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Wang X, Peng R, Zhao L. Multiscale metabolomics techniques: Insights into neuroscience research. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 198:106541. [PMID: 38806132 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The field of metabolomics examines the overall composition and dynamic patterns of metabolites in living organisms. The primary methods used in metabolomics include liquid chromatography (LC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. These methods enable the identification and examination of metabolite types and contents within organisms, as well as modifications to metabolic pathways and their connection to the emergence of diseases. Research in metabolomics has extensive value in basic and applied sciences. The field of metabolomics is growing quickly, with the majority of studies concentrating on biomedicine, particularly early disease diagnosis, therapeutic management of human diseases, and mechanistic knowledge of biochemical processes. Multiscale metabolomics is an approach that integrates metabolomics techniques at various scales, including the holistic, tissue, cellular, and organelle scales, to enable more thorough and in-depth studies of metabolic processes in organisms. Multiscale metabolomics can be combined with methods from systems biology and bioinformatics. In recent years, multiscale metabolomics approaches have become increasingly important in neuroscience research due to the nervous system's high metabolic demands. Multiscale metabolomics can offer novel concepts and approaches for the diagnosis, treatment, and development of medication for neurological illnesses in addition to a more thorough understanding of brain metabolism and nervous system function. In this review, we summarize the use of multiscale metabolomics techniques in neuroscience, address the promise and constraints of these techniques, and provide an overview of the metabolome and its applications in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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2
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Ho WM, Schmidt FA, Thomé C, Petr O. CSF metabolomics alterations after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: what do we know? Acta Neurol Belg 2023; 123:2111-2114. [PMID: 37121932 PMCID: PMC10682053 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-023-02266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this mini review is to describe metabolomics in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its potential in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In brain injury, patients' micro dialysis enables detecting biochemical change in brain tissue. Indicators for ischemia were detected such as lactate, pyruvate, glucose, and glutamate. In aSAH patients, the pathophysiology and the factor for poor outcome are not completely understood yet. Routine use of biomarkers in CSF, particularly in aSAH patients, is still lacking. METHODS This mini review was performed on the role of metabolomics alterations after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. RESULTS We identified five clinical studies that addressed metabolomics in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONCLUSION There is increasing evidence suggesting that biomarkers can give insight in the pathogenesis and can serve as an outcome predictor. In this mini review, we present a brief overview of metabolomics profiling in neuroscience and wish to discuss the predictive and therapeutic value in aSAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Mann Ho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franziska A Schmidt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ondra Petr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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3
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Comparative study of brain damage and oxidative stress using two animal models of the shaken baby syndrome. Exp Gerontol 2022; 166:111874. [PMID: 35779807 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective was compare the morphological damages in brain and to evaluate the participation of oxidative stress, using two animal models of shaken baby syndrome (SBS). Five-day-old Wistar rats were used to develop two models of SBS as follows: Gyrotwister (GT) group was subjected to low intensity, high duration rotating movements and Ratshaker (RS) group made to undergo high intensity, low duration anteroposterior movements. Both groups presented respiratory distress, weight loss and shorter stature compared with the control group. In addition, involuntary movements occurred in both experimental models. Hemorrhage was observed in 10 % of the GT group and in 40 % of the RS group. This last group experienced lesser weight gain at 30 days. Glutathione decreased by 25.7 % (GT) and 59.96 (RT). Cell data analysis revealed the presence of crenate and pyknotic cells, characterized by apparent absence of nucleus and nucleolus as well as vacuolation in the GT group. In the RS group, there were a high number of angular, pyknotic and shrunken cells, and a lot of vacuolization. The severity of the brain damage can be related to the magnitude of biochemical modifications, specifically, those related to the production of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species, oxidative stress, oxidative damage.
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NMR-Based Metabolomics of Rat Hippocampus, Serum, and Urine in Two Models of Autism. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5452-5475. [PMID: 35715683 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are increasingly diagnosed as developmental disabilities of unclear etiology related to genetic, epigenetic, or environmental factors. The diagnosis of ASD in children is based on the recognition of typical behavioral symptoms, while no reliable biomarkers are available. Rats in whom ASD-like symptoms are due to maternal administration of the teratogenic drugs valproate or thalidomide on critical day 11 of pregnancy are widely used models in autism research. The present studies, aimed at detecting changes in the levels of hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolites, were carried out on 1-month-old rats belonging to the abovementioned two ASD models and on a control group. Analysis of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic metabolite levels gives a broader view of possible mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of autism. Hippocampal proton magnetic resonance (MRS) spectroscopy and ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of serum and urine samples were used. The results were analyzed using advanced statistical tests. Both the results of our present MRS studies of the hippocampus and of the NMR studies of body fluids in both ASD models, particularly from the THAL model, appeared to be consistent with previously published NMR results of hippocampal homogenates and data from the literature on autistic children. We detected symptoms of disturbances in neurotransmitter metabolism, energy deficit, and oxidative stress, as well as intestinal malfunction, which shed light on the pathogenesis of ASD and could be used for diagnostic purposes. These results confirm the usefulness of the noninvasive techniques used in ASD studies.
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5
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Zeiler FA, Iturria-Medina Y, Thelin EP, Gomez A, Shankar JJ, Ko JH, Figley CR, Wright GEB, Anderson CM. Integrative Neuroinformatics for Precision Prognostication and Personalized Therapeutics in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:729184. [PMID: 34557154 PMCID: PMC8452858 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.729184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite changes in guideline-based management of moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) over the preceding decades, little impact on mortality and morbidity have been seen. This argues against the “one-treatment fits all” approach to such management strategies. With this, some preliminary advances in the area of personalized medicine in TBI care have displayed promising results. However, to continue transitioning toward individually-tailored care, we require integration of complex “-omics” data sets. The past few decades have seen dramatic increases in the volume of complex multi-modal data in moderate and severe TBI care. Such data includes serial high-fidelity multi-modal characterization of the cerebral physiome, serum/cerebrospinal fluid proteomics, admission genetic profiles, and serial advanced neuroimaging modalities. Integrating these complex and serially obtained data sets, with patient baseline demographics, treatment information and clinical outcomes over time, can be a daunting task for the treating clinician. Within this review, we highlight the current status of such multi-modal omics data sets in moderate/severe TBI, current limitations to the utilization of such data, and a potential path forward through employing integrative neuroinformatic approaches, which are applied in other neuropathologies. Such advances are positioned to facilitate the transition to precision prognostication and inform a top-down approach to the development of personalized therapeutics in moderate/severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Zeiler
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Centre on Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alwyn Gomez
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jai J Shankar
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chase R Figley
- Department of Radiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Galen E B Wright
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Chris M Anderson
- Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Jamjoom AAB, Rhodes J, Andrews PJD, Grant SGN. The synapse in traumatic brain injury. Brain 2021; 144:18-31. [PMID: 33186462 PMCID: PMC7880663 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and is a risk factor for dementia later in life. Research into the pathophysiology of TBI has focused on the impact of injury on the neuron. However, recent advances have shown that TBI has a major impact on synapse structure and function through a combination of the immediate mechanical insult and the ensuing secondary injury processes, leading to synapse loss. In this review, we highlight the role of the synapse in TBI pathophysiology with a focus on the confluence of multiple secondary injury processes including excitotoxicity, inflammation and oxidative stress. The primary insult triggers a cascade of events in each of these secondary processes and we discuss the complex interplay that occurs at the synapse. We also examine how the synapse is impacted by traumatic axonal injury and the role it may play in the spread of tau after TBI. We propose that astrocytes play a crucial role by mediating both synapse loss and recovery. Finally, we highlight recent developments in the field including synapse molecular imaging, fluid biomarkers and therapeutics. In particular, we discuss advances in our understanding of synapse diversity and suggest that the new technology of synaptome mapping may prove useful in identifying synapses that are vulnerable or resistant to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimun A B Jamjoom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Peter J D Andrews
- Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Seth G N Grant
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain (SIDB), Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
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7
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Revisiting Traumatic Brain Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100389. [PMID: 33003373 PMCID: PMC7601301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the complex molecular mechanisms involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is crucial for developing new therapies for TBI. Current treatments for TBI are primarily focused on patient stabilization and symptom mitigation. However, the field lacks defined therapies to prevent cell death, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cascades which lead to chronic pathology. Little can be done to treat the mechanical damage that occurs during the primary insult of a TBI; however, secondary injury mechanisms, such as inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death, can be targeted by therapeutic interventions. Elucidating the many mechanisms underlying secondary injury and studying targets of neuroprotective therapeutic agents is critical for developing new treatments. Therefore, we present a review on the molecular events following TBI from inflammation to programmed cell death and discuss current research and the latest therapeutic strategies to help understand TBI-mediated secondary injury.
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8
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Scaled traumatic brain injury results in unique metabolomic signatures between gray matter, white matter, and serum in a piglet model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206481. [PMID: 30379914 PMCID: PMC6209298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and long-term disability in the United States. The heterogeneity of the disease coupled with the lack of comprehensive, standardized scales to adequately characterize multiple types of TBI remain to be major challenges facing effective therapeutic development. A systems level approach to TBI diagnosis through the use of metabolomics could lead to a better understanding of cellular changes post-TBI and potential therapeutic targets. In the current study, we utilize a GC-MS untargeted metabolomics approach to demonstrate altered metabolism in response to TBI in a translational pig model, which possesses many neuroanatomical and pathophysiologic similarities to humans. TBI was produced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in Landrace piglets with impact velocity and depth of depression set to 2m/s;6mm, 4m/s;6mm, 4m/s;12mm, or 4m/s;15mm resulting in graded neural injury. Serum samples were collected pre-TBI, 24 hours post-TBI, and 7 days post-TBI. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that each impact parameter uniquely influenced the metabolomic profile after TBI, and gray and white matter responds differently to TBI on the biochemical level with evidence of white matter displaying greater metabolic change. Furthermore, pathway analysis revealed unique metabolic signatures that were dependent on injury severity and brain tissue type. Metabolomic signatures were also detected in serum samples which potentially captures both time after injury and injury severity. These findings provide a platform for the development of a more accurate TBI classification scale based unique metabolomic signatures.
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9
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Wang C, Han X, Liu F, Patterson TA, Hanig JP, Paule MG, Slikker W. Lipid profiling as an effective approach for identifying biomarkers/adverse events associated with pediatric anesthesia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 354:191-195. [PMID: 29550513 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adverse effects related to central nervous system (CNS) function in pediatric populations may, at times, be difficult, if not impossible to evaluate. Prolonged anesthetic exposure affects brain excitability and anesthesia during the most sensitive developmental stages and has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, aberrant lipid metabolism and synaptogenesis, subsequent neuronal damage, as well as long-term behavioral deficits. There has been limited research evaluating whether and how anesthetic agents affect cellular lipids, the most abundant components of the brain other than water. Therefore, this review discusses: (1) whether the observed anesthetic-induced changes in lipid profiles seen in preclinical studies represents early signs of neurotoxicity; (2) the potential mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced brain injury; and (3) whether lipid biomarker(s) identified in preclinical studies can serve as markers for the early clinical detection of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Joseph P Hanig
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Slikker
- National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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10
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Li J, Qi HY, Wang YB, Su Q, Wu S, Wu L. Hollow fiber-stir bar sorptive extraction and microwave assisted derivatization of amino acids in biological matrices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1474:32-39. [PMID: 27836229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A kind of solid phase microextraction configuration combining the principles of hollow fiber solid phase microextraction (HF-SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is presented. The main feature of HF-SBSE is the use of microporous hollow fiber acting as the carrier and filter, while a thin stainless steel wire and silica microspheres in the lumen of hollow fiber respectively acting as the magnetic stirrer and the dispersed sorbents for the collection and extraction of the target analytes, thus affording extraction process like SBSE. Moreover, the prepared hollow fiber stir bar was applied to direct microextraction and microwave assisted derivatization with N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluroacetamide (BSTFA) of four amino acids in rats' urine and cerebrospinal fluid followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometric analysis. The limits of detection for four amino acids were found to be in the range of 0.0003-0.017μgmL-1, and all the analytes did not exhibit any lack of fit. The extraction recoveries using HF-SBSE techniques ranged from 71.8% to 102.3%. The results indicated that hollow fiber stir bar sorptive extraction was a promising technique for the enrichment and direct derivatization of analytes extracted from biological matrices without sample clean-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Huan-Yang Qi
- Xiamen Medicine Research Institute, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Yan-Bin Wang
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiong Su
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shang Wu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lan Wu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass Utilization, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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Thelin EP, Nelson DW, Ghatan PH, Bellander BM. Microdialysis Monitoring of CSF Parameters in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: A Novel Approach. Front Neurol 2014; 5:159. [PMID: 25228896 PMCID: PMC4151035 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuro-intensive care following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is focused on preventing secondary insults that may lead to irreversible brain damage. Microdialysis (MD) is used to detect deranged cerebral metabolism. The clinical usefulness of the MD is dependent on the regional localization of the MD catheter. The aim of this study was to analyze a new method of continuous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monitoring using the MD technique. The method was validated using conventional laboratory analysis of CSF samples. MD-CSF and regional MD-Brain samples were correlated to patient outcome. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 patients suffering from severe TBI were analyzed. They were monitored using (1) a MD catheter (CMA64-iView, n = 7448 MD samples) located in a CSF-pump connected to the ventricular drain and (2) an intraparenchymal MD catheter (CMA70, n = 8358 MD samples). CSF-lactate and CSF-glucose levels were monitored and were compared to MD-CSF samples. MD-CSF and MD-Brain parameters were correlated to favorable (Glasgow Outcome Score extended, GOSe 6–8) and unfavorable (GOSe 1–5) outcome. Results: Levels of glucose and lactate acquired with the CSF-MD technique could be correlated to conventional levels. The median MD recovery using the CMA64 catheter in CSF was 0.98 and 0.97 for glucose and lactate, respectively. Median MD-CSF (CMA 64) lactate (p = 0.0057) and pyruvate (p = 0.0011) levels were significantly lower in the favorable outcome group compared to the unfavorable group. No significant difference in outcome was found using the lactate:pyruvate ratio (LPR), or any of the regional MD-Brain monitoring in our analyzed cohort. Conclusion: This new technique of global MD-CSF monitoring correlates with conventional CSF levels of glucose and lactate, and the MD recovery is higher than previously described. Increase in lactate and pyruvate, without any effect on the LPR, correlates to unfavorable outcome, perhaps related to the presence of erythrocytes in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Thelin
- Section for Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - David W Nelson
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Per Hamid Ghatan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Bo-Michael Bellander
- Section for Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna , Stockholm , Sweden
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12
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Nunes de Paiva MJ, Menezes HC, de Lourdes Cardeal Z. Sampling and analysis of metabolomes in biological fluids. Analyst 2014; 139:3683-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00583j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Metabolome analysis involves the study of small molecules that are involved in the metabolic responses that occur through patho-physiological changes caused by genetic stimuli or chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Nunes de Paiva
- Departamento de Química
- ICEx
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- 6627-31270901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química
- ICEx
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
- 6627-31270901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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13
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Musteata M, Nicolescu A, Solcan G, Deleanu C. The 1H NMR profile of healthy dog cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81192. [PMID: 24376499 PMCID: PMC3871169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of data for reference values in cerebrospinal fluid for healthy humans is limited due to obvious practical and ethical issues. The variability of reported values for metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid is quite large. Dogs present great similarities with humans, including in cases of central nervous system pathologies. The paper presents the first study on healthy dog cerebrospinal fluid metabolomic profile using 1H NMR spectroscopy. A number of 13 metabolites have been identified and quantified from cerebrospinal fluid collected from a group of 10 mix breed healthy dogs. The biological variability as resulting from the relative standard deviation of the physiological concentrations of the identified metabolites had a mean of 18.20% (range between 9.3% and 44.8%). The reported concentrations for metabolites may be used as normal reference values. The homogeneity of the obtained results and the low biologic variability show that the 1H NMR analysis of the dog’s cerebrospinal fluid is reliable in designing and interpreting clinical and therapeutic trials in dogs with central nervous system pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Musteata
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Nicolescu
- Group of Biospectroscopy, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Roumanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
- Group of Biospectroscopy, Centre of Organic Chemistry, Roumanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Solcan
- Clinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Romania
| | - Calin Deleanu
- Group of Biospectroscopy, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Roumanian Academy, Iasi, Romania
- Group of Biospectroscopy, Centre of Organic Chemistry, Roumanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- * E-mail:
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Cornelius C, Crupi R, Calabrese V, Graziano A, Milone P, Pennisi G, Radak Z, Calabrese EJ, Cuzzocrea S. Traumatic brain injury: oxidative stress and neuroprotection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:836-53. [PMID: 23547621 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A vast amount of circumstantial evidence implicates high energy oxidants and oxidative stress as mediators of secondary damage associated with traumatic brain injury. The excessive production of reactive oxygen species due to excitotoxicity and exhaustion of the endogenous antioxidant system induces peroxidation of cellular and vascular structures, protein oxidation, cleavage of DNA, and inhibition of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. RECENT ADVANCES Different integrated responses exist in the brain to detect oxidative stress, which is controlled by several genes termed vitagens. Vitagens encode for cytoprotective heat shock proteins, and thioredoxin and sirtuins. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS This article discusses selected aspects of secondary brain injury after trauma and outlines key mechanisms associated with toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and necrosis. Finally, this review discusses the role of different oxidants and presents potential clinically relevant molecular targets that could be harnessed to treat secondary injury associated with brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Cornelius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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de Paiva MJN, Menezes HC, Christo PP, Resende RR, Cardeal ZDL. An alternative derivatization method for the analysis of amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 931:97-102. [PMID: 23770739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The determination of the concentrations of l-amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been used to gain biochemical insight into central nervous system disorders. This paper describes a microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) method using N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) as a derivatizing agent for determining the concentrations of l-amino acids in human CSF by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The experimental design used to optimize the conditions showed that the optimal derivatization time was 3min with a microwave power of 210W. The method showed good performance for the validation parameters. The sensitivity was very good, with limits of detection (LODs) ranging from 0.01μmolL(-1) to 4.24μmolL(-1) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging from 0.02 to 7.07μmolL(-1). The precision, measured using the relative standard deviation (RSD), ranged from 4.12 to 15.59% for intra-day analyses and from 6.36 to 18.71% for inter-day analyses. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) were above 0.990 for all amino acids. The optimized and validated method was applied to the determination of amino acid concentrations in human CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Nunes de Paiva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270901, Brazil
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Glenn TC, Hirt D, Mendez G, McArthur DL, Sturtevant R, Wolahan S, Fazlollahi F, Ordon M, Bilgin-Freiert A, Ellingson B, Vespa P, Hovda DA, Martin NA. Metabolomic analysis of cerebral spinal fluid from patients with severe brain injury. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2013; 118:115-9. [PMID: 23564115 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1434-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopic analysis of cerebral spinal fluid provides a quick, non-invasive modality for evaluating the metabolic activity of brain-injured patients. In a prospective study, we compared the CSF of 44 TBI patients and 13 non-injured control subjects. CSF was screened for ten parameters: β-glucose (Glu), lactate (Lac), propylene glycol (PG), glutamine (Gln), alanine (Ala), α-glucose (A-Glu), pyruvate (PYR), creatine (Cr), creatinine (Crt), and acetate (Ace). Using mixed effects measures, we discovered statistically significant differences between control and trauma concentrations (mM). TBI patients had significantly higher concentrations of PG, while statistical trends existed for lactate, glutamine, and creatine. TBI patients had a significantly decreased concentration of total creatinine. There were no significant differences between TBI patients and non-injured controls regarding β- or α-glucose, alanine, pyruvate or acetate. Correlational analysis between metabolites revealed that the strongest significant correlations in non-injured subjects were between β- and α-glucose (r = 0.74), creatinine and pyruvate (r = 0.74), alanine and creatine (r = 0.62), and glutamine and α-glucose (r = 0.60). For TBI patients, the strongest significant correlations were between lactate and α-glucose (r = 0.54), lactate and alanine (r = 0.53), and α-glucose and alanine (r = 0.48). The GLM and multimodel inference indicated that the combined metabolites of PG, glutamine, α-glucose, and creatinine were the strongest predictors for CMRO2, ICP, and GOSe. By analyzing the CSF of patients with TBI, our goal was to create a metabolomic fingerprint for brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Glenn
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7039, USA.
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Toczylowska B, Jamrozik Z, Liebert A, Kwiecinski H. NMR-based Metabonomics of Cerebrospinal Fluid Applied to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0208-5216(13)70053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cho HR, Wen H, Ryu YJ, An YJ, Kim HC, Moon WK, Han MH, Park S, Choi SH. An NMR metabolomics approach for the diagnosis of leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5179-87. [PMID: 22926555 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LC) is the third most common metastatic complication of the central nervous system. However, the current modalities to reliably diagnose this condition are not satisfactory. Here, we report a preclinical proof of concept for a metabolomics-based diagnostic strategy using a rat LC model incorporating glioma cells that stably express green fluorescent protein. Cytologic diagnoses gave 66.7% sensitivity for the 7-day LC group and 0% for the 3-day LC group. MR imaging could not diagnose LC at these stages. In contrast, nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics on cerebrospinal fluid detected marked differences between the normal and LC groups. Predictions based on the multivariate model provided sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of 88% to 89% in both groups for LC diagnosis. Further statistical analyses identified lactate, acetate, and creatine as specific for the 7-day LC group, with glucose a specific marker of the normal group. Overall, we showed that the metabolomics approach provided both earlier and more accurate diagnostic results than cytology and MR imaging in current use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Cho
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Mandal R, Guo AC, Chaudhary KK, Liu P, Yallou FS, Dong E, Aziat F, Wishart DS. Multi-platform characterization of the human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome: a comprehensive and quantitative update. Genome Med 2012; 4:38. [PMID: 22546835 PMCID: PMC3446266 DOI: 10.1186/gm337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is known to be a rich source of small molecule biomarkers for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. In 2007, we conducted a comprehensive metabolomic study and performed a detailed literature review on metabolites that could be detected (via metabolomics or other techniques) in CSF. A total of 308 detectable metabolites were identified, of which only 23% were shown to be routinely identifiable or quantifiable with the metabolomics technologies available at that time. The continuing advancement in analytical technologies along with the growing interest in CSF metabolomics has led us to re-visit the human CSF metabolome and to re-assess both its size and the level of coverage than can be achieved with today's technologies. METHODS We used five analytical platforms, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), direct flow injection-mass spectrometry (DFI-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to perform quantitative metabolomics on multiple human CSF samples. This experimental work was complemented with an extensive literature review to acquire additional information on reported CSF compounds, their concentrations and their disease associations. RESULTS NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS methods allowed the identification and quantification of 70 CSF metabolites (as previously reported). DFI-MS/MS allowed the quantification of 78 metabolites (6 acylcarnitines, 13 amino acids, hexose, 42 phosphatidylcholines, 2 lyso-phosphatidylcholines and 14 sphingolipids), while ICP-MS provided quantitative results for 33 metal ions in CSF. Literature analysis led to the identification of 57 more metabolites. In total, 476 compounds have now been confirmed to exist in human CSF. CONCLUSIONS The use of improved metabolomic and other analytical techniques has led to a 54% increase in the known size of the human CSF metabolome over the past 5 years. Commonly available metabolomic methods, when combined, can now routinely identify and quantify 36% of the 'detectable' human CSF metabolome. Our experimental works measured 78 new metabolites that, as per our knowledge, have not been reported to be present in human CSF. An updated CSF metabolome database containing the complete set of 476 human CSF compounds, their concentrations, related literature references and links to their known disease associations is freely available at the CSF metabolome database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - An Chi Guo
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - Kruti K Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - Philip Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - Faizath S Yallou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - Edison Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - Farid Aziat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Athabasca Hall, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G 2E8
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2M9
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Otto F, Illes S, Opatz J, Laryea M, Theiss S, Hartung HP, Schnitzler A, Siebler M, Dihné M. Cerebrospinal fluid of brain trauma patients inhibits in vitro neuronal network function via NMDA receptors. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:546-55. [PMID: 19847897 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases frequently induce pathological changes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that might secondarily influence brain activity, as the CSF-brain barrier is partially permeable. However, functional effects of CSF on neuronal network activity have not been specified to date. Here, we report that CSF specimens from patients with reduced Glasgow Coma Scale values caused by severe traumatic brain injury suppress synchronous activity of in vitro-generated neuronal networks in comparison with controls. We present evidence that underlying mechanisms include increased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity mediated by a CSF fraction containing elevated amino acid concentrations. These proof-of-principle data suggest that determining effects of CSF specimens on neuronal network activity might be of diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Otto
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Besson VC. Drug targets for traumatic brain injury from poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase pathway modulation. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:695-704. [PMID: 19371326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deleterious pathophysiological cascade induced after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is initiated by an excitotoxic process triggered by excessive glutamate release. Activation of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, by increasing calcium influx, activates nitric oxide (NO) synthases leading to a toxic production of NO. Moreover, after TBI, free radicals are highly produced and participate to a deleterious oxidative stress. Evidence has showed that the major toxic effect of NO comes from its combination with superoxide anion leading to peroxynitrite formation, a highly reactive and oxidant compound. Indeed, peroxynitrite mediates nitrosative stress and is a potent inducer of cell death through its reaction with lipids, proteins and DNA. Particularly DNA damage, caused by both oxidative and nitrosative stresses, results in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme implicated in DNA repair. In response to excessive DNA damage, massive PARP activation leads to energetic depletion and finally to cell death. Since 10 years, accumulating data have showed that inactivation of PARP, either pharmacologically or using PARP null mice, induces neuroprotection in experimental models of TBI. Thus TBI generating NO, oxidative and nitrosative stresses promotes PARP activation contributing in post-traumatic motor, cognitive and histological sequelae. The mechanisms by which PARP inhibitors provide protection might not entirely be related to the preservation of cellular energy stores, but might also include other PARP-mediated mechanisms that needed to be explored in a TBI context. Ten years of experimental research provided rational basis for the development of PARP inhibitors as treatment for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie C Besson
- Equipe de Recherche 'Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale' (EA 2510), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Myint KT, Aoshima K, Tanaka S, Nakamura T, Oda Y. Quantitative profiling of polar cationic metabolites in human cerebrospinal fluid by reversed-phase nanoliquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1121-9. [PMID: 19125563 DOI: 10.1021/ac802259r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reversed-phase (RP) nanoliquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for proteome analysis, but hydrophilic metabolites are poorly retained on RP columns. We describe here the development and application of an efficient, robust, and quantitative nano-LC/MS method for cationic metabolome analysis in the positive ionization mode without any derivatization of analytes. Various stationary phases for nano-LC, coating of the internal wall of the capillary column, and various mobile phases were evaluated in terms of separation and peak shapes for 33 hydrophilic metabolites, including nonderivatized amino acids. Polar cationic compounds were strongly bound to mixed-functional RP with cation exchange mode resin, and the best separation was obtained with hydrophilic internal wall coating and a two-step trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) gradient in methanol as the mobile phase. Simple, but optimized, sample processing and the use of a high content of methanol allowed robust nano-LC/MS analysis. Our developed method was applied for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several hundred peaks were detected from 10 microL of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In a principal component analysis (PCA) plot using peak intensities without normalization, peak separation depended on the experimental date, not disease state. Therefore, constant amounts of two stable isotope-labeled amino acids, Val and Lys, were added as internal standards (ISs) to each sample before processing. These ISs were eluted in different gradient slopes in the two-step gradient, and the normalized peak ratios using the corresponding ISs gave a unique group of PCA scores which could distinguish AD CSF samples from age-matched control CSF samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Than Myint
- Laboratory of Core Technology, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan
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Adenine nucleotide hydrolysis in patients with aseptic and bacterial meningitis. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:463-9. [PMID: 18712598 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The meningitis is a disease with high mortality rates capable to cause neurologic sequelae. The adenosine (the final product of ATP hydrolysis by ectonucleotidases), have a recognized neuroprotective actions in the central nervous system (CNS) in pathological conditions. The aim of the present study was evaluate the adenine nucleotides hydrolysis for to verify one possible role of ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis in inflammatory process such as meningitis. The hydrolysis was verified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from human patients with aseptic and bacterial meningitis. Our results showed that the ATP hydrolysis was reduced 12.28% (P < 0.05) in bacterial meningitis and 22% (P < 0.05) in aseptic meningitis. ADP and AMP hydrolysis increased 79.13% (P < 0.05) and 26.37% (P < 0.05) in bacterial meningitis, respectively, and 57.39% (P < 0.05) and 42.64% (P < 0.05) in aseptic meningitis, respectively. This may be an important protective mechanism in order to increase adenosine production.
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Wishart DS, Lewis MJ, Morrissey JA, Flegel MD, Jeroncic K, Xiong Y, Cheng D, Eisner R, Gautam B, Tzur D, Sawhney S, Bamforth F, Greiner R, Li L. The human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 871:164-73. [PMID: 18502700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With continuing improvements in analytical technology and an increased interest in comprehensive metabolic profiling of biofluids and tissues, there is a growing need to develop comprehensive reference resources for certain clinically important biofluids, such as blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As part of our effort to systematically characterize the human metabolome we have chosen to characterize CSF as the first biofluid to be intensively scrutinized. In doing so, we combined comprehensive NMR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography (LC) Fourier transform-mass spectrometry (FTMS) methods with computer-aided literature mining to identify and quantify essentially all of the metabolites that can be commonly detected (with today's technology) in the human CSF metabolome. Tables containing the compounds, concentrations, spectra, protocols and links to disease associations that we have found for the human CSF metabolome are freely available at http://www.csfmetabolome.ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Pears MR, Salek RM, Palmer DN, Kay GW, Mortishire-Smith RJ, Griffin JL. Metabolomic investigation of CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in affected South Hampshire sheep. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:3494-504. [PMID: 17510975 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs; Batten disease) are a group of fatal inherited neurodegenerative diseases in humans and animals distinguished by a common clinical pathology, characteristic storage body accumulation in cells, and gross brain atrophy. An (1)H NMR spectroscopy- and GC-MS-based metabolomic investigation of changes in the cerebellum, frontal and occipital lobes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of CLN6 NCL affected South Hampshire sheep charted changes from the preclinical state to advanced disease. Glutamine and succinate concentrations increased in all brain regions in affected sheep relative to controls, whereas concentrations of aspartate, acetate, glutamate, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) decreased. Changes in the concentrations of inositols, NAA, and GABA were consistent with glial cell activation and neurodegeneration beginning in the frontal and occipital lobes, in agreement with previous histopathological data. Further metabolic deficits were defined in all regions at earlier time points, including the cerebellum, where very little neurological degeneration has been reported. Biochemical abnormalities in the CSF of affected sheep at 18-31 months include relative increases in lactate, acetate, tyrosine, and creatine/creatinine concentrations and decreases in myo- and scyllo-inositol and citrate concentrations. The changes detected in the CSF and brain tissue mirrored those previously apparent in NCL mouse models, suggesting that they are common to all NCLs. However, the changes in glutamate and glutamine concentrations in CSF occurred after clinical disease, indicating that any changes in glutamate/glutamine cycling occur as a consequence of the primary deficits associated with the NCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Pears
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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