1
|
Liang Z, Li L, Bai L, Gao Y, Qiao Y, Wang X, Yv L, Xu JT. Spinal nerve transection-induced upregulation of SAP97 via promoting membrane trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 194:106471. [PMID: 38461868 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence has implicated an important role of synapse-associated protein-97 (SAP97)-regulated GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in cocaine restate and in contextual episodic memory of schizophrenia. Herein, we investigated the role of SAP97 in neuropathic pain following lumbar 5 spinal nerve transection (SNT) in rats. Our results showed that SNT led to upregulation of SAP97, enhanced the interaction between SAP97 and GluA1, and increased GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in the dorsal horn. Microinjection of AAV-EGFP-SAP97 shRNA in lumbar 5 spinal dorsal horn inhibited SAP97 production, decreased SAP97-GluA1 interaction, reduced the membrane trafficking of GluA1-containing AMPARs, and partially attenuated neuropathic pain following SNT. Intrathecal injections of SAP97 siRNA or NASPM, an antagonist of GluA1-containing AMPARs, also partially reversed neuropathic pain on day 7, but not on day 14, after SNT. Spinal overexpression of SAP97 by AAV-EGFP-SAP97 enhanced SAP97-GluA1 interaction, increased the membrane insertion of GluA1-containing AMPARs, and induced abnormal pain in naïve rats. In addition, treatment with SAP97 siRNA or NASPM i.t. injection alleviated SNT-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia and exhibited a longer effect in female rats. Together, our results indicate that the SNT-induced upregulation of SAP97 via promoting GluA1-containing AMPARs membrane trafficking in the dorsal horn contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Targeting spinal SAP97 might be a promising therapeutic strategy to treatment of chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongyi Liang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liying Bai
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yiming Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Yv
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghanbari A, Ghasemi S, Khaleghian A. Effects of swimming exercise on neuropathic pain in a rat model: role of glutamate. Neurol Res 2024; 46:330-338. [PMID: 38323336 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2024.2313901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pain-reducing effects of the exercise were exerted through different mechanisms. Knowing more clear mechanisms helps to find more approach that is therapeutic. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate level alteration in neuropathic pain rats and whether physical activity could modulate it. METHODS In the present study 104 male Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (Sham, Sham + Exe, Neuropathy, and Neuropathy + Exe) which in turn each group subdivided into 4 groups according to time points for behavioral testing and CSF sampling (Baseline, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks). To induction of neuropathy (by chronic constriction injury,), after anesthetizing with a mixture of ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), the animal's right sciatic nerve was exposed and was ligated using four movable catgut chromic suture 4/0. The exercise protocol included 25 min of daily swimming, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical tactile threshold were detected using the plantar test and Von Frey filaments, respectively. CSF glutamate level was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Findings indicated that mechanical and thermal thresholds significantly (p < 0.01, p < 0.05 respectively) decreased in the neuropathy group against that in sham groups. On the other hand, exercise significantly increased mechanical tactile threshold (p < 0.0012) and thermal threshold (p < 0.05) compared to the neuropathy group. Moreover, CSF glutamate level prominently (p < 0.01) was increased in the neuropathy group compared to the sham group, and swimming exercise significantly (p < 0.001) reduced it. IN CONCLUSION The present findings provide new evidence showing that medium-intensity swimming exercise attenuates pain-like behaviors in neuropathic pain animals, which is possibly due to decreasing CSF glutamate level and its neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sahar Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Khaleghian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Xia YY, Xue M, Jiang Q, Huang Z, Huang C. Electroacupuncture ameliorates mechanical hypersensitivity by down-regulating spinal Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activation of transcription 3 and interleukin 6 in rats with spared nerve injury. Acupunct Med 2021; 39:358-366. [PMID: 32744065 DOI: 10.1177/0964528420938376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway participates in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Our previous study revealed that electroacupuncture (EA) attenuated neuropathic pain via activation of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in the spinal cord. However, whether 2 Hz EA alleviates neuropathic pain by regulating the downstream molecules JAK2/STAT3 has not been fully clarified. METHODS Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was used as a marker of mechanical allodynia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). After applying 2 Hz EA on day 3, 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery, spinal expression of JAK2, STAT3 and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 was examined using quantitative reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Intrathecal injection of the α7nAChR antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (α-Bgtx) was used to further explore the mechanism underlying the effects of 2 Hz EA on expression of JAK2/STAT3 in SNI rats. RESULTS It was found that levels of spinal STAT3 and IL-6 mRNA, as well as levels of phosphorylated (p)-JAK2, p-STAT3 and IL-6 protein, were markedly increased in SNI rats. 2 Hz EA attenuated the SNI-induced up-regulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and IL-6 expression in the spinal cord. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of α-Bgtx (1.0 μg/kg) not only inhibited the effect of 2 Hz EA on mechanical hypersensitivity but also ameliorated the down-regulation of p-JAK2, p-STAT3 and IL-6 expression induced by 2 Hz EA. CONCLUSION This study revealed that 2 Hz EA attenuated SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity and the concomitant up-regulation of spinal JAK2, STAT3 and IL-6 in SNI rats, suggesting that suppression of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway might be the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of 2 Hz EA on neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Xia
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meng Xue
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Huang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
- Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Physiology, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
- Pain Medicine Research Institute, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khakpay R, Azaddar M, Khakpai F. Involvement of glutamate receptors of the paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus in the pain modulatory effect of 17β-estradiol in male rats. Acta Neurol Belg 2020; 120:653-660. [PMID: 30132138 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-0998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The pain modulatory role of the paragigantocellularis lateralis nucleus (LPGi) and the 17β-estradiol has thoroughly been probed. This study investigates the contribution of ionotropic glutamate receptors in pain modulatory effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol. For this purpose, the LPGi nucleus cannulation was performed and drugs were injected into this nucleus, 15 min prior to the formalin test. The duration of formalin-induced flexing and licking behaviors was recorded for 60 min immediately after formalin injection. The results showed that the flexing behavior is significantly decreased by intra-LPGi injection of 0.8 µmol 17β-estradiol duringboth phases of formalin test (P < 0.001). However, 17β-estradiol attenuated the licking duration only in the second phase (P < 0.001). Interestingly, NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonists (AP5 and CNQX, respectively) significantly counteracted the analgesic effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol in both phases of the formalin test (P < 0.001). Consequently, the revealing results showed that the analgesic effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol on acute inflammatory pain might be mediated via the activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Subanesthetic Dose of Ketamine Improved CFA-induced Inflammatory Pain and Depression-like Behaviors Via Caveolin-1 in Mice. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2019; 32:359-366. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
6
|
Wang H, Li X, Xie X, Zhao H, Gao Y, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang X, Ke C, Liu J. Promotion of bone cancer pain development by decorin is accompanied by modification of excitatory synaptic molecules in the spinal cord. Mol Pain 2019; 15:1744806919864253. [PMID: 31258052 PMCID: PMC6659184 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919864253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain is refractory to currently available clinical treatment owing to its complicated underlying mechanisms. Studies found that extracellular matrix molecules can participate in the regulation of chronic pain. Decorin is one of the most abundant extracellular matrix molecules, and the present study evaluated the effect of decorin on the development of bone cancer pain. We found that decorin was upregulated in the L4–L6 spinal dorsal horn of the bone cancer pain rats. Spinal microinjection of a decorin-targeting RNAi lentivirus alleviated bone cancer pain-induced mechanical allodynia and reduced the expression of pGluR1-Ser831 in the bone cancer pain rats. Meanwhile, decorin knockdown impaired the excitatory synaptogenesis in cultured neurons and prevented the clustering and insertion of pGluR1-Ser831 into postsynaptic membranes. Taken together, the results of our study suggested that decorin contributes to the development of bone cancer pain possibly by regulating the activity of excitatory synaptic molecules in the spinal cord. Our findings provide a better understanding of the function of decorin as a possible therapeutic target for alleviating bone cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xianqiao Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Haiwen Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of PET Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of
Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Changbin Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Juying Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology &
Pain, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo R, Li H, Li X, Xue Z, Sun Y, Ma D, Guan Y, Li J, Tian M, Wang Y. Downregulation of neuroligin1 ameliorates postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroligin1/postsynaptic density 95-mediated synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor GluA1 subunits in rat dorsal horns. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918766745. [PMID: 29592780 PMCID: PMC5881971 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918766745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin1 is an important synaptic cell adhesion molecule that modulates the function of synapses through protein-protein interactions. Yet, it remains unclear whether the regulation of synaptic transmission in the spinal cord by neruoligin1 contributes to the development of postoperative pain. In a rat model of postoperative pain induced by plantar incision, we conducted Western blot study to examine changes in the expression of postsynaptic membrane of neuroligin1, postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor GluA1 and GluA2 subunits in the spinal cord dorsal horn after injury. The interaction between neuroligin1 and PSD-95 was further determined by using coimmunoprecipitation. Protein levels of neuroligin1 and GluA1, but not GluA2 and PSD-95, were significantly increased in the postsynaptic membrane of the ipsilateral dorsal horn at 3 h and 1 day after incision, as compared to that in control group (naïve). A greater amount of PSD-95 was coimmunoprecipitated with neuroligin1 at 3 h after incision than that in the control group. Intrathecal administration of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting neuroligin1 suppressed the expression of neuroligin1 in the spinal cord. Importantly, pretreatment with intrathecal neuroligin1 siRNA2497, but not scrambled siRNA or vehicle, prevented the upregulation of GluA1 expression at 3 h after incision, inhibited the enhanced neuroligin1/PSD-95 interaction, and attenuated postoperative pain. Together, current findings suggest that downregulation of spinal neuroligin1 expression may ameliorate postoperative pain through inhibiting neuroligin1/PSD-95 interaction and synaptic targeting of GluA1 subunit. Accordingly, spinal neuroligin1 may be a potential new target for postoperative pain treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Guo
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huili Li
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyang Li
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojing Xue
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Danxu Ma
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Guan
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The 1466 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junfa Li
- 4 Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tian
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Jiang Q, Xia YY, Huang ZH, Huang C. Involvement of α7nAChR in electroacupuncture relieving neuropathic pain in the spinal cord of rat with spared nerve injury. Brain Res Bull 2018; 137:257-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
9
|
Tang Y, Liu S, Shu H, Xing Y, Tao F. AMPA receptor GluA1 Ser831 phosphorylation is critical for nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like pain. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:462-469. [PMID: 29486167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Migraine is the third most common disease worldwide; however, the mechanisms underlying migraine headache are still not fully understood. Previous studies have demonstrated that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation plays an important role in central sensitization of pain transmission. In the present study, we observed that AMPA receptor GluA1 Ser831 phosphorylation was enhanced in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) after intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin (NTG). The NTG injection induced acute migraine-like pain including photophobia and mechanical hypersensitivity as reported previously. Interestingly, targeted mutation of GluA1 Ser831 site to prevent phosphorylation significantly inhibited NTG-induced migraine-like pain. Moreover, NTG incubation caused a robust Ca2+ influx in cultured brainstem neurons, which was dramatically inhibited by GluA1 S831A (serine at the 831 site of GluA1 is mutated to alanine) phospho-deficient mutation, and treatment with 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine (NASPM), a selective Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor channel blocker, dose-dependently blocked the NTG-evoked increase of Ca2+ influx in the cultured neurons. We further found that intra-Sp5C injection of NASPM significantly inhibited NTG-produced mechanical hypersensitivity. These results suggest that AMPA receptor phosphorylation at the Ser831 site in the Sp5C is critical for NTG-induced migraine-like pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hui Shu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Zhengzhou University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA; Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khangura RK, Bali A, Kaur G, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Neuropathic pain attenuating effects of perampanel in an experimental model of chronic constriction injury in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:557-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
11
|
Zeng L, Alongkronrusmee D, van Rijn RM. An integrated perspective on diabetic, alcoholic, and drug-induced neuropathy, etiology, and treatment in the US. J Pain Res 2017; 10:219-228. [PMID: 28176937 PMCID: PMC5268333 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s125987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NeuP) is a syndrome that results from damaged nerves and/or aberrant regeneration. Common etiologies of neuropathy include chronic illnesses and medication use. Chronic disorders, such as diabetes and alcoholism, can cause neuronal injury and consequently NeuP. Certain medications with antineoplastic effects also carry an exquisitely high risk for neuropathy. These culprits are a few of many that are fueling the NeuP epidemic, which currently affects 7%-10% of the population. It has been estimated that approximately 10% and 7% of US adults carry a diagnosis of diabetes and alcohol disorder, respectively. Despite its pervasiveness, many physicians are unfamiliar with adequate treatment of NeuP, partly due to the few reviews that are available that have integrated basic science and clinical practice. In light of the recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines that advise against the routine use of μ-opioid receptor-selective opioids for chronic pain management, such a review is timely. Here, we provide a succinct overview of the etiology and treatment options of diabetic and alcohol- and drug-induced neuropathy, three different and prevalent neuropathies fusing the combined clinical and preclinical pharmacological expertise in NeuP of the authors. We discuss the anatomy of pain and pain transmission, with special attention to key ion channels, receptors, and neurotransmitters. An understanding of pain neurophysiology will lead to a better understanding of the rationale for the effectiveness of current treatment options, and may lead to better diagnostic tools to help distinguish types of neuropathy. We close with a discussion of ongoing research efforts to develop additional treatments for NeuP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Doungkamol Alongkronrusmee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Protein kinase C gamma-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1 in the postsynaptic density of spinal dorsal horn neurons accompanies neuropathic pain, and dephosphorylation by calcineurin is associated with prolonged analgesia. Pain 2016; 156:2514-2520. [PMID: 26270583 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss of calcineurin (protein phosphatase 3) activity and protein content in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of spinal dorsal horn neurons was associated with pain behavior after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the rat sciatic nerve, and intrathecal administration of the phosphatase provided prolonged analgesia (Miletic et al. 2013). In this study, we examined whether one consequence of the loss of calcineurin was the persistent phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropioinic acid (AMPAR) receptors in the PSD. This would allow continual activation of AMPAR receptors at the synapse to help maintain a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic function, ie, neuropathic pain. We also investigated if the phosphorylation was mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ), or calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and if the prolonged calcineurin analgesia was associated with GluA1 dephosphorylation. Mechanical thresholds and thermal latencies were obtained before CCI. Seven days later, the behavioral testing was repeated before saline, calcineurin, or the specific peptide inhibitors of PKA (PKI-tide), PKCγ (PKC 19-31), or CaMKII (autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide) were injected intrathecally. The behavior was retested before the animals were euthanized and their PSD isolated. All CCI animals developed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. This was associated with phosphorylation of GluA1 in the ipsilateral PSD at Ser831 (but not Ser845) by PKCγ and not by PKA or CaMKII. Intrathecal treatment with calcineurin provided prolonged analgesia, and this was accompanied by GluA1 dephosphorylation. Therapy with calcineurin may prove useful in the prolonged clinical management of well-established neuropathic pain.
Collapse
|
13
|
Impaired Pain-evoked Analgesia after Nerve Injury in Rats Reflects Altered Glutamate Regulation in the Locus Coeruleus. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:899-908. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Patients with neuropathic pain show reduced endogenous analgesia induced by a conditioned noxious stimulus. Here, the authors tested whether peripheral nerve injury impairs descending noradrenergic inhibition from the locus coeruleus (LC) after L5–L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) in rats.
Methods:
A subdermal injection of capsaicin was used to examine noxious stimulation–induced analgesia (NSIA), evoked LC glutamate and spinal noradrenaline release, and evoked LC neuronal activity in normal and SNL rats. The authors also examined the role of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors or the astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1).
Results:
SNL increased basal extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC (170.1%; 95% CI, 44.7 to 295.5; n = 15) and basal spinal cord noradrenaline release (252.1%; 95% CI, 113.6 to 391.3; n = 15), which was associated with an increased tonic LC neuronal activity and a down-regulation of GLT-1 in the LC. SNL reduced NSIA (−77.6%; 95% CI, −116.4 to −38.8; n = 14) and capsaicin evoked release of glutamate in the LC (−36.2%; 95% CI, −49.3 to −23.2; n = 8) and noradrenaline in the spinal cord (−38.8%; 95% CI, −45.1 to −32.5; n = 8). Capsaicin-evoked LC neuronal activation was masked in SNL rats. Removing autoinhibition of glutamatergic terminals by metabotropic glutamate receptor blockade or increasing GLT-1 expression by histone deacetylase inhibition restored NSIA in SNL rats. SNL-induced impairment of NSIA was mimicked in normal rats by knockdown of GLT-1 in the LC.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that increased extracellular glutamate in the LC consequent to down-regulation of GLT-1 contributes to LC dysfunction and impaired pain-evoked endogenous analgesia after nerve injury.
Collapse
|
14
|
Shp-1 dephosphorylates TRPV1 in dorsal root ganglion neurons and alleviates CFA-induced inflammatory pain in rats. Pain 2015; 156:597-608. [DOI: 10.1097/01.j.pain.0000460351.30707.c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
15
|
Wang XQ, Zhong XL, Li ZB, Wang HT, Zhang J, Li F, Zhang JY, Dai RP, Xin-Fu Z, Li CQ, Li ZY, Bi FF. Differential roles of hippocampal glutamatergic receptors in neuropathic anxiety-like behavior after partial sciatic nerve ligation in rats. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:14. [PMID: 25884414 PMCID: PMC4372276 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain evoked by nerve injury is frequently accompanied by deterioration of emotional behaviors, but the underlying signaling mechanisms remain elusive. Glutamate (Glu) is the major mediator of excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the brain, and abnormal activity of the glutamatergic system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pain and associated emotional comorbidities. In this study we used the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model of neuropathic pain in rats to characterize the development of anxiety-like behavior, the expression of glutamatergic receptors, and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the hippocampus, the region that encodes memories related to emotions. RESULTS We found that the mechanical withdrawal threshold was significantly reduced and an anxiety-like behavior was increased as determined via open field tests and elevated plus-maze tests at 28 days after injury. No significant differences were found in the ratio of sucrose preference and immobility time detected by sucrose preference tests and forced swimming tests respectively, possibly due to the timing factor. The expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtypes NR1 and NR2B, but not NR2A, GluR1, or GluR2 (the main subtype of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid [AMPA] receptor) in the hippocampus of injured rats was significantly reduced. Moreover, PSNL resulted in decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. Intriguingly, treatment with D-serine (a co-agonist of NMDA receptor, 1 g/kg intraperitoneally) reduced the anxiety-like behavior but not the mechanical hypersensitivity induced by PSNL. CONCLUSIONS PSNL can induce significant anxiety-like but not depression-like behavior, and trigger down-regulation of NMDA but not AMPA receptors in the hippocampus at 28 days after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Wang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 138, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi-Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, XiangYa Road 88, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong-Tao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesia, the Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Ren-Min Road 86, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhou Xin-Fu
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, XiangYa Road 88, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
AMPAkines have novel analgesic properties in rat models of persistent neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:1080-90. [PMID: 25338127 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel analgesics that do not suppress the respiratory drive are urgently needed. Glutamate signaling through α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors plays important roles in central pain circuits. AMPAkines augment AMPA receptor function and have been shown to stimulate the respiratory drive to oppose opioid-induced hypoventilation. However, their role in chronic pain states remains unknown. METHODS The authors studied AMPAkines (CX546 and CX516) in rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model of inflammatory pain. They measured the effect of AMPAkines on mechanical and cold allodynia. They also evaluated their effect on depressive symptoms of pain using the forced swim test, as time of immobility on this test has been used as a measure for behavioral despair, a feature of depression. RESULTS The authors found that CX546, compared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control, reduced both mechanical and sensory allodynia in SNI (DMSO group, n = 9; CX546 group, n = 11) and CFA models (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 9). They found that CX546, compared with control, also reduced depressive symptoms of pain by decreasing immobility on the forced swim test in both SNI (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 8) and CFA models (both DMSO and CX546 groups, n = 10). Finally, they found that CX516, compared with control, also reduced mechanical and cold allodynia in the SNI model (both DMSO and CX516 groups, n = 10). CONCLUSIONS AMPAkines alleviate pain hypersensitivity as well as depression-like behavior associated with long-lasting nerve injury and inflammatory insult.
Collapse
|
17
|
Down-regulation of Stargazin inhibits the enhanced surface delivery of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate receptor GluR1 subunit in rat dorsal horn and ameliorates postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:609-19. [PMID: 25093662 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stargazin is the first transmembrane protein known to regulate synaptic targeting of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors. However, it is unclear whether regulation of the surface delivery of spinal AMPA receptor subunits by stargazin contributes to postoperative pain development. METHODS Western blot analysis was used to examine changes in the surface delivery of AMPA receptor subunits, GluR1 and GluR2, in rat dorsal horn. The interaction between stargazin and GluR1 and GluR2 was examined by coimmunoprecipitation. Expression of stargazin was suppressed by intrathecal administration of small interfering RNA311. RESULTS Membrane-bound GluR1, but not GluR2, in ipsilateral dorsal horn was increased at 3 h (1.49 ± 0.15-fold of β-tubulin, mean ± SEM) and 1 day (1.03 ± 0.25) after incision, as compared with that in control rats (naive, 0.63 ± 0.23, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). The amount of GluR1 coimmunoprecipitated with stargazin was greater at 3 h after incision (1.48 ± 0.31-fold of input) than that in control animals (0.45 ± 0.24, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Importantly, the increase in membrane GluR1 at 3 h after incision was normalized to near control level (0.72 ± 0.20-fold of β-tubulin) by pretreatment with intrathecal stargazin small interfering RNA311 (0.87 ± 0.09), but not scrambled small interfering RNA (1.48 ± 0.24) or vehicle (1.25 ± 0.13, P < 0.05, n = 6 per group). Stargazin small interfering RNA311 pretreatment prevented the increase in stargazin-GluR1 interaction and decreased postoperative pain after incision. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a critical role of stargazin-mediated surface delivery of GluR1 subunit in the development of postoperative pain. A better therapeutic strategy for postoperative pain may involve selectively down-regulating spinal stargazin to inhibit synaptic targeting of GluR1 subunit.
Collapse
|
18
|
Smith ML, Li J, Ryabinin AE. Increased alcohol consumption in urocortin 3 knockout mice is unaffected by chronic inflammatory pain. Alcohol Alcohol 2014; 50:132-9. [PMID: 25451237 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agu084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stress neurocircuitry may modulate the relationship between alcohol drinking and chronic pain. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system is crucial for regulation of stress responses. The current study aimed to elucidate the role of the endogenous CRF ligand Urocortin 3 (Ucn3) in the relationship between alcohol drinking behavior and chronic pain using a genetic approach. METHODS Ucn3 (KO) and wildtype (WT) littermates were subjected to a 24-h access drinking procedure prior to and following induction of chronic inflammatory pain. RESULTS Ucn3 KO mice displayed significantly increased ethanol intake and preference compared with WT across the time course. There were no long-term effects of chronic pain on alcohol drinking behavior, regardless of genotype, nor any evidence for alcohol-induced analgesia. CONCLUSION The increased drinking in Ucn3 KO supports a role for this peptide in alcohol-related behavior. These data suggest the necessity for more research exploring the relationship between alcohol drinking, chronic pain and the CRF system in rodent models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monique L Smith
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Andrey E Ryabinin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road L470, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ht31 peptide inhibited inflammatory pain by blocking NMDA receptor-mediated nociceptive transmission in spinal dorsal horn of mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 89:290-7. [PMID: 25312281 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) assemble cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) into signaling complexes with a wide range of ion channels, including N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-subtype glutamate receptor (NMDAR) that is critical for the central sensitization of nociceptive behaviors. Although PKA has been widely described in the regulation of NMDAR-dependent nociceptive transmission and plasticity, the roles of AKAPs in these processes are largely unknown as yet. The present study interfered with AKAPs/PKA interaction by introducing stearated Ht31 peptide (St-Ht31) into spinal dorsal horn neurons, and investigated the possible changes of primary afferent-evoked, NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (NMDAR-EPSCs). Whole-cell patch clamp recordings demonstrated that intracellular loading of St-Ht31 through the glass pipettes didn't affect NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses in the spinal cord slices from intact mice. When inflammatory pain was established by intraplantar injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), however, St-Ht31 significantly repressed the amplitudes of NMDAR-EPSCs by selectively removing GluN2B subunit-containing NMDAR out of synapses. With the inhibition of NMDAR-mediated nociceptive transmission, St-Ht31 effectively ameliorated CFA-induced inflammatory pain. Pharmacological manipulation of microtubule-based NMDAR transport, dynamin-dependent NMDAR endocytosis or actin depolymerization abolished the inhibitory effects of St-Ht31 peptide on NMDAR-EPSCs, suggesting that disruption of AKAPs/PKA interaction by St-Ht31 might disturb multiple NMDAR trafficking steps to reduce the receptor synaptic expression and spinal sensitization.
Collapse
|
20
|
Harris BM, Hughes DI, Bolton PS, Tadros MA, Callister RJ, Graham BA. Contrasting alterations to synaptic and intrinsic properties in upper-cervical superficial dorsal horn neurons following acute neck muscle inflammation. Mol Pain 2014; 10:25. [PMID: 24725960 PMCID: PMC4032164 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute and chronic pain in axial structures, like the back and neck, are difficult to treat, and have incidence as high as 15%. Surprisingly, most preclinical work on pain mechanisms focuses on cutaneous structures in the limbs and animal models of axial pain are not widely available. Accordingly, we developed a mouse model of acute cervical muscle inflammation and assessed the functional properties of superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons. Results Male C57/Bl6 mice (P24-P40) were deeply anaesthetised (urethane 2.2 g/kg i.p) and the rectus capitis major muscle (RCM) injected with 40 μl of 2% carrageenan. Sham animals received vehicle injection and controls remained anaesthetised for 2 hrs. Mice in each group were sacrificed at 2 hrs for analysis. c-Fos staining was used to determine the location of activated neurons. c-Fos labelling in carrageenan-injected mice was concentrated within ipsilateral (87% and 63% of labelled neurons in C1 and C2 segments, respectively) and contralateral laminae I - II with some expression in lateral lamina V. c-Fos expression remained below detectable levels in control and sham animals. In additional experiments, whole cell recordings were obtained from visualised SDH neurons in transverse slices in the ipsilateral C1 and C2 spinal segments. Resting membrane potential and input resistance were not altered. Mean spontaneous EPSC amplitude was reduced by ~20% in neurons from carrageenan-injected mice versus control and sham animals (20.63 ± 1.05 vs. 24.64 ± 0.91 and 25.87 ± 1.32 pA, respectively). The amplitude (238 ± 33 vs. 494 ± 96 and 593 ± 167 pA) and inactivation time constant (12.9 ± 1.5 vs. 22.1 ± 3.6 and 15.3 ± 1.4 ms) of the rapid A type potassium current (IAr), the dominant subthreshold current in SDH neurons, were reduced in carrageenan-injected mice. Conclusions Excitatory synaptic drive onto, and important intrinsic properties (i.e., IAr) within SDH neurons are reduced two hours after acute muscle inflammation. We propose this time point represents an important transition period between peripheral and central sensitisation with reduced excitatory drive providing an initial neuroprotective mechanism during the early stages of the progression towards central sensitisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brett A Graham
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Room 411 Medical Sciences Building, University Drive, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
α2 noradrenergic receptor suppressed CaMKII signaling in spinal dorsal horn of mice with inflammatory pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 724:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Banerjee B, Medda BK, Pochiraju S, Kannampalli P, Lang IM, Sengupta JN, Shaker R. AMPA receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation in cingulate cortex in rats following esophageal acid exposure. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:973-e776. [PMID: 24118589 PMCID: PMC4097166 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported an increase in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression and CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of NR2B in the rostral cingulate cortical (rCC) neurons following esophageal acid exposure in rats. As α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate the fast excitatory transmission and play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, in this study, we investigated the effect of esophageal acid exposure in rats on the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and the involvement of these molecular alterations in acid-induced sensitization of neurons in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and midcingulate (MCC) cortices. METHODS In molecular study, we examined GluA1 and GluA2 expression and phosphorylation in membrane preparations and in the isolated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) from rats receiving acute esophageal exposure of either saline (control group) or 0.1 N HCl (experimental group). In electrophysiological study, the effect of selective AMPA receptor (Ca(2+) permeable) antagonist IEM-1460 and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 was tested on responses of cortical neurons during acid infusion to address the underlying molecular mechanism of acid-induced sensitization. KEY RESULTS The acid exposure significantly increased expression of GluA1, pGluA1Ser(831) , and phosphorylated CaMKIIThr(286) , in the cortical membrane preparations. In isolated PSDs, a significant increase in pGluA1Ser(831) was observed in acid-treated rats compared with controls. Microinjection of IEM-1460 or KN-93 near the recording site significantly attenuated acid-induced sensitization of cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The underlying mechanism of acid-induced cortical sensitization involves upregulation and CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1. These molecular changes of AMPA receptors subunit GluA1 in the cortical neurons might play an important role in acid-induced esophageal hypersensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - B. K. Medda
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - S. Pochiraju
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - P. Kannampalli
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - I. M. Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - J. N. Sengupta
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - R. Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suo ZW, Fan QQ, Yang X, Hu XD. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in spinal dorsal horn contributes to the pain hypersensitivity induced by γ-aminobutyric acid type a receptor inhibition. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1473-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Qing Fan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Gansu People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
LEE YOUNGSEOK, LEE JUNHYUK, LEE INSEON, CHOI BYUNGTAE. Effects of electroacupuncture on spinal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor in rats injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1130-4. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
25
|
Deumens R, Steyaert A, Forget P, Schubert M, Lavand’homme P, Hermans E, De Kock M. Prevention of chronic postoperative pain: Cellular, molecular, and clinical insights for mechanism-based treatment approaches. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 104:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
26
|
Kopach O, Voitenko N. Extrasynaptic AMPA receptors in the dorsal horn: Evidence and functional significance. Brain Res Bull 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
27
|
Liu J, Liu FY, Tong ZQ, Li ZH, Chen W, Luo WH, Li H, Luo HJ, Tang Y, Tang JM, Cai J, Liao FF, Wan Y. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 in breast cancer cells contributes to the production of endogenous formaldehyde in the metastatic bone cancer pain model of rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58957. [PMID: 23516587 PMCID: PMC3597561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone cancer pain seriously affects the quality of life of cancer patients. Our previous study found that endogenous formaldehyde was produced by cancer cells metastasized into bone marrows and played an important role in bone cancer pain. However, the mechanism of production of this endogenous formaldehyde by metastatic cancer cells was unknown in bone cancer pain rats. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is one of the major enzymes catalyzing the production of formaldehyde. The expression of LSD1 and the concentration of formaldehyde were up-regulated in many high-risk tumors. Objective This study aimed to investigate whether LSD1 in metastasized MRMT-1 breast cancer cells in bone marrows participated in the production of endogenous formaldehyde in bone cancer pain rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Concentration of the endogenous formaldehyde was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Endogenous formaldehyde dramatically increased in cultured MRMT-1 breast cancer cells in vitro, in bone marrows and sera of bone cancer pain rats, in tumor tissues and sera of MRMT-1 subcutaneous vaccination model rats in vivo. Formaldehyde at a concentration as low as the above measured (3 mM) induced pain behaviors in normal rats. The expression of LSD1 which mainly located in nuclei of cancer cells significantly increased in bone marrows of bone cancer pain rats from 14 d to 21 d after inoculation. Furthermore, inhibition of LSD1 decreased the production of formaldehyde in MRMT-1 cells in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of LSD1 inhibitor pargyline from 3 d to 14 d after inoculation of MRMT-1 cancer cells reduced bone cancer pain behaviors. Conclusion Our data in the present study, combing our previous report, suggested that in the endogenous formaldehyde-induced pain in bone cancer pain rats, LSD1 in metastasized cancer cells contributed to the production of the endogenous formaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yu Liu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qian Tong
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hong Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Luo
- Central Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Min Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Liao
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - You Wan
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/Ministry of Health, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: .
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Wu J, Guo R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhang M, Chen Z, Wu A, Yue Y. Surgical incision induces phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites and GluR1 trafficking in spinal cord dorsal horn via a protein kinase Cγ-dependent mechanism. Neuroscience 2013; 240:361-70. [PMID: 23470774 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor plays an important role in acute pain induced by surgical tissue injuries. Our previous study has shown that the enhanced phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites by protein kinase C (PKC) in the spinal cord dorsal horn is involved in post-surgical pain hypersensitivity. However, which isoforms of PKC are responsible for the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites remains to be established. In the present study, using an animal model of postoperative pain, we found that surgical tissue injuries enhanced the membrane translocation level of PKCγ, but not PKCα, βI, and βII, and induced the trafficking of GluR1, but not GluR2 into neuronal plasma membrane. Intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment of small interfering RNA targeting PKCγ to reduce the PKCγ expression in the spinal cord significantly attenuated the pain hypersensitivity and inhibited the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites as well as GluR1 membrane trafficking. Our study indicates that the surgical incision-induced phosphorylation of AMPA receptor GluR1 subunits at Serine-831 sites and GluR1 trafficking are regulated by a PKCγ-dependent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Activity-dependent postsynaptic receptor trafficking is critical for long-term synaptic plasticity in the brain, but it is unclear whether this mechanism actually mediates the spinal cord dorsal horn central sensitization (a specific form of synaptic plasticity) that is associated with persistent pain. Recent studies have shown that peripheral inflammation drives changes in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) subunit trafficking in the dorsal horn and that such changes contribute to the hypersensitivity that underlies persistent pain. Here, we review current evidence to illustrate how spinal cord AMPARs participate in the dorsal horn central sensitization associated with persistent pain. Understanding these mechanisms may allow the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating persistent pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Differential Roles of Phosphorylated AMPA Receptor GluR1 Subunits at Serine-831 and Serine-845 Sites in Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn in a Rat Model of Post-Operative Pain. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:170-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Liu XJ, Salter MW. Glutamate receptor phosphorylation and trafficking in pain plasticity in spinal cord dorsal horn. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:278-89. [PMID: 20629726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Considerable evidence suggests that both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in pain hypersensitivity. However, glutamate receptor-based therapies are limited by side-effects because the activities of glutamate receptors are essential for many important physiological functions. Here, we review recent key findings in molecular and cellular mechanisms of glutamate receptor regulation and their roles in triggering and sustaining pain hypersensitivity. Targeting these molecular mechanisms could form the basis for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jun Liu
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dorsal horn alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor trafficking in inflammatory pain. Anesthesiology 2010; 112:1259-65. [PMID: 20395828 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181d3e1ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor and its intracellular downstream signals in dorsal horn neurons of spinal cord contribute to central sensitization, a mechanism that underlies the development and maintenance of pain hypersensitivity in persistent pain. However, the molecular process of this event is not understood completely. Recently, new studies suggest that peripheral inflammatory insults drive changes in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit trafficking via N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor-triggered activation of protein kinases in dorsal horn and raise the possibility that such changes might contribute to central sensitization in persistent pain. This review presents current evidence regarding the changes that occur in the trafficking of dorsal horn alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2 under persistent inflammatory pain conditions and discusses the potential mechanisms by which such changes participate in the development and maintenance of inflammatory pain.
Collapse
|
33
|
Larsson M, Broman J. Synaptic Plasticity and Pain: Role of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. Neuroscientist 2010; 17:256-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858409349913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pain hypersensitivity that develops after tissue or nerve injury is dependent both on peripheral processes in the affected tissue and on enhanced neuronal responses in the central nervous system, including the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. It has become increasingly clear that strengthening of glutamatergic sensory synapses, such as those established in the dorsal horn by nociceptive thin-caliber primary afferent fibers, is a major contributor to sensitization of neuronal responses that leads to pain hypersensitivity. Here, the authors review recent findings on the roles of ionotropic glutamate receptors in synaptic plasticity in the dorsal horn in relation to acute and persistent pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Larsson
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,
| | - Jonas Broman
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang Y, Wu J, Wu Z, Lin Q, Yue Y, Fang L. Regulation of AMPA receptors in spinal nociception. Mol Pain 2010; 6:5. [PMID: 20092646 PMCID: PMC2823608 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional properties of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methy-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors in different brain regions, such as hippocampus and cerebellum, have been well studied in vitro and in vivo. The AMPA receptors present a unique characteristic in the mechanisms of subunit regulation during LTP (long-term potentiation) and LTD (long-term depression), which are involved in the trafficking, altered composition and phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits. Accumulated data have demonstrated that spinal AMPA receptors play a critical role in the mechanism of both acute and persistent pain. However, less is known about the biochemical regulation of AMPA receptor subunits in the spinal cord in response to painful stimuli. Recent studies have shown that some important regulatory processes, such as the trafficking of AMPA receptor subunit, subunit compositional changes, phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits, and their interaction with partner proteins may contribute to spinal nociceptive transmission. Of all these regulation processes, the phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits is the most important since it may trigger or affect other cellular processes. Therefore, these study results may suggest an effective strategy in developing novel analgesics targeting AMPA receptor subunit regulation that may be useful in treating persistent and chronic pain without unacceptable side effects in the clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:895-926. [PMID: 19712899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2271] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as well as to reduced inhibition and is a manifestation of the remarkable plasticity of the somatosensory nervous system in response to activity, inflammation, and neural injury. The net effect of central sensitization is to recruit previously subthreshold synaptic inputs to nociceptive neurons, generating an increased or augmented action potential output: a state of facilitation, potentiation, augmentation, or amplification. Central sensitization is responsible for many of the temporal, spatial, and threshold changes in pain sensibility in acute and chronic clinical pain settings and exemplifies the fundamental contribution of the central nervous system to the generation of pain hypersensitivity. Because central sensitization results from changes in the properties of neurons in the central nervous system, the pain is no longer coupled, as acute nociceptive pain is, to the presence, intensity, or duration of noxious peripheral stimuli. Instead, central sensitization produces pain hypersensitivity by changing the sensory response elicited by normal inputs, including those that usually evoke innocuous sensations. PERSPECTIVE In this article, we review the major triggers that initiate and maintain central sensitization in healthy individuals in response to nociceptor input and in patients with inflammatory and neuropathic pain, emphasizing the fundamental contribution and multiple mechanisms of synaptic plasticity caused by changes in the density, nature, and properties of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.
Collapse
|
36
|
Larsson M. Ionotropic glutamate receptors in spinal nociceptive processing. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:260-88. [PMID: 19876771 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory transmitter used by primary afferent synapses and intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Accordingly, ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate basal spinal transmission of sensory, including nociceptive, information that is relayed to supraspinal centers. However, it has become gradually more evident that these receptors are also crucially involved in short- and long-term plasticity of spinal nociceptive transmission, and that such plasticity have an important role in the pain hypersensitivity that may result from tissue or nerve injury. This review will cover recent findings on pre- and postsynaptic regulation of synaptic function by ionotropic glutamate receptors in the dorsal horn and how such mechanisms contribute to acute and chronic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Larsson
- Department of Anatomy and Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, University of Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang WG, Zhang LC, Peng ZD, Zeng YM. Intrathecal injection of GluR6 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides alleviates acute inflammatory pain of rectum in rats. Neurosci Bull 2009; 25:319-23. [PMID: 19784088 PMCID: PMC5552604 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-009-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the kainate (KA) receptor subunit GluR6 is involved in the acute inflammatory pain. METHODS Formalin was injected into the mucosa of rectum in Sprague-Dawley rats to induce visceral pain. The antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) of GluR6 were injected once per day for 3 d before formalin injection, after which GluR6 protein level was examined by immunoblotting method. The change of visceral pain was also investigated. RESULTS The expression of GluR6 in the spinal cord of rats increased after the formalin injection. Moreover, pre-treatment of GluR6 antisense ODNs could suppress GluR6 expression in the spinal cord of rats and decrease the scores of visceral pain at 45 min following formalin injection. CONCLUSION Kainate receptor subunit GluR6 plays an important role in the visceral pain induced by injection of formalin into the wall of rectum. GluR6 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of acute inflammatory visceral pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park JS, Voitenko N, Petralia RS, Guan X, Xu JT, Steinberg JP, Takamiya K, Sotnik A, Kopach O, Huganir RL, Tao YX. Persistent inflammation induces GluR2 internalization via NMDA receptor-triggered PKC activation in dorsal horn neurons. J Neurosci 2009; 29:3206-19. [PMID: 19279258 PMCID: PMC2664544 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4514-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord GluR2-lacking AMPA receptors (AMPARs) contribute to nociceptive hypersensitivity in persistent pain, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this event are not completely understood. We report that complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced peripheral inflammation induces synaptic GluR2 internalization in dorsal horn neurons during the maintenance of CFA-evoked nociceptive hypersensitivity. This internalization is initiated by GluR2 phosphorylation at Ser(880) and subsequent disruption of GluR2 binding to its synaptic anchoring protein (GRIP), resulting in a switch of GluR2-containing AMPARs to GluR2-lacking AMPARs and an increase of AMPAR Ca(2+) permeability at the synapses in dorsal horn neurons. Spinal cord NMDA receptor-mediated triggering of protein kinase C (PKC) activation is required for the induction and maintenance of CFA-induced dorsal horn GluR2 internalization. Moreover, preventing CFA-induced spinal GluR2 internalization through targeted mutation of the GluR2 PKC phosphorylation site impairs CFA-evoked nociceptive hypersensitivity during the maintenance period. These results suggest that dorsal horn GluR2 internalization might participate in the maintenance of NMDA receptor/PKC-dependent nociceptive hypersensitivity in persistent inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Su Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Nana Voitenko
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Ronald S. Petralia
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Xiaowei Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ji-Tian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | | | - Andrij Sotnik
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Olga Kopach
- Department of General Physiology of Nervous System, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Departments of Neuroscience and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Park JS, Yaster M, Guan X, Xu JT, Shih MH, Guan Y, Raja SN, Tao YX. Role of spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors in complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2008; 4:67. [PMID: 19116032 PMCID: PMC2628655 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) mediate acute spinal processing of nociceptive and non-nociceptive information, but whether and how their activation contributes to the central sensitization that underlies persistent inflammatory pain are still unclear. Here, we examined the role of spinal AMPARs in the development and maintenance of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced persistent inflammatory pain. Intrathecal application of two selective non-competitive AMPAR antagonists, CFM-2 (25 and 50 microg) and GYKI 52466 (50 microg), significantly attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities on the ipsilateral hind paw at 2 and 24 h post-CFA injection. Neither CFM-2 nor GYKI 52466 affected the contralateral basal responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. Locomotor activity was not altered in any of the drug-treated animals. CFA-induced inflammation did not change total expression or distribution of AMPAR subunits GluR1 and GluR2 in dorsal horn but did alter their subcellular distribution. The amount of GluR2 was markedly increased in the crude cytosolic fraction and decreased in the crude membrane fraction from the ipsilateral L4-5 dorsal horn at 24 h (but not at 2 h) post-CFA injection. Conversely, the level of GluR1 was significantly decreased in the crude cytosolic fraction and increased in the crude membrane fraction from the ipsilateral L4-5 dorsal horn at 24 h (but not at 2 h) post-CFA injection. These findings suggest that spinal AMPARs might participate in the central spinal mechanism of persistent inflammatory pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Su Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|