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Mosaddad SA, Hussain A, Tebyaniyan H. Exploring the Use of Animal Models in Craniofacial Regenerative Medicine: A Narrative Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:29-59. [PMID: 37432898 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The craniofacial region contains skin, bones, cartilage, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), teeth, periodontal tissues, mucosa, salivary glands, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Applying tissue engineering therapeutically helps replace lost tissues after trauma or cancer. Despite recent advances, it remains essential to standardize and validate the most appropriate animal models to effectively translate preclinical data to clinical situations. Therefore, this review focused on applying various animal models in craniofacial tissue engineering and regeneration. This research was based on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar data available until January 2023. This study included only English-language publications describing animal models' application in craniofacial tissue engineering (in vivo and review studies). Study selection was based on evaluating titles, abstracts, and full texts. The total number of initial studies was 6454. Following the screening process, 295 articles remained on the final list. Numerous in vivo studies have shown that small and large animal models can benefit clinical conditions by assessing the efficacy and safety of new therapeutic interventions, devices, and biomaterials in animals with similar diseases/defects to humans. Different species' anatomical, physiologic, and biological features must be considered in developing innovative, reproducible, and discriminative experimental models to select an appropriate animal model for a specific tissue defect. As a result, understanding the parallels between human and veterinary medicine can benefit both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Department of Science and Research, Islimic Azade University, Tehran, Iran
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Huang H, Lin Q, Rui X, Huang Y, Wu X, Yang W, Yu Z, He W. Research status of facial nerve repair. Regen Ther 2023; 24:507-514. [PMID: 37841661 PMCID: PMC10570629 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, is critical in controlling the movement of the facial muscles. It is responsible for all facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and moving the eyebrows. However, damage to this nerve can occur for a variety of reasons, including maxillofacial surgery, trauma, tumors, and infections. Facial nerve injuries can cause severe functional impairment and can lead to different degrees of facial paralysis, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients. Over the past ten years, significant progress has been made in the field of facial nerve repair. Different approaches, including direct suture, autologous nerve grafts, and tissue engineering, have been utilized for the repair of facial nerve injury. This article mainly summarizes the clinical methods and basic research progress of facial nerve repair in the past ten years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Huang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xi Rui
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yiman Huang
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuanhao Wu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenhao Yang
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhu Yu
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wenpeng He
- Hospital of stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Bengur FB, Stoy C, Binko MA, Nerone WV, Fedor CN, Solari MG, Marra KG. Facial Nerve Repair: Bioengineering Approaches in Preclinical Models. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:364-378. [PMID: 33632013 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the facial nerve can occur after different etiologies and range from simple transection of the branches to varying degrees of segmental loss. Management depends on the extent of injury and options include primary repair for simple transections and using autografts, allografts, or conduits for larger gaps. Tissue engineering plays an important role to create artificial materials that are able to mimic the nerve itself without extra morbidity in the patients. The use of neurotrophic factors or stem cells inside the conduits or around the repair site is being increasingly studied to enhance neural recovery to a greater extent. Preclinical studies remain the hallmark for development of these novel approaches and translation into clinical practice. This review will focus on preclinical models of repair after facial nerve injury to help researchers establish an appropriate model to quantify recovery and analyze functional outcomes. Different bioengineered materials, including conduits and nerve grafts, will be discussed based on the experimental animals that were used and the defects introduced. Future directions to extend the applications of processed nerve allografts, bioengineered conduits, and cues inside the conduits to induce neural recovery after facial nerve injury will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Baris Bengur
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Conrad Stoy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary A Binko
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wayne Vincent Nerone
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caroline Nadia Fedor
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario G Solari
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chen P, Knox CJ, Yao L, Li C, Hadlock TA. The effects of venous ensheathment on facial nerve repair in the rat. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1558-1564. [PMID: 28224625 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of autologous venous ensheathment on sutured rat facial nerve and to test whether the ensheathment could improve the functional recovery of repaired nerve and accuracy of axonal growth. STUDY DESIGN In vivo study. METHODS Forty-six rats were examined, with six rats serving as normal controls and 40 receiving facial nerve transection and suture repair (SR) or transection and suture repair with an additional venous ensheathment (VE). The rats were then subjected to functional testing, histological assessment of nerve specimens, or retrograde tracing, respectively. RESULTS At the postoperative day (POD) 60, the venous ensheathment showed no adhesion at the surrounding tissues. No significant difference in neuroma formation was found between the two surgical manipulations (SR and VE groups) (P < 0.05). Retrogradely labeled motoneurons in facial nuclei were extremely disorganized after the facial nerve undertook surgical manipulation. In all manipulated groups, double retrogradely labeled neurons, indicative of aberrant axonal branching during regeneration, could be observed after peripheral manipulation across all time points. With the two facial surgical manipulations, the average count of double-labeled neurons at POD 60 was significantly less than at POD 21 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Autologous venous ensheathment could not help with the functional recovery of facial nerve or improve the accuracy of axonal regeneration. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effects of venous ensheathment in other motor and sensory nerve models. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 127:1558-1564, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Department of Otolaryngology, Wuhan Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital (Wuhan No.1 Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Christopher J Knox
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Linli Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wuhan Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital (Wuhan No.1 Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wuhan Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital (Wuhan No.1 Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tessa A Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Mohammadi J, Delaviz H, Mohammadi B, Delaviz H, Rad P. Comparison of repair of peripheral nerve transection in predegenerated muscle with and without a vein graft. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:237. [PMID: 27876000 PMCID: PMC5120544 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite substantial research into the topic and valiant surgical efforts, reconstruction of peripheral nerve injury remains a challenging surgery. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of axonal regeneration of a transected sciatic nerve through a vein conduit containing degenerated skeletal muscle compared with axonal regeneration in a transected sciatic nerve through degenerated skeletal muscle alone. METHODS In two of the three experimental rat groups, 10 mm of the left sciatic nerve was transected and removed. The proximal and distal ends of the transected sciatic nerve were then approximated and surrounded with either (a) a degenerated skeletal muscle graft; or (b) a graft containing both degenerated skeletal muscle and vein. In the group receiving the combined vein and skeletal muscle graft, the vein walls were subsequently sutured to the proximal and distal nerve stump epineurium. Sciatic functional index (SFI) was used for assessment of functional recovery. Tracing study and histological procedures were used to assess axonal regeneration. RESULTS At 60 days, the gait functional recovery as well as the mean number of myelinated axons in the middle and distal parts of the sciatic nerve significantly increased in the group with the vein graft compared to rats with only the muscular graft (P < 0.05). Mean diameter of myelinated nerve fiber of the distal sciatic nerve was also improved with the vein graft compared to the muscle graft alone (P < 0.05). The mean number of DiI-labeled motor neurons in the L4-L5 spinal segment increased in the vein with muscle group but was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that a graft consisting of not only predegenerated muscle, but also predegenerated muscle with vein more effectively supported nerve regeneration, thus promoting functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Mohammadi
- Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hamdollah Delaviz
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, P.o.Box: 7591994799, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Bahram Mohammadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Hamoun Delaviz
- The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Parastou Rad
- Department of Midwifery, Yasuj University of Medical, Yasuj, Iran
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Chao X, Xu L, Li J, Han Y, Li X, Mao Y, Shang H, Fan Z, Wang H. Facilitation of facial nerve regeneration using chitosan-β-glycerophosphate-nerve growth factor hydrogel. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136:585-91. [PMID: 26881479 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2015.1136432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Conclusion C/GP hydrogel was demonstrated to be an ideal drug delivery vehicle and scaffold in the vein conduit. Combined use autologous vein and NGF continuously delivered by C/GP-NGF hydrogel can improve the recovery of facial nerve defects. Objective This study investigated the effects of chitosan-β-glycerophosphate-nerve growth factor (C/GP-NGF) hydrogel combined with autologous vein conduit on the recovery of damaged facial nerve in a rat model. Methods A 5 mm gap in the buccal branch of a rat facial nerve was reconstructed with an autologous vein. Next, C/GP-NGF hydrogel was injected into the vein conduit. In negative control groups, NGF solution or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the vein conduits, respectively. Autologous implantation was used as a positive control group. Vibrissae movement, electrophysiological assessment, and morphological analysis of regenerated nerves were performed to assess nerve regeneration. Results NGF continuously released from C/GP-NGF hydrogel in vitro. The recovery rate of vibrissae movement and the compound muscle action potentials of regenerated facial nerve in the C/GP-NGF group were similar to those in the Auto group, and significantly better than those in the NGF group. Furthermore, larger regenerated axons and thicker myelin sheaths were obtained in the C/GP-NGF group than those in the NGF group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Chao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - YanYan Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haiqiong Shang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Shandong Institute of Otolaryngology, Jinan, PR China
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Ronchi G, Jager SB, Vaegter CB, Raimondo S, Giacobini-Robecchi MG, Geuna S. Discrepancies in quantitative assessment of normal and regenerated peripheral nerve fibers between light and electron microscopy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2015; 19:224-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jns.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Sara Buskbjerg Jager
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Christian Bjerggaard Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership, and The Lundbeck Foundation Research Center MIND, Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | | | - Stefano Geuna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of the “Cavalieri Ottolenghi” Foundation (NICO); University of Turin; Turin Italy
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Seyed Foroutan K, Khodarahmi A, Alavi H, Pedram S, Baghaban Eslaminejad MR, Bordbar S. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell and vein conduit on sciatic nerve repair in rats. Trauma Mon 2015; 20:e23325. [PMID: 25825699 PMCID: PMC4362034 DOI: 10.5812/traumamon.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Peripheral nerve repair with sufficient functional recovery is an important issue in reconstructive surgery. Stem cells have attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the vein conduit technique, with and without the addition of mesenchymal stem cells in gap-less nerve injury repair in rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 36 Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three groups: In the first group, nerve repair was performed with simple neurorrhaphy (control group), in the second group, nerve repair was done with vein conduit over site (vein conduit group) and in the third group, bone marrow stem cells were instilled into the vein conduit (stem cell group) after nerve repair with vein conduit over site. Six weeks after the intervention, the sciatic function index, electrophysiological study and histological examination were performed. Results: All animals tolerated the surgical procedures and survived well. The sciatic function index and latency were significantly improved in the vein conduit (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively) and stem cell group (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) compared with the control group. No significant difference was observed in sciatic function and latency between the vein conduit and stem-cell groups. Moreover, histological analysis showed no significant difference in regenerative density between these two groups. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the meticulous microsurgical nerve repair, which was performed using the vein tubulization induced significantly better sciatic nerve regeneration. However, the addition of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell to vein conduit failed to promote any significant changes in regeneration outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Seyed Foroutan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Kamal Seyed Foroutan, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188890889, E-mail:
| | - Ali Khodarahmi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Hootan Alavi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sepehr Pedram
- Veterinary Faculty, Hazrat Fatemeh Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sima Bordbar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IR Iran
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Use of vein conduit and isolated nerve graft in peripheral nerve repair: a comparative study. PLASTIC SURGERY INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:587968. [PMID: 25405029 PMCID: PMC4227328 DOI: 10.1155/2014/587968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vein conduit in nerve repair compared with isolated nerve graft. Materials and Methods. This retrospective study was conducted at author's centre and included a total of 40 patients. All the patients had nerve defect of more than 3 cm and underwent nerve repair using nerve graft from sural nerve. In 20 cases, vein conduit (study group) was used whereas no conduit was used in other 20 cases. Patients were followed up for 2 years at the intervals of 3 months. Results. Patients had varying degree of recovery. Sensations reached to all the digits at 1 year in study groups compared to 18 months in control group. At the end of second year, 84% patients of the study group achieved 2-point discrimination of <10 mm compared to 60% only in control group. In terms of motor recovery, 82% patients achieved satisfactory hand function in study group compared to 56% in control group (P < .05). Conclusions. It was concluded that the use of vein conduit in peripheral nerve repair is more effective method than isolated nerve graft providing good sensory and motor recovery.
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Sadek AF, Fouly EH, Hamdy M. Functional and electrophysiological outcome after autogenous vein wrapping of primary repaired ulnar nerves. Microsurgery 2013; 34:361-6. [PMID: 24995718 DOI: 10.1002/micr.22207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at assessing the functional and electrophysiological recovery after vein wrapping of primary repaired ulnar nerves METHODS From January 2010 till December 2012, 23 patients (diagnosed with distal ulnar nerve injury) were prospectively studied where they were divided into two groups; group one (11 patients) and group two (12 patients). The injury was sharp in all cases but for one. The first group was managed by primary epineurorraphy. The second group was managed by primary epineurorraphy and autogenous vein wrapping. Final outcome was based on sensory recovery, motor recovery, and the presence or absence of electrophysiological response RESULTS Clinically, only one case in each group exhibited negative Tinel's sign. The second group achieved statistically significant superiority regarding motor recovery (P = 0.018), sensory recovery (P = 0.042) and electrophysiological recovery (P = 0.044). Group one showed two good, two satisfactory, six moderate, and one bad results while the second group showed five good, six satisfactory, one bad and no moderate results (P = 0.026). The first time to show clinical response in group one was the third month while in the second group it was at 1.5 month (P < 0.001). In addition, the first time to show electromyographic response in group one was at the sixth month while in group two it was at the third month CONCLUSIONS Vein wrapping is a simple technique that could be used reliably to augment primary neurorrhaphy particularly in cases with associated vascular or tendon injuries to prevent scarring and enhance functional and electrophysiological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F Sadek
- Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Orthopaedic Surgery Department, El Minia University Hospital, Minya, Egypt
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The role of ischemic neurodegeneration of the nodose ganglia on cardiac arrest after subarachnoid hemorrhage: An experimental study. Exp Neurol 2011; 230:90-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Nijhuis THJ, Brzezicki G, Klimczak A, Siemionow M. Isogenic venous graft supported with bone marrow stromal cells as a natural conduit for bridging a 20 mm nerve gap. Microsurgery 2010; 30:639-45. [PMID: 20842703 DOI: 10.1002/micr.20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a technique for bridging large neural gaps, using an isogenic vein graft supported with isogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). In three groups a nerve defect of 20 mm was bridged with a vein graft. Our first experimental group comprized an empty venous graft, in group II the venous nerve graft was filled with saline where as in group III the venous nerve graft was filled with BMSC. The animals were tested for functional recovery up to 3 months post repair. Our results show that the BMSC filled venous graft resulted in significantly better regeneration of the nerve defect compared to controls, as confirmed by the functional recovery measured by somatosensory evoked potentials, toe spread, pin prick, and gastrocnemius muscle index. Conclusively, the results confirm that the vein graft supported with BMSC is associated with better functional nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H J Nijhuis
- Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Kaplan S, Geuna S, Ronchi G, Ulkay MB, von Bartheld CS. Calibration of the stereological estimation of the number of myelinated axons in the rat sciatic nerve: a multicenter study. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 187:90-9. [PMID: 20064555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several sources of variability can affect stereological estimates. Here we measured the impact of potential sources of variability on numerical stereological estimates of myelinated axons in the adult rat sciatic nerve. Besides biological variation, parameters tested included two variations of stereological methods (unbiased counting frame versus 2D-disector), two sampling schemes (few large versus frequent small sampling boxes), and workstations with varying degrees of sophistication. All estimates were validated against exhaustive counts of the same nerve cross sections to obtain calibrated true numbers of myelinated axons (gold standard). In addition, we quantified errors in particle identification by comparing light microscopic and electron microscopic images of selected consecutive sections. Biological variation was 15.6%. There was no significant difference between the two stereological approaches or workstations used, but sampling schemes with few large samples yielded larger differences (20.7+/-3.7% SEM) of estimates from true values, while frequent small samples showed significantly smaller differences (12.7+/-1.9% SEM). Particle identification was accurate in 94% of cases (range: 89-98%). The most common identification error was due to profiles of Schwann cell nuclei mimicking profiles of small myelinated nerve fibers. We recommend sampling frequent small rather than few large areas, and conclude that workstations with basic stereological equipment are sufficient to obtain accurate estimates. Electron microscopic verification showed that particle misidentification had a surprisingly variable and large impact of up to 11%, corresponding to 2/3 of the biological variation (15.6%). Thus, errors in particle identification require further attention, and we provide a simple nerve fiber recognition test to assist investigators with self-testing and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayis University School of Medicine, Samsun, Turkey
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Raimondo S, Fornaro M, Di Scipio F, Ronchi G, Giacobini-Robecchi MG, Geuna S. Chapter 5: Methods and protocols in peripheral nerve regeneration experimental research: part II-morphological techniques. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:81-103. [PMID: 19682634 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper critically overviews the main procedures used for carrying out morphological analysis of peripheral nerve fibers in light, confocal, and electron microscopy. In particular, this paper emphasizes the importance of osmium tetroxide post-fixation as a useful procedure to be adopted independently from the embedding medium. In order to facilitate the use of any described techniques, all protocols are presented in full details. The pros and cons for each method are critically addressed and practical indications on the different imaging approaches are reported. Moreover, the basic rules of morpho-quantitative stereological analysis of nerve fibers are described addressing the important concepts of design-based sampling and the disector. Finally, a comparison of stereological analysis on myelinated nerve fibers between paraffin- and resin-embedded rat radial nerves is reported showing that different embedding procedures might influence the distribution of size parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin 10043, Italy
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Piskin A, Kaplan S, Aktaş A, Ayyildiz M, Raimondo S, Aliç T, Bozkurt HH, Geuna S. Platelet gel does not improve peripheral nerve regeneration: An electrophysiological, stereological, and electron microscopic study. Microsurgery 2008; 29:144-53. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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