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Kulikov AA, Nasluzova EV, Dorofeeva NA, Glazova MV, Lavrova EA, Chernigovskaya EV. Pifithrin-α Inhibits Neural Differentiation
of Newborn Cells in the Subgranular Zone of the Dentate Gyrus at
Initial Stages of Audiogenic Kindling in Krushinsky–Molodkina Rat
Strain. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Leibowitz JA, Natarajan G, Zhou J, Carney PR, Ormerod BK. Sustained somatostatin gene expression reverses kindling-induced increases in the number of dividing Type-1 neural stem cells in the hippocampi of behaviorally responsive rats. Epilepsy Res 2019; 150:78-94. [PMID: 30735971 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists throughout life in the hippocampi of all mammals, including humans. In the healthy hippocampus, relatively quiescent Type-1 neural stem cells (NSCs) can give rise to more proliferative Type-2a neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which generate neuronal-committed Type-2b NPCs that mature into Type-3 neuroblasts. Many Type-3 neuroblasts survive and mature into functionally integrated granule neurons over several weeks. In kindling models of epilepsy, neurogenesis is drastically upregulated and many new neurons form aberrant connections that could support epileptogenesis and/or seizures. We have shown that sustained vector-mediated hippocampal somatostatin (SST) expression can both block epileptogenesis and reverse seizure susceptibility in fully kindled rats. Here we test whether adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-mediated sustained SST expression modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and microglial activation in fully kindled rats. We found significantly more dividing Type-1 NSCs and a corresponding increased number of surviving new neurons in the hippocampi of kindled versus sham-kindled rats. Increased numbers of activated microglia were found in the granule cell layer and hilus of kindled rats at both time points. After intrahippocampal injection with either eGFP or SST-eGFP vector, we found similar numbers of dividing Type-1 NSCs and -2 NPCs and surviving BrdU+ neurons and glia in the hippocampi of kindled rats. Upon observed variability in responses to SST-eGFP (2/4 rats exhibited Grade 0 seizures in the test session), we conducted an additional experiment. We found significantly fewer dividing Type-1 NSCs in the hippocampi of SST-eGFP vector-treated responder rats (5/13 rats) relative to SST-eGFP vector-treated non-responders and eGFP vector-treated controls that exhibited high-grade seizures on the test session. The number of activated microglia was upregulated in the GCL and hilus of kindled rats, regardless of vector treatment. These data support the hypothesis that sustained SST expression exerts antiepileptic effects potentially through normalization of neurogenesis and suggests that abnormally high proliferating Type-1 NSC numbers may be a cellular mechanism of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gowri Natarajan
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA
| | - Paul R Carney
- Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, USA; Neuroscience Program, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Brandi K Ormerod
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA; Department of Neuroscience, USA; McKnight Brain Institute, USA.
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Molecular insights of organochlorine biocide-induced toxicity in zebrafish: Whole-adult-organism toxicogenomics, targeted gene expression and histological analyses. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:525-8. [PMID: 27503704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peters C, Rabkin SD. Designing Herpes Viruses as Oncolytics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30012-2. [PMID: 26462293 PMCID: PMC4599707 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) was one of the first genetically-engineered oncolytic viruses. Because herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a natural human pathogen that can cause serious disease, it is incumbent that it be genetically-engineered or significantly attenuated for safety. Here we present a detailed explanation of the functions of HSV-1 genes frequently mutated to endow oncolytic activity. These genes are non-essential for growth in tissue culture cells but are important for growth in post-mitotic cells, interfering with intrinsic antiviral and innate immune responses or causing pathology, functions dispensable for replication in cancer cells. Understanding the function of these genes leads to informed creation of new oHSVs with better therapeutic efficacy. Virus infection and replication can also be directed to cancer cells through tumor-selective receptor binding and transcriptional- or post-transcriptional miRNA-targeting, respectively. In addition to the direct effects of oHSV on infected cancer cells and tumors, oHSV can be 'armed' with transgenes that are: reporters, to track virus replication and spread; cytotoxic, to kill uninfected tumor cells; immune modulatory, to stimulate anti-tumor immunity; or tumor microenvironment altering, to enhance virus spread or to inhibit tumor growth. In addition to HSV-1, other alphaherpesviruses are also discussed for their oncolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Peters
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
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Cragnolini AB, Volosin M, Huang Y, Friedman WJ. Nerve growth factor induces cell cycle arrest of astrocytes. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:766-76. [PMID: 21954122 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins can influence multiple cellular functions depending on the cellular context and the specific receptors they interact with. These neurotrophic factors have been extensively studied for their ability to support neuronal survival via Trk receptors and to induce apoptosis via the p75(NTR). However, the p75(NTR) is also detected on cell populations that do not undergo apoptosis in response to neurotrophins. In particular, the authors have detected p75(NTR) expression on astrocytes during development and after seizure-induced injury. In this study, the authors investigated the role of Nerve growth factor (NGF) in regulating astrocyte proliferation and in influencing specific aspects of the cell cycle. The authors have demonstrated that NGF prevents the induction of cyclins and their association with specific cyclin-dependent kinases, and thereby prevents progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Since the authors have previously shown that p75(NTR) but not TrkA, is expressed in astrocytes, these data suggest that activation of p75(NTR) promotes withdrawal of astrocytes from the cell cycle, which may have important consequences during development and after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Cragnolini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Krave U, Al-Olama M, Hansson HA. Rotational acceleration closed head flexion trauma generates more extensive diffuse brain injury than extension trauma. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:57-70. [PMID: 21047148 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate if seemingly identical head and neck trauma would generate differing types of brain damage. We experimentally evaluated induced brain injuries immediately after trauma exposure, and at 1 week post-injury. Anesthetized rabbits were exposed once to a sagittal rotational acceleration head and neck injury at either a high or a low load level, using either flexion or extension. A high-load extension trauma induced scattered meningeal petechial hemorrhages and no deaths, in contrast to a flexion trauma of the same level, which resulted in extensive parenchymal and meningeal hemorrhages, and all animals succumbed immediately. A low-level flexion trauma induced scattered meningeal petechiae, but no gross damage, while extension at the same force generated no macroscopically visible acute brain injury. Immunohistochemical investigations carried out at 7 days disclosed that a low-level flexion trauma, as well as both low- and high-level extension exposures, all induced diffuse brain injuries in the cerebral cortex and white matter, corpus callosum, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, as revealed by abnormal distribution of neurofilaments, a prevalence of β-amyloid precursor protein, and astrogliosis. The diffuse brain injury seen after a low-level flexion trauma was equal to or more extensive than that seen after a high-level extension trauma. A low-level extension trauma induced only minor histopathological abnormalities. We conclude that a sagittal rotational acceleration trauma of the head and neck induced diffuse brain injury, and that flexion caused more extensive damage than extension at the same applied load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Krave
- Division of Vehicle Safety, Applied Mechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Kim B, Lee E, Seong RH, Chung H, Son H. Normal Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in SRG3-overexpressing Transgenic Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2010; 19:39-48. [PMID: 22110340 PMCID: PMC3214793 DOI: 10.5607/en.2010.19.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SRG3 (SWI3-related gene) is a core subunit of mouse SWI/SNF complex and is known to play a critical role in stabilizing the SWI/SNF complex by attenuating its proteasomal degradation. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is reported to act as an important endogenous regulator in the proliferation and differentiation of mammalian neural stem cells. Because limited expression of SRG3 occurs in the brain and thymus during mouse embryogenesis, it was hypothesized that the altered SRG3 expression level might affect the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Due to the embryonic lethality of homozygous knockout mice, this study focuses on dissecting the effect of overexpressed SRG3 on adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The BrdU incorporation assay, immunostaing with neuronal markers for each differentiation stage, and imunoblotting analysis with intracellular molecules involved in survival in adult hippocampal neurogenesis found no alteration, suggesting that the overexpression of SRG3 protein in mature neurons had no effect on the entire process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis including proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungwoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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Li Y, Peng Z, Xiao B, Houser CR. Activation of ERK by spontaneous seizures in neural progenitors of the dentate gyrus in a mouse model of epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2010; 224:133-45. [PMID: 20226181 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular changes that are associated with spontaneous seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy are not well understood but could influence ongoing epilepsy-related processes. In order to identify cell signaling events that could occur at the time of spontaneous seizures, the localization of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) was studied in a pilocarpine mouse model of epilepsy at very short intervals (1.5-2.5 min) after detection of a spontaneous seizure. Within the hippocampal formation, immunolabeling of pERK was evident in a subpopulation of cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus at these short intervals. Many of these cells had a long vertical process and resembled radial glia, while others had short processes and were oriented horizontally. Labeling with a series of developmental markers demonstrated that virtually all pERK-labeled cells were neural progenitor cells (NPCs). A high percentage ( approximately 80%) of the pERK-labeled cells was labeled with either glial fibrillary acidic protein or brain lipid binding protein, indicating that these cells were radial glia-like NPCs. A smaller percentage of labeled cells expressed NeuroD, suggesting that they were later-developing NPCs that were assuming a neuronal identity. Early expression of pERK was not detected in immature neurons. Double labeling with proliferation markers demonstrated that approximately 30% of pERK-labeled NPCs expressed Mcm2, indicating that they were actively proliferating. Furthermore, virtually all radial glia-like NPCs that were in the proliferative cycle expressed pERK. These findings suggest that spontaneous seizures and associated ERK activation could contribute to the proliferation of radial glia-like NPCs in this epilepsy model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurobiology, CHS 73-235, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
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Choi YS, Cho KO, Kim SY. Asymmetry in enhanced neurogenesis in the rostral dentate gyrus following kainic acid-induced status epilepticus in adult rats. Arch Pharm Res 2007; 30:646-52. [PMID: 17615686 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the suprapyramidal and infrapyramidal blades of the rostral dentate gyrus was investigated following kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) in adult rats. Rats were injected with KA (14 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline, with convulsions terminated by an intraperitoneal injection of diazepam. Five days after the induction of SE, the rats were injected with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-5-monophosphate (BrdU; 75 mg/kg, i.p.), a marker of cell division. One day after the BrdU injection, the numbers of BrdU-labeled cells in the supra- and infrapyramidal blades were significantly higher in the KA-injected rats compared to the saline-injected rats. In the saline-injected rats, the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the infrapyramidal blade was greater than in the suprapyramidal blade. Twenty-eight days after the BrdU injection, the number of BrdU-labeled cells remained significantly higher in the KA-injected rats than the saline-injected rats, but only in the infrapyramidal blade. In addition, when the extent of cell death was examined with Fluoro-Jade B (a marker of dead and dying cells) 3 days after the induction of SE, degenerating cells were more numerous in the infrapyramidal blade than in the suprapyramidal blade. Our results suggest that there is an asymmetry of neurogenesis and cell death in the rostral dentate gyrus of rats following KA-induced SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Sik Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Zhu H, Dahlström A. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-expressing cells in the neurogenic regions in normal and injured adult brains. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2783-92. [PMID: 17394257 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, neurogenic stem cells are prevalent in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle wall and the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus. Cells that have structural and molecular characteristics of astrocytes function as neurogenic stem cells in these regions, in which these cells also participate in the creation of the microenvironment that stimulates neurogenesis. In the present paper, we review the phenotypic properties, subpopulations, and proliferation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells in these two neurogenic regions and their responses to different brain injuries. Cells fulfilling the criteria for astrocytes, i.e., expressing GFAP, in the SVZ and SGZ respond differently to brain injuries or neurogenic stimuli. The importance of guidance by astrocytes of newly formed neuronal cells is emphasized. The assessment of GFAP-expressing cells in the neurogenic regions is of great importance for understanding the mechanism underlying the response of neural stem cells to brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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Scharfman HE, Gray WP. Relevance of seizure-induced neurogenesis in animal models of epilepsy to the etiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007; 48 Suppl 2:33-41. [PMID: 17571351 PMCID: PMC2504501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seizure induction in laboratory animals is followed by many changes in structure and function, and one of these is an increase in neurogenesis-the birth of new neurons. This phenomenon may be relevant to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), because one of the regions of the brain where seizure-induced neurogenesis is most robust is the dentate gyrus-an area of the brain that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of TLE. Although initial studies predicted that neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus would be important to normal functions, such as learning and memory, the new neurons that are born after seizures may not necessarily promote normal function. There appears to be a complex functional and structural relationship between the new dentate gyrus neurons and preexisting cells, both in the animal models of TLE and in tissue resected from patients with intractable TLE. These studies provide new insights into the mechanisms of TLE, and suggest novel strategies for intervention that could be used to prevent or treat TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Scharfman
- Center for Neural Recovery and Rehabilitation Research, Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health, West Haverstraw, New York 10993-1195, USA.
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Taupin P. BrdU immunohistochemistry for studying adult neurogenesis: Paradigms, pitfalls, limitations, and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:198-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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