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Betancor M, Moreno-Martínez L, López-Pérez Ó, Otero A, Hernaiz A, Barrio T, Badiola JJ, Osta R, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. Therapeutic Assay with the Non-toxic C-Terminal Fragment of Tetanus Toxin (TTC) in Transgenic Murine Models of Prion Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5312-5326. [PMID: 34283400 PMCID: PMC8497292 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of the tetanus toxin (TTC) has been described as a neuroprotective molecule since it binds to Trk receptors and activates Trk-dependent signaling, activating neuronal survival pathways and inhibiting apoptosis. Previous in vivo studies have demonstrated the ability of this molecule to increase mice survival, inhibit apoptosis and regulate autophagy in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in which the main pathogenic event is the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal and misfolded isoform known as PrPSc. These diseases share different pathological features with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Hitherto, there are no effective therapies to treat prion diseases. Here, we present a pilot study to test the therapeutic potential of TTC to treat prion diseases. C57BL6 wild-type mice and the transgenic mice Tg338, which overexpress PrPC, were intracerebrally inoculated with scrapie prions and then subjected to a treatment consisting of repeated intramuscular injections of TTC. Our results indicate that TTC displays neuroprotective effects in the murine models of prion disease reducing apoptosis, regulating autophagy and therefore increasing neuronal survival, although TTC did not increase survival time in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno-Martínez
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar López-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Adelaida Hernaiz
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- UMR Institut National de La Recherche Pour L'Agriculture, L'Alimentation Et L'Environment (INRAE)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) 1225 IHAP (Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes), 31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Centro de Encefalopatías Y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratory of Genetics and Biochemistry (LAGENBIO), Faculty of Veterinary, Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), AgriFood Institute of Aragon (IA2), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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López-Pérez Ó, Otero A, Filali H, Sanz-Rubio D, Toivonen JM, Zaragoza P, Badiola JJ, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. Dysregulation of autophagy in the central nervous system of sheep naturally infected with classical scrapie. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1911. [PMID: 30760781 PMCID: PMC6374525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic cellular mechanism involved in protein and organelle turnover through lysosomal degradation. Autophagy regulation modulates the pathologies associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Using sheep naturally infected with scrapie as a natural animal model of prion diseases, we investigated the regulation of autophagy in the central nervous system (CNS) during the clinical phase of the disease. We present a gene expression and protein distribution analysis of different autophagy-related markers and investigate their relationship with prion-associated lesions in several areas of the CNS. Gene expression of autophagy markers ATG5 and ATG9 was downregulated in some areas of scrapie brains. In contrast, ATG5 protein accumulates in medulla oblongata and positively correlates with prion deposition and scrapie-related lesions. The accumulation of this protein and p62, a marker of autophagy impairment, suggests that autophagy is decreased in the late phases of the disease. However, the increment of LC3 proteins and the mild expression of p62 in basal ganglia and cerebellum, primarily in Purkinje cells, suggests that autophagy machinery is still intact in less affected areas. We hypothesize that specific cell populations of the CNS may display neuroprotective mechanisms against prion-induced toxicity through the induction of PrPSc clearance by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar López-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Hicham Filali
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - David Sanz-Rubio
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Janne M Toivonen
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Juan J Badiola
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martín-Burriel
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Universidad de Zaragoza, IA2, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
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3
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Cellular prion protein is present in mitochondria of healthy mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41556. [PMID: 28148964 PMCID: PMC5288712 DOI: 10.1038/srep41556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a mammalian glycoprotein which is usually found anchored to the plasma membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. PrPC misfolds to a pathogenic isoform PrPSc, the causative agent of neurodegenerative prion diseases. The precise function of PrPC remains elusive but may depend upon its cellular localization. Here we show that PrPC is present in brain mitochondria from 6–12 week old wild-type and transgenic mice in the absence of disease. Mitochondrial PrPC was fully processed with mature N-linked glycans and did not require the GPI anchor for localization. Protease treatment of purified mitochondria suggested that mitochondrial PrPC exists as a transmembrane isoform with the C-terminus facing the mitochondrial matrix and the N-terminus facing the intermembrane space. Taken together, our data suggest that PrPC can be found in mitochondria in the absence of disease, old age, mutation, or overexpression and that PrPC may affect mitochondrial function.
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4
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Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Ranera B, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. The potential of mesenchymal stem cell in prion research. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:165-78. [PMID: 24854140 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the accumulation of a misfolded protein (PrP(res)), the pathological form of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). For the last decades, prion research has greatly progressed, but many questions need to be solved about prion replication mechanisms, cell toxicity, differences in genetic susceptibility, species barrier or the nature of prion strains. These studies can be developed in murine models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, although development of cell models for prion replication and sample titration could reduce economic and timing costs and also serve for basic research and treatment testing. Some murine cell lines can replicate scrapie strains previously adapted in mice and very few show the toxic effects of prion accumulation. Brain cell primary cultures can be more accurate models but are difficult to develop in naturally susceptible species like humans or domestic ruminants. Stem cells can be differentiated into neuron-like cells and be infected by prions. However, the use of embryo stem cells causes ethical problems in humans. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from many adult tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue or even peripheral blood. These cells differentiate into neuronal cells, express PrP(C) and can be infected by prions in vitro. In addition, in the last years, these cells are being used to develop therapies for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. We review here the use of cell models in prion research with a special interest in the potential use of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mediano
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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5
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p53 in neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:99-113. [PMID: 24287312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
More than thirty years elapsed since a protein, not yet called p53 at the time, was detected to bind SV40 during viral infection. Thousands of papers later, p53 evolved as the main tumor suppressor involved in growth arrest and apoptosis. A lot has been done but the protein has not yet revealed all its secrets. Particularly important is the observation that in totally distinct pathologies where apoptosis is either exacerbated or impaired, p53 appears to play a central role. This is exemplified for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases that represent the two main causes of age-related neurodegenerative affections, where cell death enhancement appears as one of the main etiological paradigms. Conversely, in cancers, about half of the cases are linked to mutations in p53 leading to the impairment of p53-dependent apoptosis. The involvement of p53 in these pathologies has driven a huge amount of studies aimed at designing chemical tools or biological approaches to rescue p53 defects or over-activity. Here, we describe the data linking p53 to neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers, and we document the various strategies to interfere with p53 dysfunctions in these disorders.
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6
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Hedman C, Lyahyai J, Filali H, Marín B, Serrano C, Monleón E, Moreno B, Zaragoza P, Badiola JJ, Martín-Burriel I, Bolea R. Differential gene expression and apoptosis markers in presymptomatic scrapie affected sheep. Vet Microbiol 2012; 159:23-32. [PMID: 22482719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal loss is one of the characteristics of scrapie neuropathology. Previous analysis of brains from sheep naturally infected with scrapie that were in a terminal stage did not detect a clear induction of apoptosis, although molecular changes were evidenced. As neuronal death could be occurring early in scrapie, we developed a neuropathological and gene expression study of sheep infected with scrapie in a presymptomatic stage. The histopathology, immunolabelling of PrP(Sc), Bax and activated caspase-3, and the analysis of the expression of 7 genes involved in the regulation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis were investigated in the following 4 central nervous system areas: medulla oblongata, diencephalon, frontal cortex and cerebellum. Moreover, TUNEL and NeuN immunolabelling was performed in the medulla oblongata. The PrP(Sc) immunolabelling in the four areas, as well as a neuropil spongiform change, were more evident in the terminal stage than in presymptomatic animals. Cytoplasmic Bax immunostaining was observed in the presymptomatic medulla oblongata. In contrast to symptomatic animals, the immunostaining was not extended to the hypothalamus, indicating the progression of Bax induction during the course of the disease. Although neither caspase-3 immunostaining nor the TUNEL technique detected neurons with apoptosis, NeuN-immunolabelled cell counting determined that presymptomatic animals have already suffered neuronal loss in a lower or equal degree than symptomatic animals. Finally, the gene expression profiles indicated that the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was activated with higher intensity in presymptomatic animals than in symptomatic sheep and confirmed the implication of genes such as BAX or AIF in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hedman
- Centro de Investigación en Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes (CIEETE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Serrano C, Bolea R, Lyahyai J, Filali H, Varona L, Marcos-Carcavilla A, Acín C, Calvo JH, Serrano M, Badiola JJ, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I. Changes in HSP gene and protein expression in natural scrapie with brain damage. Vet Res 2011; 42:13. [PMID: 21314976 PMCID: PMC3037893 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) perform cytoprotective functions such as apoptosis regulation and inflammatory response control. These proteins can also be secreted to the extracellular medium, acting as inflammatory mediators, and their chaperone activity permits correct folding of proteins and avoids the aggregation of anomalous isoforms. Several studies have proposed the implication of Hsp in prion diseases. We analysed the gene expression and protein distribution of different members of the Hsp27, Hsp70, and Hsp90 families in the central nervous system of sheep naturally infected with scrapie. Different expression profiles were observed in the areas analysed. Whereas changes in transcript levels were not observed in the cerebellum or medulla oblongata, a significant decrease in HSP27 and HSP90 was detected in the prefrontal cortex. In contrast, HSP73 was over-expressed in diencephalons of scrapie animals. Western blotting did not reveal significant differences in Hsp90 and Hsp70 protein expression between scrapie and control animals. Expression rates identified by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting were compared with the extent of classical scrapie lesions using stepwise regression. Changes in Hsp gene and protein expression were associated with prion protein deposition, gliosis and spongiosis rather than with apoptosis. Finally, immunohistochemistry revealed intense Hsp70 and Hsp90 immunolabelling in Purkinje cells of scrapie sheep. In contrast, controls displayed little or no staining in these cells. The observed differences in gene expression and protein distribution suggest that the heat shock proteins analysed play a role in the natural form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Serrano
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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8
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Larska M, Polak MP, Zmudzinski JF, Torres JM. Comparison of mRNA expression levels of selected genes in the brain stem of cattle naturally infected with classical and atypical BSE. Brain Res 2010; 1351:13-22. [PMID: 20654596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004 cases of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in older cattle are recorded on the basis of aberrant glycoprofiles of prion protein resistant to proteolysis (PrP(res)). The nature of those types of PrP(res) is still not fully understood but the epidemiological data indicate that their occurrence is rare. Hitherto, most BSE cases were studied on the basis of the features of pathological form of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) or lesions observed in the gray matter of the brain. Here we propose the gene expression profiling as a method to characterize and distinguish BSE types. Thus, the aim of the study was to compare the activity of some genes which are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Significant differences in the expression level of the selected genes in the brain stem were observed for 7 out of 11 genes tested when the results for BSE affected and healthy control animals were compared. Significant up-regulation of caspase 3, Bax and 14-3-3 protein encoding genes was apparent in the obex of all BSE affected cattle regardless of the prion type. Significant and unique to BSE H-type up-regulation was detected in prion and SOD1 genes, while BSE C-type was characterized by higher Bcl-2 and Fyn gene expression levels in respect to other BSE types and control animals. Different gene expression profiles of bovine brains infected with classical and atypical BSE indicate possible different pathogenesis or origin of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Larska
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miroslaw P Polak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Jan F Zmudzinski
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Juan M Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA, 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Distribution of apoptosis-related proteins in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Brain Res 2010; 1323:192-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Bolea R, Hortells P, Martín-Burriel I, Vargas A, Ryffel B, Monzón M, Badiola JJ. Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2010; 36:300-11. [PMID: 20070537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Copper and manganese levels are altered in mice both lacking PrPc and prion-infected brains. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a scrapie-infected Tga20 mouse model. METHODS Immunoreactivities for the apoptotic proteins Bax and active caspase-3 were evaluated in nine regions of the brain of scrapie-infected and control Tga20 mice treated with one of several diets: depleted cooper (-Cu), loaded manganese (+Mn), depleted copper/loaded manganese (-Cu+Mn) and regular diet. Immunohistochemical determination of NeuN was used to detect possible neuronal loss. RESULTS Intracellular Bax detection was significantly decreased in animals fed with modified diets, particularly in those treated with copper-depleted diets. A decrease in active caspase-3 was primarily observed in animals fed with enhanced manganese diets. Our results show that the -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets protected against apoptosis in scrapie-infected mice. However, NeuN immunolabelling quantification revealed that no diet was sufficient to arrest neuronal death. CONCLUSIONS With regard to apoptosis induction, the response of Tga20 mice to prion infection was similar to that reported for other mice models. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of -Cu, -Cu+Mn and +Mn diets in a murine model of scrapie. However, neuronal death induced by infection with prions seems to be independent of apoptosis marker signalling. Moreover, copper-modified diets were neuroprotective against the possible toxicity of the prion transgene in Tga20 control and infected mice even though manganese supplementation could not counteract this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bolea
- Animal Pathology Department, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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11
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Marcos-Carcavilla A, Mutikainen M, González C, Calvo JH, Kantanen J, Sanz A, Marzanov NS, Pérez-Guzmán MD, Serrano M. A SNP in the HSP90AA1 gene 5' flanking region is associated with the adaptation to differential thermal conditions in the ovine species. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:67-81. [PMID: 19496025 PMCID: PMC2866970 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones have long been understood to be preferentially transcribed in response to multiple perturbations of the cellular homeostasis. In this study, several polymorphisms in the gene encoding the inducible form of the cytoplasmic Hsp90 (HSP90AA1) were addressed in 24 sheep breeds reared in different climatic regions of Europe, Africa, and Asia. Significant differences in the genotype frequencies for a C/G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located at position -660 in the HSP90AA1 5'flanking region were found between the different breeds. Regression analyses reflected significant correlations (from 0.41 to 0.62) between the alternative genotypes of this polymorphism and several climatic and geographic variables characteristic of the regions where these breeds are reared. Real-time analysis revealed that animals bearing the CC(-660) genotype presented higher expression levels than those presenting the CG(-660) or GG(-660) in summer, but not in spring. Mutation at -660 site seems to affect HSP90AA1 transcription rates which could have important effects on the adaptation to different environmental conditions in sheep. Thus, the variability found in the genotype frequencies for the SNP at -660 in the ovine HSP90AA1 locus could be the result of the different environmental pressures occurring in the regions where these breed are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Marcos-Carcavilla
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Mutikainen
- Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Carmen González
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge H. Calvo
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, CITA, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juha Kantanen
- Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Albina Sanz
- Unidad de Tecnología en Producción Animal, CITA, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nurbiy S. Marzanov
- All-Russian Research Institute of Animal Husbandry, Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Russia
| | | | - Magdalena Serrano
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lyahyai J, Serrano C, Ranera B, Badiola JJ, Zaragoza P, Martin-Burriel I. Effect of Scrapie on the Stability of Housekeeping Genes. Anim Biotechnol 2009; 21:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/10495390903323851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Vidal E, Acín C, Foradada L, Monzón M, Márquez M, Monleón E, Pumarola M, Badiola JJ, Bolea R. Immunohistochemical characterisation of classical scrapie neuropathology in sheep. J Comp Pathol 2009; 141:135-46. [PMID: 19515381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation elicited by PrP(res) (resistant prion protein [PrP]) deposits in the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to involve cellular and oxidative stress responses in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) as well as in several murine models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Additionally, deregulation of water homeostasis has been suggested to be a further component of the spongiform changes observed in TSEs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pathogenic events occurring in the CNS of sheep with spontaneously arising classical scrapie. Brains from seven affected animals and two controls were subject to immunohistochemical and histochemical examinations. Semi-quantitative evaluation of PrP(res) deposits and spongiform changes throughout the encephalon confirmed that PrP(res) deposition elicits significant astroglial and microglial reactions, as evidenced by an increase in the number of glial cells and changes in glial cell morphology involving increased expression of vimentin. The altered expression of metallothionein and heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) suggested that this neuroinflammatory reaction entails cellular and oxidative stress responses. In contrast, there was no change in expression of the membrane-associated water channel aquaporin 1 when PrP(res) accumulated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- Priocat Laboratory, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Serrano C, Lyahyai J, Bolea R, Varona L, Monleón E, Badiola JJ, Zaragoza P, Martín-Burriel I. Distinct spatial activation of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways in natural scrapie: association with prion-related lesions. Vet Res 2009; 40:42. [PMID: 19401142 PMCID: PMC2701179 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration and gliosis are the main neuropathological features of prion diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes remain unclear. Several studies have demonstrated changes in the expression of apoptotic factors and inflammatory cytokines in animals with experimental infection. Here we present the expression profiles of 15 genes implicated in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in the central nervous systems of sheep naturally infected with scrapie. Expression changes obtained by real-time RT-PCR were also compared with the extent of classical scrapie lesions, such as prion deposition, neuronal vacuolisation, spongiosis, and astrogliosis as well as with the activation of caspase-3, using a stepwise regression. The results suggest that the factors assessed participate in apoptotic or inflammatory functions, depending on the affected area. The mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was associated with prion deposition in the prefrontal cortex (the less affected area), and with activation of caspase-3-mediated cell death via over-expression of BAK. In addition to its known association with astroglial activation, the extrinsic apoptosis pathway was also related to cell death and neuronal vacuolisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Serrano
- Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica (LAGENBIO), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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