markers (RET-P1, rhodopsin kinase), an increase in cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, and cleaved PARP proteins that are associated with apoptosis and no change in the ganglion cell specific marker, neurofilament (NF-L). This was supported by RT-PCR data where rhodopsin (photoreceptor specific) mRNA was reduced while Thy-1 and NF-L (ganglion cell specific) mRNAs were unaffected. In addition SNP caused an elevation of glial cell response mRNAs primarily associated with Müller cells (GFAP, CNTF, bFGF) as well as caspase-3 and Bcl-2. Importantly, when flupirtine was co-injected, the effects to the retina caused by SNP on retinal proteins and mRNAs were in most cases significantly blunted. The conclusion reached from this study is that flupirtine is a powerful antioxidant and when injected into the eye with SNP attenuates the detrimental influence of SNP to retinal photoreceptors. Since oxidative stress has been implicated in retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) this study provides "proof of principle" for the idea that flupirtine may help individuals suffering from such retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Fawcett
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Oxford University, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK
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The Mycobacterium marinum mel2 locus displays similarity to bacterial bioluminescence systems and plays a role in defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. BMC Microbiol 2007; 7:4. [PMID: 17239244 PMCID: PMC1793995 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacteria have developed a number of pathways that provide partial protection against both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). We recently identified a locus in Mycobacterium marinum, mel2, that plays a role during infection of macrophages. The molecular mechanism of mel2 action is not well understood. RESULTS To better understand the role of the M. marinum mel2 locus, we examined these genes for conserved motifs in silico. Striking similarities were observed between the mel2 locus and loci that encode bioluminescence in other bacterial species. Since bioluminescence systems can play a role in resistance to oxidative stress, we postulated that the mel2 locus might be important for mycobacterial resistance to ROS and RNS. We found that an M. marinum mutant in the first gene in this putative operon, melF, confers increased susceptibility to both ROS and RNS. This mutant is more susceptible to ROS and RNS together than either reactive species alone. CONCLUSION These observations support a role for the M. marinum mel2 locus in resistance to oxidative stress and provide additional evidence that bioluminescence systems may have evolved from oxidative defense mechanisms.
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Bielarczyk H, Gul S, Ronowska A, Bizon-Zygmanska D, Pawelczyk T, Szutowicz A. RS-alpha-lipoic acid protects cholinergic cells against sodium nitroprusside and amyloid-beta neurotoxicity through restoration of acetyl-CoA level. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1242-51. [PMID: 16787407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The work presented here verifies the hypothesis that RS-alpha-lipoic acid may exert its cholinoprotective and cholinotrophic activities through the maintenance of appropriate levels of acetyl-CoA in mitochondrial and cytoplasmic compartments of cholinergic neurons. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and amyloid-beta decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase, choline acetyltransferase activities, acetyl-CoA content in mitochondria and cytoplasm, as well as increased fraction of non-viable, trypan blue positive cells in cultured differentiated cholinergic SN56 neuroblastoma cells. Lipoic acid totally reversed toxin-evoked suppression of choline acetyltrasferase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, as well as mitochondrial and cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels, and partially attenuated increase of cell mortality. Significant negative correlations were found between enzyme activities, acetyl-CoA levels and cell mortality in different neurotoxic and neuroprotective conditions employed here. The level of cytoplamic acetyl-CoA correlated with mitochondrial acetyl-CoA, whereas choline acetyltransferase activity followed shifts in cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA. Thus, we conclude that, in cholinergic neurons, particular elements of the pyruvate-acetyl-CoA-acetylcholine pathway form a functional unit responding uniformly to nerotoxic and neuroprotectory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Bielarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Sandhu J, Sodja C, Mcrae K, Li Y, Rippstein P, Wei YH, Lach B, Lee F, Bucurescu S, Harper ME, Sikorska M. Effects of nitric oxide donors on cybrids harbouring the mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) A3243G mitochondrial DNA mutation. Biochem J 2006; 391:191-202. [PMID: 15969653 PMCID: PMC1276916 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (O2*-, H2O2, NO* and ONOO-) have been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative and mitochondrial diseases. In the present study, we examined the effects of nitrosative and/or nitrative stress generated by DETA-NO {(Z)-1-[2-aminoethyl-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate}, SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride) and SNP (sodium nitroprusside) on U87MG glioblastoma cybrids carrying wt (wild-type) and mutant [A3243G (Ala3243-->Gly)] mtDNA (mitochondrial genome) from a patient suffering from MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes). The mutant cybrids had reduced activity of cytochrome c oxidase, significantly lower ATP level and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. However, endogenous levels of reactive oxygen species were very similar in all cybrids regardless of whether they carried the mtDNA defects or not. Furthermore, the cybrids were insensitive to the nitrosative and/or nitrative stress produced by either DETA-NO or SIN-1 alone. Cytotoxicity, however, was observed in response to SNP treatment and a combination of SIN-1 and glucose-deprivation. The mutant cybrids were significantly more sensitive to these insults compared with the wt controls. Ultrastructural examination of dying cells revealed several characteristic features of autophagic cell death. We concluded that nitrosative and/or nitrative stress alone were insufficient to trigger cytotoxicity in these cells, but cell death was observed with a combination of metabolic and nitrative stress. The vulnerability of the cybrids to these types of injury correlated with the cellular energy status, which were compromised by the MELAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep K. Sandhu
- *Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, M54, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
- Correspondence may be addressed to either of the authors (email and )
| | - Caroline Sodja
- *Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, M54, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Kevan Mcrae
- *Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, M54, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Yan Li
- *Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, M54, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Peter Rippstein
- †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital-Civic Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1Y 4E9
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- ‡Department of Biochemistry and Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Boleslaw Lach
- §Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fay Lee
- ∥Health Canada, Banting Research Center, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0L2
| | - Septimiu Bucurescu
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- ¶Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Marianna Sikorska
- *Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, M54, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
- Correspondence may be addressed to either of the authors (email and )
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Prabhakaran K, Li L, Borowitz JL, Isom GE. Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulation and mitochondrial glutathione depletion mediate cyanide-induced necrosis in mesencephalic cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1003-11. [PMID: 16933320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown in rat primary cultured mesencephalic cells that cyanide induces a high level of oxidative stress and necrotic death. To evaluate the mechanism of the cytotoxicity, the effects of cyanide on intracellular glutathione (GSH) pools and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation were studied. Cyanide rapidly depleted intracellular GSH. Restoration of GSH blocked cell death, whereas depletion of GSH by synthesis inhibition increased the necrosis. Selective depletion of mitochondrial GSH (mtGSH) increased oxidative stress and enhanced cell death, whereas the cytoplasmic pool was not critical to cell survival. These actions were accompanied by increased iNOS expression as determined by Western blot analysis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Up-regulation of iNOS led to increased generation of NO as reflected by elevated nitrite levels (an end product of NO metabolism). It was determined by use of a selective inhibitor that up-regulation of iNOS expression was transcriptionally regulated by activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor. It was concluded that, in cyanide-mediated neurotoxicity, mtGSH is a vital component of the cellular antioxidant defense, and its depletion can lead to oxidative stress-mediated iNOS up-regulation, thus enhancing RNS generation and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Prabhakaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1333, USA
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Huang HM, Chen HL, Xu H, Gibson GE. Modification of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores by select oxidants produces changes reminiscent of those in cells from patients with Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:979-89. [PMID: 16198225 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2005] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in calcium homeostasis and oxidative processes occur in fibroblasts from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and in fibroblasts and neurons from transgenic mice bearing a presenilin-1 (PS-1) mutation. Bombesin-releasable endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores (BRCS) are exaggerated in all of these cells. Our previous studies show that H2O2 exaggerates BRCS. The goal of the present study was to determine whether select reactive species exaggerate BRCS in cultured human fibroblasts and to determine if the ability of fibroblasts to handle these specific oxidant species is altered in cells from AD patients. Two fluorescent indicators were used to distinguish different reactive oxygen species (ROS): 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, di(acetoxymethyl ester) (c-DCF) and 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM). ROS were produced by a variety of oxidants, including tert-butyl-hydroxyperoxide (t-BHP), hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, 3-morpholinosydnonimine, and sodium nitroprusside. Different oxidants selectively induced various ROS in distinct patterns. These oxidants also induced selective modification in [Ca2+]i and/or BRCS. Of the several oxidants tested, t-BHP was most specific for exaggerating BRCS without affecting basal [Ca2+]i and inducing only c-DCF-detectable ROS. On the other hand, the results show that NO that reacted with DAF-FM was not responsible for alterations in BRCS. Furthermore, the c-DCF-detectable ROS production induced by t-BHP was higher in fibroblasts from AD patients bearing a PS-1 mutation (n = 7) than in those from aged controls (n = 8). The higher production of c-DCF-detectable ROS may underlie the exaggeration of BRCS in fibroblasts from AD patients. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that abnormalities in selective cellular ROS cause AD-related changes in intracellular calcium regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Meei Huang
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University at Burke Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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McKinney M, Jacksonville MC. Brain cholinergic vulnerability: Relevance to behavior and disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1115-24. [PMID: 15975560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The major populations of cholinergic neurons in the brain include two "projection" systems, located in the pontine reticular formation and in the basal forebrain. These two complexes comprise, in part, the anatomical substrates for the "ascending reticular activating system" (ARAS). The pontine cholinergic system relays its rostral influences mainly through thalamic intralaminar nuclei, but it also connects to the basal forebrain and provides a minor innervation of cortex. The basal forebrain cholinergic complex (BFCC) projects directly to cortex and hippocampus, and has a minor connection with the thalamus. Recent data reveal that a parallel system of basal forebrain GABAergic projection neurons innervates cortex/hippocampus in a way that seems to complement the BFCC. Generally, the picture developed from more than 50 years of research is consistent with a "global" influence of these two ascending cholinergic projections on cortical and hippocampal regions. Seemingly, the BFCC acts in tandem or in parallel with the pontine cholinergic projection to activate the electro-encephalogram, increase cerebral blood flow, regulate sleep-wake cycling, and modulate cognitive function. There are quite a number and variety of human brain conditions, notably including Alzheimer's disease, in which degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons has been documented. Whether the corticopetal GABA system is affected by disease has not been established. Studies of degeneration of the pontine projection are limited, but the available data suggest that it is relatively preserved in Alzheimer's disease. Hypotheses of BFCC degeneration include growth factor deprivation, intracellular calcium dysfunction, amyloid excess, inflammation, and mitochondrial abnormalities/oxidative stress. But, despite considerable research conducted over several decades, the exact mechanisms underlying brain cholinergic vulnerability in human disease remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McKinney
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Pharmacology, Jacksonville, FL 32224-3899, USA. mckinney@
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