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Pototskiy E, Vinokuroff K, Ojeda A, Major CK, Sharma D, Anderson T, Howard K, Borenstein R, Musto AE. Downregulation of CD40L-CD40 attenuates seizure susceptibility and severity of seizures. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17262. [PMID: 34446808 PMCID: PMC8390750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Unregulated neuro-inflammation mediates seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Our aim was to determine the effect of CD40-CD40L activation in experimental seizures. CD40 deficient mice (CD40KO) and control mice (wild type, WT) received pentenyltetrazole (PTZ) or pilocarpine to evaluate seizures and status epilepticus (SE) respectively. In mice, anti-CD40L antibody was administered intranasally before PTZ. Brain samples from human TLE and post-seizure mice were processed to determine CD40-CD40L expression using histological and molecular techniques. CD40 expression was higher in hippocampus from human TLE and in cortical neurons and hippocampal neural terminals after experimental seizures. CD40-CD40L levels increased after seizures in the hippocampus and in the cortex. After SE, CD40L/CD40 levels increased in cortex and showed an upward trend in the hippocampus. CD40KO mice demonstrated reduction in seizure severity and in latency compared to WT mice. Anti-CD40L antibody limited seizure susceptibility and seizure severity. CD40L-CD40 interaction can serve as a target for an immuno-therapy for TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Pototskiy
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | | | - Andrew Ojeda
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronen Borenstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA
| | - Alberto E Musto
- Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W. Olney Road, Lewis Hall, Office 2174, Norfolk, VA, 23507, USA.
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Co-signaling Molecules in Neurological Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:233-265. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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M344 promotes nonamyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing while normalizing Alzheimer's disease genes and improving memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9135-E9144. [PMID: 29073110 PMCID: PMC5664514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707544114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of failed clinical trials with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients over the last fifteen years demonstrate that the one-target–one-disease approach is not effective in AD. In silico, structure-based, multitarget drug design approaches to treat multifactorial diseases have not been successful in the context of AD either. Here, we show that M344, an inhibitor of class I and IIB histone deacetylases, affects multiple AD-related genes, including those related to both early- and late-onset AD. We also show that M344 improves memory in the 3xTg AD mouse model. This work endorses a shift to a multitargeted approach to the treatment of AD, supporting the therapeutic potential of a single small molecule with an epigenetic mechanism of action. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) comprises multifactorial ailments for which current therapeutic strategies remain insufficient to broadly address the underlying pathophysiology. Epigenetic gene regulation relies upon multifactorial processes that regulate multiple gene and protein pathways, including those involved in AD. We therefore took an epigenetic approach where a single drug would simultaneously affect the expression of a number of defined AD-related targets. We show that the small-molecule histone deacetylase inhibitor M344 reduces beta-amyloid (Aβ), reduces tau Ser396 phosphorylation, and decreases both β-secretase (BACE) and APOEε4 gene expression. M344 increases the expression of AD-relevant genes: BDNF, α-secretase (ADAM10), MINT2, FE65, REST, SIRT1, BIN1, and ABCA7, among others. M344 increases sAPPα and CTFα APP metabolite production, both cleavage products of ADAM10, concordant with increased ADAM10 gene expression. M344 also increases levels of immature APP, supporting an effect on APP trafficking, concurrent with the observed increase in MINT2 and FE65, both shown to increase immature APP in the early secretory pathway. Chronic i.p. treatment of the triple transgenic (APPsw/PS1M146V/TauP301L) mice with M344, at doses as low as 3 mg/kg, significantly prevented cognitive decline evaluated by Y-maze spontaneous alternation, novel object recognition, and Barnes maze spatial memory tests. M344 displays short brain exposure, indicating that brief pulses of daily drug treatment may be sufficient for long-term efficacy. Together, these data show that M344 normalizes several disparate pathogenic pathways related to AD. M344 therefore serves as an example of how a multitargeting compound could be used to address the polygenic nature of multifactorial diseases.
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Blokland GAM, Wallace AK, Hansell NK, Thompson PM, Hickie IB, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray GI, Wright MJ. Genome-wide association study of working memory brain activation. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 115:98-111. [PMID: 27671502 PMCID: PMC5364069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a population-based genome-wide association (GWA) study of n-back working memory task-related brain activation, we extracted the average percent BOLD signal change (2-back minus 0-back) from 46 regions-of-interest (ROIs) in functional MRI scans from 863 healthy twins and siblings. ROIs were obtained by creating spheres around group random effects analysis local maxima, and by thresholding a voxel-based heritability map of working memory brain activation at 50%. Quality control for test-retest reliability and heritability of ROI measures yielded 20 reliable (r>0.7) and heritable (h2>20%) ROIs. For GWA analysis, the cohort was divided into a discovery (n=679) and replication (n=97) sample. No variants survived the stringent multiple-testing-corrected genome-wide significance threshold (p<4.5×10-9), or were replicated (p<0.0016), but several genes were identified that are worthy of further investigation. A search of 529,379 genomic markers resulted in discovery of 31 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BOLD signal change at a discovery level of p<1×10-5. Two SNPs (rs7917410 and rs7672408) were associated at a significance level of p<1×10-7. Only one, most strongly affecting BOLD signal change in the left supramarginal gyrus (R2=5.5%), had multiple SNPs associated at p<1×10-5 in linkage disequilibrium with it, all located in and around the BANK1 gene. BANK1 encodes a B-cell-specific scaffold protein and has been shown to negatively regulate CD40-mediated AKT activation. AKT is part of the dopamine-signaling pathway, suggesting a mechanism for the involvement of BANK1 in the BOLD response to working memory. Variants identified here may be relevant to (the susceptibility to) common disorders affecting brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriëlla A M Blokland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Angus K Wallace
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Narelle K Hansell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street - Room 102, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Brain & Mind Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Increases of SET level and translocation are correlated with tau hyperphosphorylation at ser202/thr205 in CA1 of Ts65Dn mice. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 46:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Immunity and Alzheimer's disease: immunological perspectives on the development of novel therapies. Drug Discov Today 2013; 18:1212-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Schwab C, Klegeris A, McGeer PL. Inflammation in transgenic mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1802:889-902. [PMID: 19883753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence is available that inflammation contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Our review investigates how well current mouse models reflect this aspect of the pathogenesis. Transgenic models of AD have been available for several years and are the most extensively studied. Modulation of cytokine levels, activation of microglia and, to a lesser extent, activation of the complement system have been reported. Mouse models of PD and HD so far show less evidence for the involvement of inflammation. An increasing number of transgenic mouse strains is being created to model human neurodegenerative diseases. A perfect model should reflect all aspects of a disease. It is important to evaluate continuously the models for their match with the human disease and reevaluate them in light of new findings in human patients. Although none of the transgenic mouse models recapitulates all aspects of the human disorder they represent, all models have provided valuable information on basic molecular pathways. In particular, the mouse models of Alzheimer disease have also led to the development of new therapeutic strategies such as vaccination and modulation of microglial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schwab
- Department of Psychiatry, Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada.
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Volmar CH, Ait-Ghezala G, Frieling J, Weeks OI, Mullan MJ. CD40/CD40L interaction induces Abeta production and increases gamma-secretase activity independently of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF) signaling. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2265-74. [PMID: 19422822 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a member of tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, and its cognate ligand CD40L are both elevated in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to controls. We have shown that pharmacological or genetic interruption of CD40/CD40L interaction results in mitigation of AD-like pathology in vivo in transgenic AD mouse models, and in vitro. Recently, we showed that CD40L stimulation could increase Abeta levels via NFkappaB signaling, presumably through TRAFs. In the present work, using CD40 mutants, we show that CD40L can increase levels of Abeta(1-40), Abeta(1-42), sAPPbeta, sAPPalpha and CTFbeta independently of TRAF signaling. We report an increase in mature/immature APP ratio after CD40L treatment of CD40wt and CD40-mutant cells, reflecting alterations in APP trafficking. In addition, results from CD40L treatment of a neuroblastoma cell line over-expressing the C-99 APP fragment suggest that CD40L has an effect on gamma-secretase. Furthermore, inhibition of gamma-secretase activity significantly reduces sAPPbeta levels in the CD40L treated HEK/APPsw CD40wt and the CD40-mutant cells. The latter suggests CD40/CD40L interaction primarily acts on gamma-secretase and affects beta-secretase via a positive feedback mechanism. Taken together, our data suggest that CD40/CD40L interaction modulates APP processing independently of TRAF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude-Henry Volmar
- Roskamp Institute, Division of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Sarasota, Fl 34243, USA
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El Khoury J, Luster AD. Mechanisms of microglia accumulation in Alzheimer's disease: therapeutic implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 29:626-32. [PMID: 18835047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other conditions affecting integrity of the blood-brain barrier, microglia can originate in the bone marrow, migrate into the blood and enter the brain in a chemokine-dependent manner. CCR2, a chemokine receptor that controls mononuclear phagocyte infiltration into the brain in multiple sclerosis, bacterial meningitis and neuropathic pain, also regulates microglia accumulation in mouse models of AD. CCR2 deficiency leads to lower microglia accumulation and higher brain beta-amyloid (Abeta) levels, indicating that early microglial accumulation promotes Abeta clearance. In support of this protective role, enhancing microglia accumulation delays progression of AD. AD mice that constitutively express interleukin-1 in the brain, or that are deficient in peripheral mononuclear phagocyte transforming growth factor-beta signaling, have increased microglia accumulation around beta-amyloid plaques and reduced AD-like pathology. Regulating microglia recruitment into the brain is a novel therapeutic strategy to delay or stop progression of AD. Here, we review the role of microglia in AD and the mechanisms of their accumulation and discuss implications for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph El Khoury
- Division of Rheumatology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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