Role of the parvicellular reticular formation in facilitating the jaw-opening reflex in rats by stimulation of the red nucleus

Role of the vestibular nuclear complex in facilitating the jaw-opening reflex following stimulation of the red nucleus

According to our previous studies, stimulation of the red nucleus (RN) facilitates the low-threshold afferent-evoked jaw-opening reflex (L-JOR). It has been reported that the RN projects to the superior (SVN), lateral (LVN) and inferior vestibular (IVN) nuclei. The SVN and the LVN have reciprocal intrinsic connections with the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN). Our previous study demonstrated that stimulation of the vestibular nuclear complex (VN) modulates the L-JOR. These facts suggest that RN-induced facilitation of the L-JOR is mediated via the VN. In the present work we investigated whether electrically induced lesions of the VN, or microinjection of muscimol into the VN, affects RN-induced facilitation of the L-JOR. The L-JOR was evoked by electrical stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. The stimulus intensity was 1.2 times the evocation threshold. Lesions of the MVN or the LVN or the SVN, and the muscimol injection into the MVN or the LVN or the SVN, reduced the RN-induced facilitation of the L-JOR. Conversely, lesions of the IVN, and the muscimol injection into the IVN, increased the RN-induced facilitation of the L-JOR. These results suggest that the RN-induced facilitation of the L-JOR is mediated by a relay in the VN.

Jaw-opening reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability changes during quiet sleep in non-human primates

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that the reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability of jaw muscles is reduced during sleep.

DESIGN

Polysomnographic recordings in the electrophysiological study.

SETTING

University sleep research laboratories.

PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS

The reflex and corticobulbar motor excitability of jaw muscles was determined during the quiet awake state (QW) and quiet sleep (QS) in monkeys (n = 4).

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS

During QS sleep, compared to QW periods, both tongue stimulation-evoked jaw-opening reflex peak and root mean square amplitudes were significantly decreased with stimulations at 2-3.5 × thresholds (P < 0.001). The jaw-opening reflex latency during sleep was also significantly longer than during QW. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) within the cortical masticatory area induced rhythmic jaw movements at a stable threshold (≤ 60 μA) during QW; but during QS, ICMS failed to induce any rhythmic jaw movements at the maximum ICMS intensity used, although sustained jaw-opening movements were evoked at significantly increased threshold (P < 0.001) in one of the monkeys. Similarly, during QW, ICMS within face primary motor cortex induced orofacial twitches at a stable threshold (≤ 35 μA), but the ICMS thresholds were elevated during QS. Soon after the animal awoke, rhythmic jaw movements and orofacial twitches could be evoked at thresholds similar to those before QS.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that the excitability of reflex and corticobulbar-evoked activity in the jaw motor system is depressed during QS.

The rostral parvicellular reticular formation neurons mediate lingual nerve input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla

In rats that had been anesthetized by urethane-chloralose, we investigated whether neurons in the rostral part of the parvicellular reticular formation (rRFp) mediate lingual nerve input to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is involved in somato-visceral sensory integration and in controlling the cardiovascular system. We determined the effect of the lingual nerve stimulation on activity of the rRFp neurons that were activated antidromically by stimulation of the RVLM. Stimulation of the lingual trigeminal afferent gave rise to excitatory effects (10/26, 39%), inhibitory effects (6/26, 22%) and no effect (10/26, 39%) on the RVLM-projecting rRFp neurons. About two-thirds of RVLM-projecting rRFp neurons exhibited spontaneous activity; the remaining one-third did not. A half (13/26) of RVLM-projecting rRFp neurons exhibited a pulse-related activity, suggesting that they receive a variety of peripheral and CNS inputs involved in cardiovascular function. We conclude that the lingual trigeminal input exerts excitatory and/or inhibitory effects on a majority (61%) of the RVLM-projecting rRFp neurons, and their neuronal activity may be involved in the cardiovascular responses accompanied by the defense reaction.

Changes in cortically induced rhythmic jaw movements after lesioning of the red nucleus in rats

We study whether the red nucleus (RN) lesion can modify rhythmic jaw movements. Rhythmic jaw movements were induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of the two cortical masticatory areas (area A: the orofacial motor cortex; area P: the insular cortex). Lesions made by applied electric current in the RN were found to influence the rhythmic jaw movements induced by stimulation of A-area. The distance between the maximum and minimum jaw-opening positions was less after the lesions were induced. The duration of rhythmic jaw movements was shorter after lesioning. In contrast, lesions of the RN did not influence rhythmic jaw movements induced by stimulation of the P-area. Next, kainic acid (0.2 microl, lesion group) or phosphate-buffered saline (0.2 microl, control group) was injected into the left RN. Three days after injection, rhythmic jaw movements were induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of the A-area. The distance between the maximum and minimum jaw-opening positions in the lesion group was smaller than in the control group. The rhythmic jaw movements of the lesion group had shorter duration than the control group. These results suggest that the RN is involved in the modification of jaw movements induced by stimulation of the A-area.

Effect of orofacial motor cortex stimulation on neuronal activity in the red nucleus

We studied modulation of the activities of the red nucleus (RN) neurons under to electrical stimulation of the orofacial motor cortex (OfM) in urethane-anesthetized rats. Of 57 neurons studied, 30 (53%) neurons modulated the firing patterns. The firing patterns of the RN neurons were classified into four types: an excitation (E) type (n=4), a long inhibition (LI) type (n=4), a short inhibition (SI) type (n=22), and a no-effect type (n=27). These modulated neurons were intermingled in the dorso-ventral part of the RN. Our results suggest that the RN neurons receive excitatory or inhibitory inputs from the OfM.

Rostral parvicellular reticular formation neurons projecting to rostral ventrolateral medulla receive cardiac inputs in anesthetized rats

The rostral parvicellular reticular formation (rRFp) was explored electrophysiologically in urethane-chloralose anesthetized rats. Spontaneously-active neurons that exhibited a pulse-related activity were recorded and tested for their projections to the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). About one-third (10/29) of the rRFp neurons that exhibited a pulse-related activity were antidromically activated by RVLM stimulation with conduction velocities between 0.2-4.4m/s and fell within the B and C fibre range. A majority (8/10) of these neurons had a low (<10spikes/s) mean firing rate, whereas a small proportion (2/10) had a high (>15spikes/s) mean firing rate. These findings suggest a direct pathway from the rRFp to the RVLM and suggest that neurons projecting to the RVLM receive cardiac inputs and can modulate RVLM neuronal activity.