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Urquieta E, Varon J, Lin PH. Reversal of Spinal Cord Ischemia Following Endovascular Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Repair With Hyperbaric Oxygen and Therapeutic Hypothermia. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2017; 51:517-520. [PMID: 28820047 DOI: 10.1177/1538574417725238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological adverse events with spinal cord ischemia (SCI) remain one of the most feared complications in patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). These patients can develop irreversible paraplegia with lifelong consequences with physical and psychological agony. CASE PRESENTATION We herein present a patient who developed SCI with bilateral lower leg paraplegia on the third postoperative day following TEVAR. Spinal catheter was inserted for spinal fluid drainage. A hyperbaric oxygen therapy was initiated for 90 minutes for 2 days, which was followed by therapeutic hypothermia for 24 hours with a target temperature of 33°C. The patient exhibited significant neurological recovery following these treatments, and he ultimately regained full neurological function without spinal deficit. DISCUSSION This represents the first reported case of full neurological recovery of a patient who developed complete SCI following TEVAR procedure. The neurological recovery was due in part to immediate therapeutic hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy which reversed the spinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Urquieta
- 1 Division of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Varon
- 2 Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,3 The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.,4 University General Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter H Lin
- 5 Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,6 University Vascular Associates, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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An H, Duan Y, Wu D, Yip J, Elmadhoun O, Wright JC, Shi W, Liu K, He X, Shi J, Jiang F, Ji X, Ding Y. Phenothiazines Enhance Mild Hypothermia-induced Neuroprotection via PI3K/Akt Regulation in Experimental Stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7469. [PMID: 28785051 PMCID: PMC5547051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical hypothermia has long been considered a promising neuroprotective treatment of ischemic stroke, but the treatment's various complications along with the impractical duration and depth of therapy significantly narrow its clinical scope. In the present study, the model of reversible right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h was used. We combined hypothermia (33-35 °C for 1 h) with phenothiazine neuroleptics (chlorpromazine & promethazine) as additive neuroprotectants, with the aim of augmenting its efficacy while only using mild temperatures. We also investigated its therapeutic effects on the Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) apoptotic pathway. The combination treatment achieved reduction in ischemic rat temperatures in the rectum, cortex and striatum significantly (P < 0.01) faster than hypothermia alone, accompanied by more obvious (P < 0.01) reduction of brain infarct volume and neurological deficits. The combination treatment remarkably (P < 0.05) increased expression of p-Akt and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), while reduced expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (AIF and Bax). Finally, the treatment's neuroprotective effects were blocked by a p-Akt inhibitor. By combining hypothermia with phenothiazines, we significantly enhanced the neuroprotective effects of mild hypothermia. This study also sheds light on the possible molecular mechanism for these effects which involves the PI3K/Akt signaling and apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong An
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxia Duan
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wu
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James Yip
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Omar Elmadhoun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Joshua C Wright
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoduo He
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfei Shi
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Chandra A, Stone CR, Du X, Li WA, Huber M, Bremer R, Geng X, Ding Y. The cerebral circulation and cerebrovascular disease III: Stroke. Brain Circ 2017; 3:66-77. [PMID: 30276307 PMCID: PMC6126259 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_12_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, our review series on cerebrovascular disease anatomy, physiology, and pathology ends with a thorough discussion of the most significant cerebrovascular pathology: stroke. This discussion proceeds through two layers of organization. First, stroke is divided up into its main etiologic categories (ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic to hemorrhagic transformation). Then, the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical, and therapeutic (employed currently as well as emerging) aspects of each etiology are explored; emphasis is placed upon the therapeutic aspects. Finally, once we have covered all aspects of each etiologic category, we end our review with a defense of the thesis that there is much hope for the future of stroke treatment to be derived from familiarity with the literature on emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher R. Stone
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiangnan Du
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William A. Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mitchell Huber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Bremer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Vital SA, Gavins FNE. Surgical Approach for Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion Induced Stroke in Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27805602 DOI: 10.3791/54302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and continues to be one of the major causes of long-term adult disabilities. About 87% of strokes are ischemic in origin and occur in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Currently the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for the treatment of this devastating disease is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA has a small therapeutic window for administration (3 - 6 hr), and is only effective in 4% of the patients who actually receive it. Current research focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of stroke in order to find potential therapeutic targets. Thus, reliable models are crucial, and the MCA occlusion (MCAo) model (also termed the intraluminal filament or suture model) is deemed to be the most clinically relevant surgical model of ischemic stroke, and is fairly non-invasive and easily reproducible. Typically the MCAo model is used with rodents, especially with mice due to all the genetic variations available for this species. Here we describe (and present in the video) how to successfully perform the MCAo model (with reperfusion) in mice to generate reliable and reproducible data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantel A Vital
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Louisiana State University
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Louisiana State University;
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Forreider B, Pozivilko D, Kawaji Q, Geng X, Ding Y. Hibernation-like neuroprotection in stroke by attenuating brain metabolic dysfunction. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:174-187. [PMID: 26965388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many mammalian species naturally undergo hibernation, a process that is associated with drastic changes in metabolism and systemic physiology. Their ability to retain an undamaged central nervous system during severely reduced cerebral blood flow has been studied for possible therapeutic application in human ischemic stroke. By inducing a less extreme 'hibernation-like' state, it has been hypothesized that similar neuroprotective effects reduce ischemia-mediated tissue damage in stroke patients. This manuscript includes reviews and evaluations of: (1) true hibernation, (2) hibernation-like state and its neuroprotective characteristics, (3) the preclinical and clinical methods for induction of artificial hibernation (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia, phenothiazine drugs, and ethanol), and (4) the mechanisms by which cerebral ischemia leads to tissue damage and how the above-mentioned induction methods function to inhibit those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forreider
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Pozivilko
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Qingwen Kawaji
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Turner RJ, Sharp FR. Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:56. [PMID: 26973468 PMCID: PMC4777722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-9 levels following stroke, with such perturbations associated with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, and worsened outcome. Despite this, controversy remains as to which cells release MMP-9 at the normal and pathological BBB, with even less clarity in the context of stroke. This may be further complicated by the influence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment. The aim of the present review is to examine the relationship between neutrophils, MMP-9 and tPA following ischemic stroke to elucidate which cells are responsible for the increases in MMP-9 and resultant barrier changes and hemorrhage observed following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA
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Zhao JK, Guan FL, Duan SR, Zhao JW, Sun RH, Zhang LM, Wang DS. Effect of focal mild hypothermia on expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP in rats with cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Inj 2013; 27:1190-8. [PMID: 23895636 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.804206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE Following stroke, hypothermia is reported to reduce both cellular and extracellular damage. This study aimed to examine the effects of focal mild hypothermia on proteins associated with both extracellular (matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of MMP-9 (TIMP-1)) and cellular damage (Tau-1 and β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP)) to characterize the protective effects of hypothermia. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Male Wistar rats received ischaemic damage using a transient, focal ischaemia/reperfusion model. Afterwards, one group (HT) received 6 hours of focal mild hypothermia (33 °C) applied to the head, while another remained at normal temperature (NT). The brains were collected at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after hypothermia to measure infarct volume ratio and to detect cells immunopositive for MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP, while neurological deficits were examined separately after 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Focal mild hypothermia had no effect on infarct volume ratio but expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1 Tau-1 and β-APP was decreased. Furthermore, neurological function in the HT group was better than in the NT group. CONCLUSIONS Focal mild hypothermia has protective effects on cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury characterized by decreased expression of MMP-9, TIMP-1, Tau-1 and β-APP, along with improvement of neurological function despite no changes in infarct volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, PR China
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Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and intravenous alteplase is the only proven effective treatment in the acute setting. Hypothermia has been shown to improve neurological outcomes after global ischaemia-hypoxia in comatose patients who have had cardiac arrest, and is one of the most extensively studied and powerful therapeutic strategies in acute ischaemic stroke. The protective mechanisms of therapeutic hypothermia affect the ischaemic cascade across several parallel pathways and, when coupled with reperfusion strategies, might yield synergistic benefits for patients who have had a stroke. Technological advances have allowed hypothermia to be induced rapidly, and the treatment has been used safely in acute stroke patients. Conclusive efficacy trials assessing therapeutic hypothermia combined with reperfusion therapies in acute ischaemic stroke are ongoing.
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Baburamani AA, Ek CJ, Walker DW, Castillo-Melendez M. Vulnerability of the developing brain to hypoxic-ischemic damage: contribution of the cerebral vasculature to injury and repair? Front Physiol 2012; 3:424. [PMID: 23162470 PMCID: PMC3493883 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As clinicians attempt to understand the underlying reasons for the vulnerability of different regions of the developing brain to injury, it is apparent that little is known as to how hypoxia-ischemia may affect the cerebrovasculature in the developing infant. Most of the research investigating the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury following hypoxia-ischemia has focused on excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and an inflammatory response, with the response of the developing cerebrovasculature receiving less attention. This is surprising as the presentation of devastating and permanent injury such as germinal matrix-intraventricular haemorrhage (GM-IVH) and perinatal stroke are of vascular origin, and the origin of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) may also arise from poor perfusion of the white matter. This highlights that cerebrovasculature injury following hypoxia could primarily be responsible for the injury seen in the brain of many infants diagnosed with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Interestingly the highly dynamic nature of the cerebral blood vessels in the fetus, and the fluctuations of cerebral blood flow and metabolic demand that occur following hypoxia suggest that the response of blood vessels could explain both regional protection and vulnerability in the developing brain. However, research into how blood vessels respond following hypoxia-ischemia have mostly been conducted in adult models of ischemia or stroke, further highlighting the need to investigate how the developing cerebrovasculature responds and the possible contribution to perinatal brain injury following hypoxia. This review discusses the current concepts on the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury, the development of the fetal cerebrovasculature and the blood brain barrier (BBB), and key mediators involved with the response of cerebral blood vessels to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Baburamani
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Clayton Melbourne, VIC, Australia ; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University Göteborg, Sweden
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Barber PA, Rushforth D, Agrawal S, Tuor UI. Infrared optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) up regulation following ischemia reperfusion is ameliorated by hypothermia. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:76. [PMID: 22742423 PMCID: PMC3441425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the use of a new MMP activatable probe MMPSense™ 750 FAST (MMPSense750) for in-vivo visualization of early MMP activity in ischemic stroke. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) optical imaging was performed. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent images of MMPSense activation were acquired using an Olympus fluorescent microscope, 1.25x objective, a CCD camera and an appropriate filter cube for detecting the activated probe with peak excitation and emission at 749 and 775 nm, respectively. Images were acquired starting at 2 or 24 hours after reperfusion over the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex before and for 3 hours after, MMPSense750 was injected. Results Increased intensities ipsilaterally were observed following MMPSense750 injection with ischemic injury but not in sham animals. There were significant ipsilateral and contralateral differences at 15 minutes (P <0.05) in early ischemic reperfusion and at time 0 in 24 hours post ischemia (P <0.05) which persisted at 180 minutes in both these groups (P <0.01), but not following sham surgery. The increase in ipsilateral signal intensity was attenuated by hypothermia. These observations corresponded with a significant increase in the total MMP-9 protein levels, 5 and 24 hours following ischemia reperfusion (P <0.05) and their reduction by hypothermia. Conclusions Matrix-metalloproteinase upregulation in ischemia reperfusion can be imaged acutely in-vivo with NIRF using MMPSense750. Hypothermia attenuated both the optical increase in intensity after MMPSense750 and the increase in MMP-9 protein expression supporting the proof of concept that NIRF imaging using MMPSense can be used to assess potential therapeutic strategies for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Barber
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Experimental Imaging Centre and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Campos F, Blanco M, Barral D, Agulla J, Ramos-Cabrer P, Castillo J. Influence of temperature on ischemic brain: Basic and clinical principles. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:495-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hypothermia to Identify Therapeutic Targets for Stroke Treatment. Transl Stroke Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9530-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Dénes A, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ. Systemic inflammatory challenges compromise survival after experimental stroke via augmenting brain inflammation, blood- brain barrier damage and brain oedema independently of infarct size. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:164. [PMID: 22114895 PMCID: PMC3235982 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation impairs outcome in stroke patients and experimental animals via mechanisms which are poorly understood. Circulating inflammatory mediators can activate cerebrovascular endothelium or glial cells in the brain and impact on ischaemic brain injury. One of the most serious early clinical complications of cerebral ischaemia is brain oedema, which compromises survival in the first 24-48 h. It is not understood whether systemic inflammatory challenges impair outcome after stroke by increasing brain injury only or whether they have direct effects on brain oedema, cerebrovascular inflammation and blood-brain barrier damage. METHODS We used two different systemic inflammatory stimuli, acute endotoxin treatment and anaphylaxis to study mechanisms of brain injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Ischaemic brain injury, blood-brain barrier damage and oedema were analysed by histological techniques. Systemic cytokine responses and inflammatory changes in the brain were analysed by cytometric bead array, immunofluorescence, in situ hibridization and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Systemic inflammatory challenges profoundly impaired survival in the first 24 h after experimental stroke in mice, independently of an increase in infarct size. Systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose-dependently increased mortality (50-100%) minutes to hours after cerebral ischaemia. Acute anaphylactic challenge in ovalbumin-sensitised mice affected stroke more seriously when induced via intraperitoneal administration compared to intravenous. Both LPS and anaphylaxis induced inflammatory changes in the blood and in the brain prior to experimental stroke. Plasma cytokine levels were significantly higher after LPS, while increased IL-10 levels were seen after anaphylaxis. After MCAo, both LPS and anaphylaxis increased microglial interleukin-1α (IL-1α) expression and blood-brain barrier breakdown. LPS caused marked granulocyte recruitment throughout the ipsilateral hemisphere. To investigate whether reduction of ischaemic damage can improve outcome in systemic inflammation, controlled hypothermia was performed. Hypothermia reduced infarct size in all treatment groups and moderately improved survival, but failed to reduce excess oedema formation after anaphylaxis and LPS-induced neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that systemic inflammatory conditions induce cerebrovascular inflammation via diverse mechanisms. Increased brain inflammation, blood-brain barrier injury and brain oedema formation can be major contributors to impaired outcome in mice after experimental stroke with systemic inflammatory stimuli, independently of infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adám Dénes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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Guo ZD, Sun XC, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of early brain injury after SAH: matrix metalloproteinase 9. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2011; 110:63-5. [PMID: 21116916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-0353-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important cause of death and disability worldwide. To date, there is not a definitive treatment that completely prevents brain injury after SAH. Recently, early brain injury (EBI) has been pointed out to be the primary cause of mortality in SAH patients. Apoptosis that occurs in neuronal tissues and cerebral vasculature after SAH plays an essential role in EBI. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) has been found to increase in many cerebral vascular diseases. There have been reports that MMP-9 can mediate apoptosis, which called anoikis in cerebral ischemia models, through cleaving main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), especially laminin. Therefore, minocycline, which has been found to inhibit MMP-9, may be protective to brain injury after SAH. We based our hypothesis on the fact that SAH possesses some aspects that are similar to those of cerebral ischemia. It is conceivable that MMP-9 may also be involved in the pathological process of EBI after SAH, and minocycline can relieve anoikis and improve EBI after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-duo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, You Yi Road, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
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Tai SH, Chen HY, Lee EJ, Chen TY, Lin HW, Hung YC, Huang SY, Chen YH, Lee WT, Wu TS. Melatonin inhibits postischemic matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation via dual modulation of plasminogen/plasmin system and endogenous MMP inhibitor in mice subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:332-41. [PMID: 20663046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that melatonin attenuated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and decreased the risk of hemorrhagic transformation following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Herein, we investigate the possible involvement of the plasminogen/plasmin system and endogenous MMPs inhibitor underlying the melatonin-mediated MMP-9 inhibition. Mice were subjected to 1-hr ischemia and 48-hr reperfusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was intravenously injected upon reperfusion. Brain infarction and hemorrhagic transformation were measured. Extracellular matrix damage was determined by Western immunoblot analysis for laminin protein. The activity and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were determined by gelatin zymography, in situ zymography, and Western immunoblot analysis. In addition, the activities of tissue and urokinase plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) were evaluated by plasminogen-dependent casein zymography. Endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1) were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblot analysis, respectively. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced increased MMP-9 activity and expression at 12-48 hr after reperfusion onset. Relative to controls, melatonin-treated animals had significantly decreased MMP-9 activity and expression (P<0.05), in addition to reduced brain infarction and hemorrhagic transformation as well as improved laminin protein preservation. This melatonin-mediated MMP-9 inhibition was accompanied by reduced uPA activity (P<0.05), as well as increased TIMP-1 expression and PAI activity (P<0.05, respectively). These results demonstrate the melatonin's pluripotent mechanisms for attenuating postischemic MMP-9 activation and neurovascular damage, and further support it as an add-on to thrombolytic therapy for ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Huang Tai
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Medical Center and Medical School, Tainan, Taiwan
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Jia F, Pan YH, Mao Q, Liang YM, Jiang JY. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Protein Levels after Fluid Percussion Injury in Rats: The Effect of Injury Severity and Brain Temperature. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1059-68. [PMID: 20233042 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing City, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao-hua Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-first author
| | - Qing Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-min Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-yao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Benton RL, Maddie MA, Dincman TA, Hagg T, Whittemore SR. Transcriptional activation of endothelial cells by TGFβ coincides with acute microvascular plasticity following focal spinal cord ischaemia/reperfusion injury. ASN Neuro 2009; 1:e00015. [PMID: 19663807 PMCID: PMC2810814 DOI: 10.1042/an20090008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular dysfunction, loss of vascular support, ischaemia and sub-acute vascular instability in surviving blood vessels contribute to secondary injury following SCI (spinal cord injury). Neither the precise temporal profile of the cellular dynamics of spinal microvasculature nor the potential molecular effectors regulating this plasticity are well understood. TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) isoforms have been shown to be rapidly increased in response to SCI and CNS (central nervous system) ischaemia, but no data exist regarding their contribution to microvascular dysfunction following SCI. To examine these issues, in the present study we used a model of focal spinal cord ischaemia/reperfusion SCI to examine the cellular response(s) of affected microvessels from 30 min to 14 days post-ischaemia. Spinal endothelial cells were isolated from affected tissue and subjected to focused microarray analysis of TGFβ-responsive/related mRNAs 6 and 24 h post-SCI. Immunohistochemical analyses of histopathology show neuronal disruption/loss and astroglial regression from spinal microvessels by 3 h post-ischaemia, with complete dissolution of functional endfeet (loss of aquaporin-4) by 12 h post-ischaemia. Coincident with this microvascular plasticity, results from microarray analyses show 9 out of 22 TGFβ-responsive mRNAs significantly up-regulated by 6 h post-ischaemia. Of these, serpine 1/PAI-1 (plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1) demonstrated the greatest increase (>40-fold). Furthermore, uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator), another member of the PAS (plasminogen activator system), was also significantly increased (>7.5-fold). These results, along with other select up-regulated mRNAs, were confirmed biochemically or immunohistochemically. Taken together, these results implicate TGFβ as a potential molecular effector of the anatomical and functional plasticity of microvessels following SCI.
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Key Words
- endothelin
- insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (igfbp-3)
- interleukin-6 (il-6)
- matrix metalloproteinase 9 (mmp-9)
- plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1 (pai-1)
- urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa)
- aqp-4, aquaporin-4
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- bscb, blood-spinal cord-barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- ec, endothelial cell
- et, endothelin
- gfap, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- huvec, human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- igf, insulin-like growth factor
- igfbp-3, igf-binding protein 3
- il, interleukin
- lea, lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin
- llc, large latent complex
- map2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- mcao, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- mmp, matrix metalloproteinase
- nvu, neurovascular unit
- pa, plasminogen activator
- pai, pa inhibitor
- pas, pa system
- sci, spinal cord injury
- smvec, spinal microvascular ec
- tbs, tris-buffered saline
- tgfβ, transforming growth factor β
- tpa, tissue-type pa
- tsp-1, thrombospondin-1
- upa, urokinase-type pa
- upar, upa receptor
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Benton
- daggerKentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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