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De Luca LA, Laurin M, Menani JV. Control of fluid intake in dehydrated rats and evolution of sodium appetite. Physiol Behav 2024; 284:114642. [PMID: 39032667 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present work is to examine from a new perspective the existence of causal factors not predicted by the classical theory that thirst and sodium appetite are two distinct motivations. For example, we ask why water deprivation induces sodium appetite, thirst is not "water appetite", and intracellular dehydration potentially causes sodium appetite. Contrary to the classical theory, we suggest that thirst first, and sodium appetite second, designate a temporal sequence underlying the same motivation. The single motivation becomes an "intervenient variable" a concept borrowed from the literature, fully explained in the text, between causes of dehydration (extracellular, intracellular, or both together), and respective behavioral responses subserved by hindbrain-dependent inhibition (e.g., lateral parabrachial nucleus) and forebrain facilitation (e.g., angiotensin II). A corollary is homology between rat sodium appetite and marine teleost thirst-like motivation that we name "protodipsia". The homology argument rests on similarities between behavior (salty water intake) and respective neuroanatomical as well as functional mechanisms. Tetrapod origin in a marine environment provides additional support for the homology. The single motivation hypothesis is also consistent with ingestive behaviors in nature given similarities (e.g., thirst producing brackish water intake) between the behavior of the laboratory rat and wild animals, rodents included. The hypotheses of single motivation and homology might explain why hyperosmotic rats, or eventually any other hyperosmotic tetrapod, shows paradoxical signs of sodium appetite. They might also explain how ingestive behaviors determined by dehydration and subserved by hindbrain inhibitory mechanisms contributed to tetrapod transition from sea to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurival A De Luca
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Michel Laurin
- CR2P, UMR 7207, CNRS/MNHN/SU, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Bâtiment de Géologie, CP 48, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - José Vanderlei Menani
- Department of Physiology & Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14801-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shin Y, Kim S, Sohn JW. Serotonergic regulation of appetite and sodium appetite. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13328. [PMID: 37525500 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized and released from the brainstem raphe nuclei to affect many brain functions. It is well known that the activity of raphe serotonergic neurons is changed in response to the changes in feeding status to regulate appetite via the serotonin receptors. Likewise, changes in volume status are known to alter the activity of raphe serotonergic neurons and drugs targeting serotonin receptors were shown to affect sodium appetite. Therefore, the central serotonin system appears to regulate ingestion of both food and salt, although neural mechanisms that induce appetite in response to hunger and sodium appetite in response to volume depletion are largely distinct from each other. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge regarding the regulation of ingestion - appetite and sodium appetite - by the central serotonin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurim Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seungjik Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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David RB, Roncari CF, Lauar MR, Vendramini RC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Sodium intake, brain c-Fos protein and gastric emptying in cell-dehydrated rats treated with methysergide into the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pavan CG, Roncari CF, Barbosa SP, De Paula PM, Colombari DS, De Luca LA, Colombari E, Menani JV. Activation of μ opioid receptors in the LPBN facilitates sodium intake in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Roncari CF, David RB, Johnson RF, De Paula PM, Colombari DSA, De Luca LA, Johnson AK, Colombari E, Menani JV. Angiotensinergic and cholinergic receptors of the subfornical organ mediate sodium intake induced by GABAergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neuroscience 2013; 262:1-8. [PMID: 24374079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bilateral injections of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) induce 0.3 M NaCl and water intake in satiated and normovolemic rats, a response reduced by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of losartan or atropine (angiotensinergic type 1 (AT₁) and cholinergic muscarinic receptor antagonists, respectively). In the present study, we investigated the effects of the injections of losartan or atropine into the subfornical organ (SFO) on 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by injections of muscimol into the LPBN. In addition, using intracellular calcium measurement, we also tested the sensitivity of SFO-cultured cells to angiotensin II (ANG II) and carbachol (cholinergic agonist). In male Holtzman rats with cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN and into the SFO, injections of losartan (1 μg/0.1 μl) or atropine (2 nmol/0.1 μl) into the SFO almost abolished 0.3M NaCl and water intake induced by muscimol (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) injected into the LPBN. In about 30% of the cultured cells of the SFO, carbachol and ANG II increased intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺](i)). Three distinct cell populations were found in the SFO, i.e., cells activated by either ANG II (25%) or carbachol (2.6%) or by both stimuli (2.3%). The results suggest that the activation of angiotensinergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the SFO is important for NaCl and water intake induced by the deactivation of LPBN inhibitory mechanisms with muscimol injections. They also show that there are cells in the SFO activated by both angiotensinergic and cholinergic stimuli, perhaps those involved in the responses to muscimol into the LPBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Roncari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R B David
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - R F Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - P M De Paula
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - D S A Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - L A De Luca
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - A K Johnson
- Department of Psychology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - E Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Asnar DS, Roncari CF, De Luca LA, de Paula PM, Colombari DS, Menani JV. Involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms on sodium intake induced by gabaergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2013; 534:188-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang Q, Li J, Yang X, Chen K, Sun B, Yan J. Inhibitory effect of activation of GABAA receptor in the central nucleus of amygdala on the sodium intake in the sodium-depleted rat. Neuroscience 2012; 223:277-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Roncari C, David R, de Paula P, Colombari D, de Luca L, Menani J. Importance of central AT1 receptors for sodium intake induced by GABAergic activation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neuroscience 2011; 196:147-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Almeida RL, David RB, Constancio J, Fracasso JF, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Inhibition of sodium appetite by lipopolysaccharide: involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R185-92. [PMID: 21474430 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00555.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from the wall of Escherichia coli, produces a general behavioral inhibition and affects several aspects of fluid-electrolyte balance. LPS inhibits thirst; however, it is not clear if it also inhibits sodium appetite. The present results show that LPS (0.3-2.5 mg/kg body wt) injected intraperitoneally produces a dose-dependent reduction of sodium appetite expressed as 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by sodium depletion (furosemide plus removal of ambient sodium for 24 h). The high doses of LPS (1.2-2.5 mg/kg) also produced transient hypothermia at the beginning of the sodium appetite test; however, no dose produced hyperthermia. LPS also increased the stomach liquid content (an index of gastric emptying) after a load of 0.3 M NaCl given intragastrically by gavage to sodium-depleted rats. The α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg ip) abolished the effect of LPS on 0.3 M NaCl intake, without changing the effect of LPS on gastric emptying. Injection of RX-821002 (160 nmol), another α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV) also reversed the inhibition of sodium appetite produced by LPS. Yohimbine intraperitoneally or RX-821002 in the LV alone had no effect on sodium intake. Although yohimbine plus LPS produced a slight hypotension, RX-821002 plus LPS produced no change in arterial pressure, suggesting that the blockade of the effects of LPS on sodium intake by the α(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists is independent from changes in arterial pressure. The results suggest an inhibitory role for LPS in sodium appetite that is mediated by central α(2)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Almeida
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, São Paulo, 14801-903, Brazil
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de Almeida RL, Constancio J, Vendramini RC, Fracasso JF, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Lipopolysaccharide reduces sodium intake and sodium excretion in dehydrated rats. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:164-9. [PMID: 20977913 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out if lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered intraperitoneally affects sodium and water intake and renal excretion in dehydrated rats. LPS (0.3-5 mg/kg b.w.) inhibited 0.3M NaCl intake induced by subcutaneous injection of the diuretic furosemide (FURO, 10 mg/kg b.w.) combined with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril (CAP, 5 mg/kg b.w.). Only the highest doses of LPS (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) inhibited water intake induced by FURO/CAP. LPS (0.6 mg/kg) reduced urinary volume and sodium excretion, but had no effect on mean arterial pressure or heart rate of rats treated with FURO/CAP. LPS (0.3-5.0 mg/kg) abolished intracellular thirst and reduced by 50% the urine sodium concentration of rats that received 2 ml of 2M NaCl by gavage. LPS (0.3-5.0 mg/kg) also reduced thirst in rats treated with FURO alone (10 mg/rat sc). The results suggest that LPS has a preferential, but not exclusive, inhibitory effect on sodium intake and on intracellular thirst. The inhibition of hydro-mineral intake and the antinatriuresis caused by LPS in dehydrated rats may contribute to the multiple effects of the endotoxin on fluid and electrolyte balance and be part of the strategy to cope with infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto L de Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Brazil
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Pereira-Derderian DTB, Vendramini RC, Menani JV, De Luca LA. Water deprivation-induced sodium appetite and differential expression of encephalic c-Fos immunoreactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:R1298-309. [PMID: 20200133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00359.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) has an intense consumption of NaCl solution. Water deprivation (WD) followed by water intake to satiety induces partial rehydration (PR)-the WD-PR protocol-and sodium appetite. In the present work, WD produced similar water intake and no alterations in arterial pressure among spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto, and Holtzman strains. It also increased the number of cells with positive c-Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) in the lamina terminalis and in the hypothalamic supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (parvocellular, PVNp) nucleus in these strains. The WD and WD-PR produced similar alterations in all strains in serum osmolality and protein, plasma renin activity, and sodium balance. The SHR ingested about 10 times more 0.3 M NaCl than normotensives strains in the sodium appetite test that follows WD-PR. After WD-PR, the Fos-IR persisted, elevated in the lamina terminalis of all strains but notably in the subfornical organ of the SHR. The WD-PR reversed Fos-IR in the SON of all strains and in the PVNp of SHR. It induced Fos-IR in the area postrema and in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), dorsal raphe, parabrachial (PBN), pre-locus coeruleus (pre-LC), suprachiasmatic, and central amygdalar nucleus of all strains. This effect was bigger in the caudal-NTS, pre-LC, and medial-PBN of SHRs. The results indicate that WD-PR increases cell activity in the forebrain and hindbrain areas that control sodium appetite in the rat. They also suggest that increased cell activity in facilitatory brain areas precedes the intense 0.3 M NaCl intake of the SHR in the sodium appetite test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela T B Pereira-Derderian
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Rua Humaitá 1680, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Central angiotensin II induces sodium bicarbonate intake in the rat. Appetite 2008; 51:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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