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Sathishkumar P, Mohan K, Meena RAA, Balasubramanian M, Chitra L, Ganesan AR, Palvannan T, Brar SK, Gu FL. Hazardous impact of diclofenac on mammalian system: Mitigation strategy through green remediation approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126135. [PMID: 34157463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is an anti-inflammatory drug used as an analgesic. It is often detected in various environmental sources around the world and is considered as one of the emerging contaminants (ECs). This paper reviews the distribution of diclofenac at high concentrations in diverse environments and its adverse ecological impact. Recent studies observed strong evidence of the hazardous effect of diclofenac on mammals, including humans. Diclofenac could cause gastrointestinal complications, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hematotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, bone fractures, and skin allergy in mammals even at a low concentration. Collectively, this comprehensive review relates the mode of toxicity, level of exposure, and route of administration as a unique approach for addressing the destructive consequence of diclofenac in mammalian systems. Finally, the mitigation strategy to eradicate the diclofenac toxicity through green remediation is critically discussed. This review will undoubtedly shed light on the toxic effects of pseudo-persistent diclofenac on mammals as well as frame stringent guidelines against its common usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | | | - Murugesan Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Loganathan Chitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Group of Fermentation and Distillation, Laimburg Research Center, Vadena (BZ), Italy
| | | | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Feng Long Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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De Silva M, Sadeghinezhad J, Nyengaard JR, Aghabalazadeh Asl M, Saeidi A, De Sordi N, Chiocchetti R, Grandis A. Design-based stereological study of the guinea-pig (Cavia porcellus) cerebellum. J Anat 2021; 239:517-528. [PMID: 33763861 PMCID: PMC8273595 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs have proved useful as experimental animal models in studying cerebellar anatomical and structural alterations in human neurological disease; however, they are also currently acquiring increasing veterinary interest as companion animals. The morphometric features of the normal cerebellum in guinea pigs have not been previously investigated using stereology. The objective of the present work was to establish normal volumetric and quantitative stereological parameters for cerebellar tissues in guinea pigs, by means of unbiased design-based stereology. Cerebellar total volume, gray and white matter volume fractions, molecular and granular layers volume fractions, cerebellar surface area, Purkinje cellular and nuclear volumes, and the Purkinje cell total count were stereologically estimated. For this purpose, cerebellar hemispheres from six adult male guinea pigs were employed. Isotropic, uniform random sections were obtained by applying the orientator method, and subsequently processed for light microscopy. The cerebellar total volume, the white and grey matter volume fractions, and the molecular and granular layer volumes were estimated using the Cavalieri's principle and the point counting system. The cerebellar surface area was estimated through the use of test lines; Purkinje cellular and nuclear volumes were analysed using the nucleator technique, whereas the Purkinje cell total count was obtained by means of the optical disector technique. The mean ± standard deviation total volume of a guinea-pig cerebellar hemisphere was 0.11 ± 0.01 cm3 . The mean volumetric proportions occupied by the gray and white matters were, respectively, 78.0 ± 2.6% and 22.0 ± 2.6%, whereas their mean absolute volumes were found to be 0.21 ± 0.02 cm3 and 0.059 ± 0.006 cm3 . The volumes of the molecular and granular layers were estimated at 112.4 ± 20.6 mm3 and 104.4 ± 7.3 mm3 , whereas their mean thicknesses were calculated to be 0.184 ± 0.020 mm and 0.17 ± 0.02 mm. The molecular and granular layers accounted for 40.7 ± 3.9% and 37.4 ± 1.8% of total cerebellar volume respectively. The surface area of the cerebellum measured 611.4 ± 96.8 mm2 . Purkinje cells with a cellular volume of 3210.1 µm3 and with a nuclear volume of 470.9 µm3 had a higher incidence of occurrence. The mean total number of Purkinje cells for a cerebellar hemisphere was calculated to be 253,090 ± 34,754. The morphometric data emerging from the present study provide a set of reference data which might prove valuable as basic anatomical contribution for practical applications in veterinary neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mahdi Aghabalazadeh Asl
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ava Saeidi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nadia De Sordi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiocchetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Eronat K, Sağır D. Protective effects of curcumin and Ganoderma lucidum on hippocampal damage caused by the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in the developing rat brain: Stereological, histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151621. [PMID: 33066842 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to draw attention to the possible effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on the developing rat hippocampus in the prenatal period and to determine whether these effects can be reduced with various antioxidant substances. Pregnant rats were divided into 7 groups.; Chlorpyrifos (CPF), Curcumin (CUR), Ganoderma lucidum (GNL), Chlorpyrifos + Curcumin (CPF + CUR), Chlorpyrifos + Ganoderma lucidum, (CPF + GNL), SHAM and Control (C). After the experiments, brain tissues were evaluated by stereological and immunohistochemical methods. As a result of the stereological analyzes, it was determined that the number of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus of the CPF group decreased significantly from all other groups. In contrast, the number of neurons in the CPF + CUR and CPF + GNL groups was significantly higher than the CPF group. In addition, immunohistochemical analyzes showed that the density of cells stained with glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) positive in all areas in the hippocampus of the rats in the CPF group was significantly higher compared to the control group, whereas in the CPF + CUR and CPF + GNL groups were less than the CPF group. As a result, the exposure of CPF in the prenatal period caused neurotoxicity in the brain hippocampus, whereas CUR and GNL reduced this toxicity caused by CPF.
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ELİBOL E, KAPLAN S, ALTUN G, AKSOY A, ALTUNKAYNAK BZ. The effects of different doses of diclofenac sodium on newborn rat hippocampus exposed during the third trimester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1906-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Altindağ F, Rağbetli MÇ. The effect of maternal treatment with diclofenac sodium and thymoquinone on testicular parameters in rat offspring. Rev Int Androl 2019; 19:34-40. [PMID: 31628026 DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Diclofenac sodium (DS) can have toxic effects on various tissues and organs, as well as causing foetal and new-born malformations. Thymoquinone (TQ), the basic bioactive compound of black seed oil, is an antioxidant and antineoplastic substance. The aim of our study was to explore the effects of DS and TQ exposure during gestation on offspring rat testicular histology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mother pregnant rats were divided into five groups: control, saline, DS, TQ and DS plus TQ (DS+TQ) four animals for each group. They were then treated as follows between day of 5 and 15 of gestation: the control group received no treatment. The saline group received physiological saline (1mg/kg/d) via the intraperitoneal (IP) route; the DS group received an intramuscular (IM) injection of DS (6.1mg/kg/d); the TQ group received TQ (5mg/kg/d) dissolved in drinking water; and the DS+TQ group received DS (6.1mg/kg/d) and TQ (5mg/kg/d) dissolved in water. After birth, the male rats were fed for four weeks, and at the end of this period offspring were sacrificed. Stereological methods, physical disector and Cavalieri principle were used for particle counting and volume estimation respectively. RESULTS The results revealed a significant decrease in the total number of Sertoli and Leydig cells in 4-week-old rats in the DS group (p<0.05), and TQ not have provide protection against this adverse effect of DS. CONCLUSIONS In this study, DS at a dose of 6.1mg/kg, equivalent to a dose of 1mg/kg in humans, decreased the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells, and TQ did not have a protective effect against the adverse effect of DS during the gestation period. These results show that new dose depend studies on TQ and DS interaction are requested to see protective effect of TQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Altindağ
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Murat Çetin Rağbetli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Elibol B, Aritan Oğur B, Doğru H. Prenatal exposure of diclofenac sodium alters the behavioral development of young Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43:305-313. [PMID: 31768103 PMCID: PMC6823911 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1904-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diclofenac sodium (DS), a potent inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, reduces the release of arachidonic acid and formation of prostaglandins. Being a nonsteroid drug that shows antiinflammatory action, the possible side effects of fetal DS administration gain importance in public and medical applications. Herein, the effects of DS administration (1 mg/kg) during gestational days 5–20 were investigated on the performance of Wistar rat pups in a variety of behavioral tasks. Four-week-old pups were subjected to sensory motor tests, a plus maze, an open field, the Morris water maze, and a radial arm maze. Fetal DS disrupted some sensory motor performances, such as visual placing and climbing in both females and males. In the open field, DS females had a higher level of anxiety and male DS pups habituated to the environment slowly compared to controls. The DS pups showed slower rates of learning, whereas no substantial between-group differences were found in the performance of spatial memory compared to both controls. Furthermore, working memory was negatively affected by fetal DS. In conclusion, it was indicated that DS administration during pregnancy had slight behavioral impacts with a delay in learning and a defect in the short-term memory in juvenile rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Elibol
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmiâlem Vakıf University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Begüm Aritan Oğur
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Medical Hospital, Ankara Turkey
| | - Havva Doğru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Science, Middle East Technical University, Ankara Turkey
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Mercantepe T, Tümkaya L, Mercantepe F. Effects of Infliximab against Methotrexate Toxicity in Splenic Tissue via the Regulation of CD3, CD68, and C200R in Rats. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 206:308-316. [DOI: 10.1159/000500905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), which has been used in clinical practice for approximately 70 years, is still widely employed in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and cancer. Although MTX toxicity causes nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, pulmonary fibrosis, and gastrointestinal damage, previous studies have not addressed splenic toxicity. This is the first study to examine the effectiveness of infliximab (INF) against MTX-induced toxicity in splenic tissues via the regulation of CD3, CD68, and C200R. We investigated the effects of MTX on macrophages and T lymphocytes in the spleen at the molecular level and examined the protective potential of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antagonist INF against MTX toxicity. Three groups of rats were set up. Group 1 received saline solution only, group 2 a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg), and group 3 INF (7 mg/kg) before administration of a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg). All injections were given intraperitoneally. Spleen tissues were removed 5 days after MTX administration and evaluated for CD3, CD68, and CD200R using immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the mean numerical density of CD3+, CD68+, and CD200R+ cells was estimated by a histopathologist using StereoInvestigator 8. MTX increased the numerical densities of CD3+, CD68+, and CD200R+ cells (p < 0.05). We also observed that INF reduced the numerical densities of these cells following MTX administration (p < 0.05). INF may, therefore, be a promising candidate for the prevention of the deleterious effects on spleen tissue of MTX, used in the treatment of RA and cancer.
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Yurt KK, Kaplan S. As a painkiller: a review of pre- and postnatal non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure effects on the nervous systems. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:15-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effects of prenatal PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone exposure on rat hippocampus development in a time-dependent manner: A stereological and histopathological study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:827-835. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117730883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It works as an insulin sensitizer by binding to the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma. We investigated the effects of prenatally administered rosiglitazone on pyramidal cell numbers and morphologies in the hippocampus at postnatal period using histochemical and stereological techniques, congenital morphological properties and the number of offspring in rats. Eighteen female rats were grouped into control (C), low-dose rosiglitazone (LDR) and high-dose rosiglitazone (HDR). LDR pregnant rats received 2 mg/kg/day of rosiglitazone via oral gavage during the first 16 days of the pregnancy. HDR rats received 5 mg/kg/day. The infants were grouped into newborn (NB), 4 week (4 W) and 12 week (12 W). A side from histopathologic and congenital assessments, stereological analyses were performed using the optical fractionator method. Congenital anomaly was not detected in any of the rosiglitazone treatment groups, and their number of offspring was similar to that of the C group. Stereological counts revealed a significant reduction in the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells in the C and LDR groups but not in the HDR group until birth to 12th week. When NB groups were compared, the number of pyramidal cells in the HDRNB group was less than those in the LDRNB and CNB groups. HDR affected apoptosis or the proliferation and maturation of progenitor cells to the pyramidal neuron during neurodevelopment in the hippocampus, whereas LDR did not adversely affect neuronal development and did not cause congenital anomalies.
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Yurt KK, Kaplan S, Kıvrak EG. The neuroprotective effect of melatonin on the hippocampus exposed to diclofenac sodium during the prenatal period. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 87:37-48. [PMID: 28576559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (Mel) has strong antioxidant properties since it is a direct scavenger of oxygen-based free radicals and related species. The main aim of this study is to show whether the effects of Mel can prevent the potential adverse effects of diclofenac sodium (DS), used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) during the prenatal period, on the newborn experimental rat brain tissues using stereological methods Twenty-four male 12-week old Wistar albino rats were used. The study involved four groups (each containing six rats), those exposed, during the prenatal period, to saline 1ml/kg (Saline group), to diclofenac sodium 3.6mg/kg (DS group), or to diclofenac sodium+melatonin 50mg/kg (DS+Mel group), and a control group (Cont group). At the end of the experiment, the brains were removed from the cranium for histological and stereological analyses. Cell loss in the hippocampus exposed to DS was observed compared to the Cont group (p<0.01), and a similar side-effect was also seen in the Saline group (p<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in cell numbers between the Cont and DS+Mel groups (p>0.05). These results suggest that exposure to DS during pregnancy causes a decrease in the number of cells in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in the postnatal period. Using Mel, a neuroprotective agent, reduced the toxic effects of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kıymet Kübra Yurt
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Elfide Gizem Kıvrak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Prenatal exposure to low-dose diclofenac sodium does not affect total neuron numbers in spinal segment T13 in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 87:49-53. [PMID: 28495518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the total number of neurons in segment T13 of the spinal cord of offspring of pregnant rats using stereological methods. Eighteen adult female Wistar albino rats weighing 150-200g were used. Pregnant female rats were divided into three groups; a control group, a sham group and a DS (1mg/kg, intramuscular) exposed group. The DS and sham groups received injection from the 5th day of gestation to the 19th. Twenty eight days after birth, the offspring rats were perfused with 4% buffered formalin. T13, which is one of transverse spinal cord segments, were isolated and processed for routine paraffin histology. 5μm sections were obtained using a rotary microtome according to systematic random sampling strategies. Every 40th section was taken and sections were stained with modified Giemsa. All types of motor neuron cell were identified according to their morphology. In this study, the "disector-Cavalieri combination" method was used in the stereological examination of neurons. The motor neurons were counted in the right gray matter of the ventral horn in the spinal cord segment. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for comparison the groups. In terms of motoneuron number, no significant difference among the groups was found (p>0.05). In conclusion, our results indicated that prenatal exposure to DS has no effect on the total number of motor neuron of the offspring rats.
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Maternal exposure to a continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field provokes neuronal loss and pathological changes in cerebellum of 32-day-old female rat offspring. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 75:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Arslan H, Aktaş A, Elibol E, Esener OBB, Türkmen AP, Yurt KK, Onger ME, Altunkaynak BZ, Kaplan S. Effects of prenatal diclofenac sodium exposure on newborn testis: a histomorphometric study. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:277-82. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1151551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Keskin I, Kaplan S, Kalkan S, Sutcu M, Ulkay MB, Esener OB. Evaluation of neuroprotection by melatonin against adverse effects of prenatal exposure to a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug during peripheral nerve development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 41:1-7. [PMID: 25485952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential ability of melatonin to protect against impairment of the fetal peripheral nerve system due to maternal consumption of diclofenac sodium (DS) was investigated. Eighty-four pregnant rats were divided into seven groups: control (CONT), saline administered (PS), DS administered (DS), DS with low-dose melatonin administered (DS+MLT10), DS with high-dose melatonin administered (DS+MLT50), low-dose melatonin administered (MLT10), and high-dose melatonin administered (MLT50). After the pregnancy, six male newborn rats from each group were sacrificed at 4 and 20 weeks of age. Their right sciatic nerves were harvested, and nerve fibers were evaluated using stereological techniques. Mean numbers of myelinated axons, axon cross-section areas and the mean thickness of the myelin sheet were estimated. Four-week-old prenatally DS-exposed rats had significantly fewer axons, a smaller myelinated axonal area, and a thinner myelin sheath compared to CONT group (p<0.05). Although melatonin at both doses significantly increased axon numbers, only a high dose of melatonin increased the diameter of those axons (p<0.05). At 20-weeks of age, myelinated axon number in the DS group was not only significantly lower than all other groups (p<0.05) but also the cross-sectional area of these axons was smaller than all other groups (p<0.05). There were no differences between the groups regarding the mean thickness of the myelin sheet. The current study indicates that prenatal exposure to DS decreases the number and the diameter of sciatic nerve axons and that melatonin prophylaxis can prevent these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Keskin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Serpil Kalkan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Sutcu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Basak Ulkay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - O Burak Esener
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Çolakoğlu S, Aktaş A, Raimondo S, Türkmen AP, Altunkaynak BZ, Odacı E, Geuna S, Kaplan S. Effects of prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium and saline on the optic nerve of 4- and 20-week-old male rats: a stereological and histological study. Biotech Histochem 2013; 89:136-44. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2013.827741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Kaplan S, Eşrefoglu M, Aktaş A, Gül M, Önger ME, Altunkaynak ME, Ulkay MB, Ragbetli MÇ. The effect of prenatal exposure of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug on the optic nerve of female rats: a stereological, histological, and electron microscopic study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1860-4. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.811227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Güven D, Altunkaynak BZ, Ayranci E, Kaplan S, Bildircin FD, Kesim Y, Rağbetli MÇ. Stereological and histopathological evaluation of ovary and uterine horns of female rats prenatally exposed to diclofenac sodium. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:258-63. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.761185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zengin H, Kaplan S, Tümkaya L, Altunkaynak BZ, Rağbetli MÇ, Altunkaynak ME, Yılmaz Ö. Effect of prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium on the male rat arteries: a stereological and histopathological study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:67-78. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.649287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Prenatal exposure to diclofenac sodium changes the morphology of the male rat cervical spinal cord: A stereological and histopathological study. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 33:282-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Gökçe MF, Kaplan S, Türkkani A, Kozan R, Ayyildiz M, Emirzeoglu M, Aslan H, Marangoz C. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors protect cerebellar Purkinje cells from zinc-induced cell loss in adult rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 41:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Sonmez OF, Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S. Purkinje cell number decreases in the adult female rat cerebellum following exposure to 900MHz electromagnetic field. Brain Res 2010; 1356:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rağbetlı MC, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Rağbetlı C, Bektas Ş, Ozdemır S. The effect of mobile phone on the number of Purkinje cells: A stereological study. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:548-54. [DOI: 10.3109/09553001003734527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Ragbetli C, Ilhan F, Aydinlioğlu A, Kara M, Ragbetli MC. A histological investigation concerning the effects of diclofenac sodium to the lung in 4- and 20-week-old rats treated prenatally. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010; 24:208-12. [PMID: 20222833 DOI: 10.3109/14767051003615426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the possible postnatal effects on the lung tissues of the rat offspring treated with diclofenac sodium (DS) during pregnancy. METHODS After mating, pregnant female rats were separated into the control (n = 10) and DS (n = 10) groups. DS (1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) to the drug-treated group for the period of gestational days 5-19. Physiological saline (1 ml, i.p.) was given to the control groups. After birth, pups were separated into DS treatment groups (n = 24) and control group (n = 24). The DS and control group animals were anaesthetised with i.p. injection of urethane and their lungs were removed to prepare for histopathological evaluation. RESULTS Histological examination of the lung tissues of the 4- and 20-week-old rats revealed no significant differences between males and females in both the control and DS treated rats. CONCLUSION Because of the use of DS in the pregnant women further studies are needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cennet Ragbetli
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Dr Iki Nisan Cad, Konuklar Sit, 65100 Van, Turkey
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Prenatal diclofenac sodium administration increases the number of Purkinje cells in female rats: a stereological study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 28:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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25
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Rağbetli MÇ, Aydinlioğlu A, Koyun N, Rağbetli C, Karayel M. Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Mobile Phone on Pyramidal Cell Numbers in the Mouse Hippocampus: A Stereological Study. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:1031-41. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802324812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Odaci E, Bas O, Kaplan S. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on the dentate gyrus of rats: a stereological and histopathological study. Brain Res 2008; 1238:224-9. [PMID: 18761003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) inhibit the formation and differentiation of neural stem cells during embryonic development. In this study, the effects of prenatal exposure to EMF on the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of 4-week-old rats were investigated. This experiment used a control (Cont) group and an EMF exposed (EMF) group (three pregnant rats each group). The EMF group consisted of six offspring (n=6) of pregnant rats that were exposed to an EMF of up to 900 megahertz (MHz) for 60 min/day between the first and last days of gestation. The control group consisted of five offspring (n=5) of pregnant rats that were not treated at all. The offspring were sacrificed when they were 4 weeks old. The numbers of granule cells in the dentate gyrus were analyzed using the optical fractionator technique. The results showed that prenatal EMF exposure caused a decrease in the number of granule cells in the dentate gyrus of the rats (P<0.01). This suggests that prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz EMF affects the development of the dentate gyrus granule cells in the rat hippocampus. Cell loss might be caused by an inhibition of granule cell neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersan Odaci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Karadeniz Technical University School of Medicine, Trabzon, Turkey.
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27
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Canan S, Aktaş A, Ulkay MB, Colakoglu S, Ragbetli MC, Ayyildiz M, Geuna S, Kaplan S. Prenatal exposure to a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug or saline solution impairs sciatic nerve morphology: a stereological and histological study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:733-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Canan
- Department of PhysiologyBaskent University School of MedicineTR‐06530AnkaraTurkey
| | - Abit Aktaş
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyIstanbul University School of Veterinary MedicineTR‐34320IstanbulTurkey
| | - M. Basak Ulkay
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyIstanbul University School of Veterinary MedicineTR‐34320IstanbulTurkey
| | - Serdar Colakoglu
- Department of AnatomyDuzce University School of MedicineDuzceTurkey
| | - Murat Cetin Ragbetli
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyYüzüncü Yıl University School of MedicineVanTurkey
| | - Mustafa Ayyildiz
- Department of PhysiologyOndokuz Mayis University School of MedicineSamsunTurkey
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Cliniche E BiologicheUniversity Torino Ospedale San LuigiRegione Gonzole10‐10043OrbassanoTorinoItaly
| | - Suleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyOndokuz Mayis University School of MedicineTR‐55139SamsunTurkey
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28
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Ekinci N, Acer N, Akkaya A, Sankur Ş, Kabadayi T, Sahin B. Volumetric evaluation of the relations among the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem in young subjects: a combination of stereology and magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2008; 30:489-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-008-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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