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De I, Sharma P, Singh M. Emerging approaches of neural regeneration using physical stimulations solely or coupled with smart piezoelectric nano-biomaterials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 173:73-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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2
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Intracranial self-stimulation-reward or immobilization-aversion had different effects on neurite extension and the ERK pathway in neurotransmitter-sensitive mutant PC12 cells. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112920. [PMID: 32961216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various actions trigger pleasure (reward) or aversion (punishment) as emotional responses. Emotional factors that negatively affect brain neural control processes for long periods of time might cause various mental diseases by inducing neuronal changes. In the present study, newly developed PC12m12 cells which are highly sensitivity to neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh), were used. Exposing the cells to plasma from rats that had been subjected to intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) markedly upregulated neurite outgrowth. In addition, voluntary running in a wheel or forced on a rotating rod was used to induce behavioral excitation in rats, and examinations of their plasma confirmed that the ICSS-induced neurite outgrowth was not associated with the ICSS behavior itself. Furthermore, immunoblotting and treatment with U0126, an ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) antagonist, showed that the ICSS-induced neurite outgrowth was related to neuronal ERK activity. Exposing the same cells to plasma from rats that had been subjected to immobilization (IMM) also increased neurite outgrowth. Although the degree of enhancement was not as great as that seen after the ICSS rat plasma treatment, it was less than that observed after treatment with ACh as a positive control. These results indicate that ICSS or IMM lead to varying degrees of morphological changes, such as enhanced neurite outgrowth, in PC12m12 cells, but the neuronal signal transduction pathways underlying these effects differ; i.e.,the former morphological change might involve the activation of the ERK pathway, whereas the latter changes might not. Using PC12m12 cells which exhibit sensitivity to neurotransmitters, it might be possible to clarify the pathogeneses of mental diseases at the neuronal level and search for therapeutic drugs.
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3
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Motoda H, Hiragami F, Kawamura K, Inoue S, Gomita Y, Kano Y. Contrast bath-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02656. [PMID: 31667436 PMCID: PMC6812228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the differentiation and activation of p38 MAPK induced by contrast bath in drug-hypersensitive PC12m3 mutant cells. The rate of neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells induced by contrast bath was much higher than that induced by warming or cooling alone or that induced by two warmings with an interval of room temperature, indicating that contrast bath has a synergistic effect. The results of an experiment using a p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, showed that neurite outgrowth of PC12m3 cells induced by contrast bath is p38 MAPK-dependent. Moreover, p38 MAPK activity induced by contrast bath was greater than that induced by warming or cooling alone, indicating that the synergistic effect of a contrast bath on neurite outgrowth depends on the activity of p38 MAPK. Since calcium ions are involved in the activations of P38 MAPK, we investigated the effect of the TRP ion channel inhibitor (Capsazepine) that inhibits calcium influx in the cells. Neurite outgrowth induced by contrast bath treatment was greatly suppressed by the addition of Capsazepine. These findings suggest that calcium dependent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway induced by contrast bath is responsible for the neurite outgrowth of PC12m3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshio Motoda
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan.,Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
| | - Fukumi Hiragami
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan.,Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawamura
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan.,Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
| | - Shigeki Inoue
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan.,Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
| | - Yutaka Gomita
- Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kano
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan.,Research Institute of Health and Welfare, Kibi International University, 8-Iga-machi, Takahashi, Okayama, 716-8508, Japan
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C-SH2 point mutation converts p85β regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase to an anti-aging gene. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12683. [PMID: 31481652 PMCID: PMC6722097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin interacts with the insulin receptor, and the activated receptor promotes activity of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) enzyme. A decrease in insulin or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling increases the lifespan in mammalian species. We found that a point mutation in the C-SH2 domain of the p85β regulatory subunit of PI3K results in a prolonged lifespan. In p85β mutant cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) activates the longevity protein FOXO, and the mutant p85β gene produces strong resistance to oxidative stress, which contributes to aging. The p85β gene mutation causes increased serum insulin and low blood glucose in p85β mutant transgenic mice. Our results indicate that the p85β mutant allele alters the activity of downstream targets of PI3K by NGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) but not by insulin. We report that a point mutation in the C-SH2 domain of p85β transforms p85β into a novel anti-aging gene by abnormally regulating PI3K.
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Kheiri G, Dolatshahi M, Rahmani F, Rezaei N. Role of p38/MAPKs in Alzheimer's disease: implications for amyloid beta toxicity targeted therapy. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:9-30. [PMID: 29804103 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A myriad of environmental and genetic factors, as well as the physiologic process of aging, contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neuroinflammation is and has been a focus of interest, as a common gateway for initiation of many of the underlying pathologies of AD. Amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity, increasing RAGE expression, tau hyperphosphorylation, induction of apoptosis, and deregulated autophagy are among other mechanisms, partly entangled and being explained by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK signaling. p38 MAPK is the most essential regulator of Aβ induced toxicity from this family. p38 induces NF-κB activation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and disruption of synaptic plasticity, which are other implications of all justifying the p38 MAPK as a potential target to break the vicious Aβ toxicity cycle. Until recently, many in vivo and in vitro studies have investigated the effects of p38 MAPK inhibitors in AD. The pyridinyl imidazole compounds SB202190 and SB203580 have shown promising anti-apoptotic results in vivo. MW108 inhibits activation of p38 and is able to postpone cognitive decline in animal models. The PD169316, with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-apoptotic features, has improved spatial memory in vivo. Natural compounds from Camellia sinensis (green tea), polyphenols from olive oil, pinocembrin from propolis, and the puerarine extract isoflavones, have shown strong anti-apoptotic features, mediated by p38 MAPK inhibition. Use of these drug targets is limited due to central nervous system side effects or cross-reactivity with other kinases, predicting the low efficacy of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Kheiri
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Dolatshahi
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rahmani
- Student's Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1416753955 Tehran, Iran.,NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- NeuroImaging Network (NIN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 19166 Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran
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6
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Electrical stimulation induces neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:81-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Gomita Y, Esumi S, Sugiyama N, Kitamura Y, Koike Y, Motoda H, Sendo T, Kano Y. Intracranial self-stimulation-reward induces neurite extension in PC12m3 cells and activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 649:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karelina K, Hansen KF, Choi YS, DeVries AC, Arthur JSC, Obrietan K. MSK1 regulates environmental enrichment-induced hippocampal plasticity and cognitive enhancement. Learn Mem 2012; 19:550-60. [PMID: 23077336 DOI: 10.1101/lm.025775.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has marked beneficial effects on cognitive capacity. Given the possibility that this form of neuronal plasticity could function via the actuation of the same cellular signaling pathways that underlie learning/memory formation, we examined whether the MAPK cascade effector, mitogen/stress-activated kinase 1 (MSK1), could play a role in this process. MSK1 functions as a key signaling intermediate that couples changes in neuronal activity into inducible gene expression, neuronal plasticity, and learning/memory. Here, we show that MSK1 is expressed in excitatory cell layers of the hippocampus, progenitor cells of the subgranular zone (SGZ), and adult-born immature neurons. MSK1(-/-) mice exhibit reduced spinogenesis and decreased dendritic branching complexity in hippocampal neurons, compared with WT mice. Further, in MSK1(-/-) mice, progenitor cell proliferation within the SGZ was significantly reduced and, correspondingly, the number of immature neurons within the dentate gyrus was significantly reduced. Consistent with prior work, MSK1(-/-) mice displayed deficits in both spatial and recognition memory tasks. Strikingly, cognitive enhancement resulting from a 40-d period of EE was markedly reduced in MSK1(-/-) animals. MSK1(-/-) mice exhibited reduced levels of EE-induced spinogenesis and SGZ progenitor proliferation. Taken together, these data reveal that MSK1 serves as a critical regulator of hippocampal physiology and function and that MSK1 serves as a key conduit by which enriching stimuli augment cellular plasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Cheng HT, Dauch JR, Hayes JM, Yanik BM, Feldman EL. Nerve growth factor/p38 signaling increases intraepidermal nerve fiber densities in painful neuropathy of type 2 diabetes. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:280-7. [PMID: 21872660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common, yet devastating complication of type 2 diabetes. At this time, there is no objective test for diagnosing PDN. In the current study, we measured the peptidergic intraepidermal nerve fiber densities (IENFD) from hind paws of the db/db mouse, an animal model for type 2 diabetes, during the period of mechanical allodynia from 6 to 12 weeks of age. Intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENF) of the hind footpads were identified by protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunohistochemistry. The peptidergic IENF were determined by double immunofluorescence using anti-PGP9.5 and antibodies against tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (Trk) A. We observed a significant increase in PGP9.5-positive IENFD at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Similarly, Trk A-positive peptidergic IENF, which also express substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide in db/db mice, were observed to be elevated from 1.5 to 2 fold over controls. This upregulation ended at 16 weeks of age, in accordance with the reduction of mechanical allodynia. Anti-NGF treatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of peptidergic IENFD during the period of mechanical allodynia, suggesting that increased neurotrophism may mediate this phenomenon. In addition, SB203580, an inhibitor of p38, blocked the increase in peptidergic IENFD in db/db mice. The current results suggest that peptidergic IENFD could be a potential diagnostic indicator for PDN in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the inhibition of NGF-p38 signaling could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating this painful condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinlin T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Yeyeodu ST, Witherspoon SM, Gilyazova N, Ibeanu GC. A rapid, inexpensive high throughput screen method for neurite outgrowth. CURRENT CHEMICAL GENOMICS 2010; 4:74-83. [PMID: 21347208 PMCID: PMC3040990 DOI: 10.2174/1875397301004010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth assays are the most common phenotypic screen to assess chemical effects on neuronal cells. Current automated assays involve expensive equipment, lengthy sample preparation and handling, costly reagents and slow rates of data acquisition and analysis. We have developed a high throughput screen (HTS) for neurite outgrowth using a robust neuronal cell model coupled to fast and inexpensive visualization methods, reduced data volume and rapid data analysis. Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) cell, a subclone of PC12, possessing rapid growth and enhanced sensitivity to NGF was used as a model neuron. This method reduces preparation time by using cells expressing GFP or native cells stained with HCS CellMask(™) Red in a multiplexed 30 min fixation and staining step. A 2x2 camera binning process reduced both image data files and analysis times by 75% and 60% respectively, compared to current protocols. In addition, eliminating autofocus steps during montage generation reduced data collection time. Pharmacological profiles for stimulation and inhibition of neurite outgrowth by NGF and SU6656 were comparable to current standard method utilizing immunofluorescence detection of tubulin. Potentiation of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth by members of a 1,120-member Prestwick compound library as assayed using this method identified six molecules, including etoposide, isoflupredone acetate, fludrocortisone acetate, thioguanosine, oxyphenbutazone and gibberellic acid, that more than doubled the neurite mass primed by 2 ng/ml NGF. This simple procedure represents an important routine approach in high throughput screening of large chemical libraries using the neurite outgrowth phenotype as a measure of the effects of chemical molecules on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T Yeyeodu
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, 1801 Fayetteville Street, Durham, NC. 27707, USA
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11
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Hiragami F, Motoda H, Takezawa T, Takabayashi C, Inoue S, Wakatake Y, Kano Y. Heat shock-induced three-dimensional-like proliferation of normal human fibroblasts mediated by pressed silk. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4963-4976. [PMID: 20087471 PMCID: PMC2808017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the optimal heat treatment conditions for enhancement of pressed silk-mediated 3D-like proliferation of normal human dermal fibroblasts, as well as to determine the responses to heat shock of cells and intracellular signaling pathways. The beginning of 3D-like pattern formation of cells was observed in the second week after the start of the experiment. The mean rates of beginning of 3D-like pattern formation by cells heat-treated at 40 ºC and 43 ºC for 10 min were significantly higher (3.2- and 8.6-fold, respectively) than that of untreated cells. We found that apoptosis had occurred in 7.5% and 50.0% of the cells at one week after heat treatment for 10 min at 43 ºC and 45 ºC, respectively. Western blot analysis demonstrated that phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and that of Hsp27 were markedly increased by heat treatment at 43 ºC for 10 min. The results of an experiment using a p38 MAPK inhibitor and Hsp27 inhibitor suggest that activation of p38 MAPK by heat shock is associated with 3D-like cell proliferation and that Hsp27 contributes to the inhibition of apoptosis. The results of this study should be useful for further studies aimed at elucidation of the physiologic mechanisms underlying thermotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukumi Hiragami
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi Takahashi City, Okayama 716-8505, Japan; E-Mails:
(H.M.);
(S.I.);
(Y.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +81-866-22-9160; Fax: +81-866-22-9160
| | - Hirotoshi Motoda
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi Takahashi City, Okayama 716-8505, Japan; E-Mails:
(H.M.);
(S.I.);
(Y.W.)
| | - Toshiaki Takezawa
- Laboratory of Animal Cell Biology, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ikenodai 2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Chiyuki Takabayashi
- Laboratory of New Silk Materials, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Gouda 1-4-8, Okaya, Nagano 394-0021, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Shigeki Inoue
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi Takahashi City, Okayama 716-8505, Japan; E-Mails:
(H.M.);
(S.I.);
(Y.W.)
| | - Yuji Wakatake
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi Takahashi City, Okayama 716-8505, Japan; E-Mails:
(H.M.);
(S.I.);
(Y.W.)
| | - Yoshio Kano
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Science, Kibi International University, 8 Iga-machi Takahashi City, Okayama 716-8505, Japan; E-Mail:
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IL-4 stimulates mouse macrophages to express APRIL through p38MAPK and two different downstream molecules, CREB and Stat6. Cytokine 2009; 47:43-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Congenital hypothyroidism is associated with intermediate filament misregulation, glutamate transporters down-regulation and MAPK activation in developing rat brain. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:1092-9. [PMID: 18845185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency leads to mental retardation and neurological deficits in humans. In this study, congenital hypothyroidism was induced in rats by adding 0.05% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil in the drinking water during gestation and suckling period. This treatment induced hyperphosphorylation of neurofilaments, the neuronal intermediate filament (IF) proteins, of heavy, medium and low molecular weight (NF-H, NF-M and NF-L, respectively) without altering the phosphorylation level of astrocyte IF proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin in cerebral cortex of rats. NF-H was hyperphosphorylated on KSP repeats in the carboxy-terminal tail domain. Furthermore, the immunocontent of GFAP and NF subunits was down-regulated, while vimentin was unaltered both in tissue homogenate and in cytoskeletal fraction of hypothyroid animals. Moreover, we verified the immunocontent of astrocyte glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in hypothyroid rats. Results showed that hypothyroidism is associated with decreased GLAST and GLT-1 immunocontent. Additionally, we demonstrated increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation without altering Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38(MAPK) phosphorylation. However, total JNK levels were down-regulated. Taken together, these results suggest that the thyroid status could modulate the integrity of neuronal cytoskeleton acting on the endogenous NF-associated phosphorylating system and that such effect could be related to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, as well as ERK1/2 and JNK modulation. These events could be somehow related to the neurological dysfunction described in hypothyroidism.
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Inoue S, Motoda H, Koike Y, Kawamura K, Hiragami F, Kano Y. Microwave irradiation induces neurite outgrowth in PC12m3 cells via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:35-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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