1
|
Singh A, Ansari VA, Mahmood T, Ahsan F, Maheshwari S. Repercussion of Primary Nucleation Pathway: Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. Curr Aging Sci 2024; 17:196-204. [PMID: 38083895 DOI: 10.2174/0118746098243327231117113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prion disease, are characterized by the conversion of normally soluble proteins or peptides into aggregated amyloidal fibrils. These diseases result in the permanent loss of specific types of neurons, making them incurable and devastating. Research on animal models of memory problems mentioned in this article contributes to our knowledge of brain health and functionality. Neurodegenerative disorders, which often lead to cognitive impairment and dementia, are becoming more prevalent as global life expectancy increases. These diseases cause severe neurological impairment and neuronal death, making them highly debilitating. Exploring and understanding these complex diseases offer significant insights into the fundamental processes essential for maintaining brain health. Exploring the intricate mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases not only holds promise for potential treatments but also enhances our understanding of fundamental brain health and functionality. By unraveling the complexities of these disorders, researchers can pave the way for advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and ultimately, improving the lives of individuals affected by neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Vaseem A Ansari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Tarique Mahmood
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Farogh Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Singh A, Ansari VA, Ansari TM, Hasan SM, Ahsan F, Singh K, Wasim R, Maheshwari S, Ahmad A. Consequence of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment by Primary Nucleation Pathway. Horm Metab Res 2023; 55:304-314. [PMID: 37130536 DOI: 10.1055/a-2052-8462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An acquired loss of cognition in several cognitive domains that is severe enough to interfere with social or professional functioning is called dementia. As well as a moderately in-depth mental status examination by a clinician to identify impairments in memory, language, attention, visuospatial cognition, such as spatial orientation, executive function, and mood, the diagnosis of dementia requires a history evaluating for cognitive decline and impairment in daily activities, with confirmation from a close friend or family member. The start and organization of the cognitive assessment can be helped by short screening tests for cognitive impairment. Clinical presentations show that neurodegenerative diseases are often incurable because patients permanently lose some types of neurons. It has been determined through an assessment that, at best, our understanding of the underlying processes is still rudimentary, which presents exciting new targets for further study as well as the development of diagnostics and drugs. A growing body of research suggests that they also advance our knowledge of the processes that are probably crucial for maintaining the health and functionality of the brain. We concentrate on a number of the animal models of memory problems that have been mentioned in this review article because dementia has numerous etiologies. Serious neurological impairment and neuronal death are the main features of neurodegenerative illnesses, which are also extremely crippling ailments. The most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders are followed by those primary nucleation pathways responsible for cognitive impairment and dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | | | | | - Farogh Ahsan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rufaida Wasim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Asad Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stress-induced precocious aging in PD-patient iPSC-derived NSCs may underlie the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:105. [PMID: 30718471 PMCID: PMC6362163 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an aging-related degenerative disorder arisen from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Although many genetic mutations have been implicated to be genetically linked to PD, the low incidence of familial PD carried with mutations suggests that there must be other factors such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and enhanced inflammation, which are contributable to the pathophysiology of PD. The major efforts of current research have been devoted to unravel the toxic effect of multiple factors, which directly cause the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in adulthood. Until recently, several studies have demonstrated that NSCs had compromised proliferation and differentiation capacity in PD animal models or PD patient-derived iPS models, suggesting that the pathology of PD may be rooted in some cellular aberrations at early developmental stage but the mechanism remains to be elusive. Based on the early-onset PD patient-specific iPSCs, we found that PD-patient iPSC-derived NSCs were more susceptible to stress and became functionally compromised by radiation or oxidative insults. We further unraveled that stress-induced SIRT1 downregulation leading to autophagic dysfunction, which were responsible for these deficits in PD-NSCs. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that stress-induced activation of p38 MAPK suppressed SIRT1 expression, which in turn augmented the acetylation of multiple ATG proteins of autophagic complex and eventually led to autophagic deficits. Our studies suggest that early developmental deficits may, at least partially, contribute to the pathology of PD and provide a new avenue for developing better therapeutic interventions to PD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Loucks CM, Bialas NJ, Dekkers MPJ, Walker DS, Grundy LJ, Li C, Inglis PN, Kida K, Schafer WR, Blacque OE, Jansen G, Leroux MR. PACRG, a protein linked to ciliary motility, mediates cellular signaling. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2133-44. [PMID: 27193298 PMCID: PMC4927285 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular projections that can be motile to generate fluid flow or nonmotile to enable signaling. Both forms are based on shared components, and proteins involved in ciliary motility, like PACRG, may also function in ciliary signaling. Caenorhabditis elegans PACRG acts in a subset of nonmotile cilia to influence a learning behavior and promote longevity. Cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from nearly all mammalian cell types. Motile cilia generate fluid flow, whereas nonmotile (primary) cilia are required for sensory physiology and modulate various signal transduction pathways. Here we investigate the nonmotile ciliary signaling roles of parkin coregulated gene (PACRG), a protein linked to ciliary motility. PACRG is associated with the protofilament ribbon, a structure believed to dictate the regular arrangement of motility-associated ciliary components. Roles for protofilament ribbon–associated proteins in nonmotile cilia and cellular signaling have not been investigated. We show that PACRG localizes to a small subset of nonmotile cilia in Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting an evolutionary adaptation for mediating specific sensory/signaling functions. We find that it influences a learning behavior known as gustatory plasticity, in which it is functionally coupled to heterotrimeric G-protein signaling. We also demonstrate that PACRG promotes longevity in C. elegans by acting upstream of the lifespan-promoting FOXO transcription factor DAF-16 and likely upstream of insulin/IGF signaling. Our findings establish previously unrecognized sensory/signaling functions for PACRG and point to a role for this protein in promoting longevity. Furthermore, our work suggests additional ciliary motility-signaling connections, since EFHC1 (EF-hand containing 1), a potential PACRG interaction partner similarly associated with the protofilament ribbon and ciliary motility, also positively regulates lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrina M Loucks
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nathan J Bialas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Denise S Walker
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J Grundy
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - P Nick Inglis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Katarzyna Kida
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - William R Schafer
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gert Jansen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel R Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prenatal Exposure to DEHP Affects Spermatogenesis and Sperm DNA Methylation in a Strain-Dependent Manner. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132136. [PMID: 26244509 PMCID: PMC4526524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phtalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer with endocrine disrupting properties found ubiquitously in the environment and altering reproduction in rodents. Here we investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to DEHP on spermatogenesis and DNA sperm methylation in two distinct, selected, and sequenced mice strains. FVB/N and C57BL/6J mice were orally exposed to 300 mg/kg/day of DEHP from gestation day 9 to 19. Prenatal DEHP exposure significantly decreased spermatogenesis in C57BL/6J (fold-change = 0.6, p-value = 8.7*10-4), but not in FVB/N (fold-change = 1, p-value = 0.9). The number of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) by DEHP-exposure across the entire genome showed increased hyper- and decreased hypo-methylation in C57BL/6J compared to FVB/N. At the promoter level, three important subsets of genes were massively affected. Promoters of vomeronasal and olfactory receptors coding genes globally followed the same trend, more pronounced in the C57BL/6J strain, of being hyper-methylated in DEHP related conditions. In contrast, a large set of micro-RNAs were hypo-methylated, with a trend more pronounced in the FVB/N strain. We additionally analyze both the presence of functional genetic variations within genes that were associated with the detected DMRs and that could be involved in spermatogenesis, and DMRs related with the DEHP exposure that affected both strains in an opposite manner. The major finding in this study indicates that prenatal exposure to DEHP can decrease spermatogenesis in a strain-dependent manner and affects sperm DNA methylation in promoters of large sets of genes putatively involved in both sperm chemotaxis and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor JM, Brody KM, Lockhart PJ. Parkin Co-Regulated Gene is involved in aggresome formation and autophagy in response to proteasomal impairment. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2059-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
7
|
Thumberger T, Hagenlocher C, Tisler M, Beyer T, Tietze N, Schweickert A, Feistel K, Blum M. Ciliary and non-ciliary expression and function of PACRG during vertebrate development. Cilia 2012; 1:13. [PMID: 23351225 PMCID: PMC3555705 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Park2-co-regulated gene (PACRG) is evolutionarily highly conserved from green algae to mammals. In Chlamydomonas and trypanosomes, the PACRG protein associates with flagella. Loss of PACRG results in shortened or absent flagella. In mouse the PACRG protein is required for spermatogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to analyze (1) the expression patterns of PACRG during vertebrate embryogenesis, and (2) whether the PACRG protein was required for left-right (LR) axis specification through cilia-driven leftward flow in Xenopus laevis. Methods PACRG cDNAs were cloned and expression was analyzed during early embryonic development of Xenopus, mouse, rabbit and zebrafish. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) mediated gene knockdown was applied in Xenopus to investigate LR development at the level of tissue morphology, leftward flow and asymmetric marker gene expression, using timelapse videography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and whole-mount in situ hybridization. Results were statistically evaluated using Wilcoxon paired and χ2 tests. Results PACRG mRNA expression was found in cells and tissues harboring cilia throughout the vertebrates. Highly localized expression was also detected in the brain. During early development, PACRG was specifically localized to epithelia where leftward flow arises, that is, the gastrocoel roof plate (GRP) in Xenopus, the posterior notochord (PNC) in mammals and Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) in zebrafish. Besides its association with ciliary axonemes, subcellular localization of PACRG protein was found around the nucleus and in a spotty pattern in the cytoplasm. A green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion construct preferentially labeled cilia, rendering PACRG a versatile marker for live imaging. Loss-of-function in the frog resulted dose dependently in LR, neural tube closure and gastrulation defects, representing ciliary and non-ciliary functions of PACRG. Conclusions The PACRG protein is a novel essential factor of cilia in Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Thumberger
- Institute of Zoology, Working group Embryology, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, Stuttgart, 70593, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Degeneration in Different Parkinsonian Syndromes Relates to Astrocyte Type and Astrocyte Protein Expression. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:1073-83. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181b66f1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
9
|
Taylor JM, Wu RM, Farrer MJ, Delatycki MB, Lockhart PJ. Analysis of PArkin Co-Regulated Gene in a Taiwanese–Ethnic Chinese cohort with early-onset Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:417-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
10
|
Wilson GR, Tan JT, Brody KM, Taylor JM, Delatycki MB, Lockhart PJ. Expression and localization of the Parkin co-regulated gene in mouse CNS suggests a role in ependymal cilia function. Neurosci Lett 2009; 460:97-101. [PMID: 19463890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkin Co-Regulated Gene (PACRG) is a gene that shares a bi-directional promoter with the Parkinson's disease associated gene parkin. The functional role of PACRG is not well understood, although the gene has been associated with parkinsonian syndromes and more recently with eukaryotic cilia and flagella. We investigated the expression of Pacrg in the mouse brain by in situ hybridization and observed robust expression of Pacrg in the cells associated with the lateral, third and fourth ventricle, in addition to the aqueduct of Sylvius and choroid plexus. For all regions of Pacrg expression identified, strong expression was observed in the newborn period and this was maintained into adulthood. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Pacrg was a component of the ependymal cells and cilia lining the ventricles. Based on our results and the previous association of PACRG homologues with cilia and flagella, we propose that Pacrg is a component of the ependymal cilia and may play an important role in motile cilia development and/or function in the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle R Wilson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kowtharapu BS, Vincent FC, Bubis A, Verleysdonk S. Lentiviral transfection of ependymal primary cultures facilitates the characterisation of kinocilia-specific promoters. Neurochem Res 2009; 34:1380-92. [PMID: 19191024 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-9918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ependymal primary cultures (EPCs) are an established model for studying ependymal cell biochemistry and the biology of kinocilia-bearing cells. However, the difficulty in causing them to express transgenes at high efficiency has been an important drawback of the system. Indeed plasmid-based transfection attempts remain at an efficiency below 1% and fail to elicit reporter gene expression, namely green fluorescent protein (GFP) synthesis, in any of the kinocilia-bearing cells of the cultures. Human immunodeficiency virus pseudotyped with the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (HIV/VSV-G) and encoding GFP under the control of the ubiquitously recognised promoter of elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1alpha) also does not cause transgene expression in the kinocilia-bearing cells of an EPC when applied at multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of up to 40 and destroys the culture when the MOI is increased further. In contrast, HIV/VSV-G encoding GFP under the control of a promoter specifically active in kinocilia-bearing cells leads to transgene expression in up to 79% of the kinociliated cells of an EPC when applied at an MOI of 20. This has permitted the initial characterisation of the promoter for the gene specifically transcribed in kinocilia-bearing cells, wdr16. The results have identified two regions of 100 nucleotides length each, which are critical for promoter activity and contain putative binding sites for the transcription factors Foxd1, Sox17 and Spz1. It appears that wdr16 is controlled by a bidirectional promoter also responsible for regulating the syntaxin 8 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|