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KEILHOFF GERBURG, LUCAS BENJAMIN, UHDE KATJA, FANSA HISHAM. Selected gene profiles of stressed NSC-34 cells and rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve reconstruction and minocycline treatment. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:1685-1699. [PMID: 27168790 PMCID: PMC4840837 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of minocycline on the expression of selected transcriptional and translational profiles in the rat spinal cord following sciatic nerve (SNR) transection and microsurgical coaptation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were monitored in the rat lumbar spinal cord following microsurgical reconstruction of the sciatic nerves and minocycline treatment. The present study used semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. As a PCR analysis of spinal cord tissue enabled the examination of the expression patterns of all cell types including glia, the motorneuron-like NSC-34 cell line was used to investigate expression level changes in motorneurons. As stressors, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment were performed. SNR did not induce significant degeneration of ventral horn motorneurons, whereas microglia activation and synaptic terminal retraction were detectable. All genes were constitutively expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in untreated spinal cord and control cells. SNR significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of all genes, albeit only temporarily. In all genes except MMP9 and GAP-43, the induction was seen ipsilaterally and contralaterally. The effects of minocycline were moderate. The expression levels of MMP9, TNF-α, MHC I, VEGF, and GAP-43 were reduced, whereas those of Bax and Bcl-2 were unaffected. OGD, but not LPS, was toxic for NSC-34 cells. No changes in the expression levels of Bax, caspase-3, MHC I or ATF3 were observed. These results indicated that motorneurons were not preferentially or solely responsible for SNR-mediated upregulation of these genes. MMP9, TNF-α, VEGF and Bcl-2 were stress-activated. These results suggest that a substantial participation of motorneurons in gene expression levels in vivo. Minocycline was also shown to have inhibitory effects. The nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway may be a possible target of minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- GERBURG KEILHOFF
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - BENJAMIN LUCAS
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - KATJA UHDE
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - HISHAM FANSA
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Bielefeld D-33604, Germany
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Chiarotto GB, Drummond L, Cavarretto G, Bombeiro AL, de Oliveira ALR. Neuroprotective effect of tempol (4 hydroxy-tempo) on neuronal death induced by sciatic nerve transection in neonatal rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 106:1-8. [PMID: 24769526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury in newborn rats triggers extensive neuronal death within the spinal cord. Because most neurodegeneration is related to oxidative stress and apoptosis, the use of antioxidants may be of therapeutic interest. Tempol is promising because of its ability to chelate reactive oxygen species and to minimize or even prevent tissue damage. Here, we evaluated neuroprotective effects of tempol following neonatal sciatic nerve transection. Two-day-old pups underwent sciatic nerve axotomy followed by tempol (12, 24 and 48 mg/kg) treatment (i.p.) at 10 min, 6 h, and every 24 h up to 1 week after injury. The rats were then killed for lumbar intumescence analysis. Nissl staining, TUNEL, synaptophysin immunolabeling and qRT-PCR (Caspase 3, Bax and Bcl2) were carried out. The results indicated that tempol treatment, at 24 mg/kg, increased up to 21% spinal cord motoneuron survival (p<0.001), also preserving pre-synaptic terminals in the neuropile. Likewise, the TUNEL-positive cell number decreased in tempol-treated animals. qRT-PCR results indicated differential increase in Caspase 3 (3-fold), Bax (13-fold) and Bcl2 (28-fold) gene expression, after 12 h following axotomy and tempol treatment. In conclusion, tempol administration has proven to be neuroprotective after neonatal nerve injury, leading to improved motoneuron survival, synapse preservation and minimizing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bortolança Chiarotto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-907 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luisa Drummond
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-907 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cavarretto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-907 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luis Bombeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-907 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-907 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Wu ZP, Bilousova T, Escande-Beillard N, Dang H, Hsieh T, Tian J, Kaufman DL. Major histocompatibility complex class I-mediated inhibition of neurite outgrowth from peripheral nerves. Immunol Lett 2011; 135:118-23. [PMID: 20974178 PMCID: PMC5776043 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies of mice deficient in classical major histocompatability complex class I (MHCI) revealed that MHCI plays an important role in neurodevelopment in the central nervous system. We previously studied the effects of recombinant MHCI molecules on wildtype retina explants and observed that MHCI can inhibit retina neurite outgrowth, with self-MHCI molecules having greater inhibitory effect than non-self MHCI molecules. Here, we examined classical MHCI's effects on axon outgrowth from neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We used the embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explant model since their neurons express MHCI and because DRG explants have been widely used to assess the effects of molecules on axonal outgrowth from PNS neurons. We observed that picomolar levels of a recombinant self-MHCI molecule, but not non-self MHCI molecules, inhibited axon outgrowth from DRG explants. This differential sensitivity to self- vs. non-self MHCI suggests that early in development, self-MHCI may "educate" PNS neurons to express appropriate MHCI receptors, as occurs during natural killer cell development. Furthermore, we observed that a MHCI tetramer stained embryonic DRG neurons, indicating the expression of classical MHCI receptors. These results suggest that MHCI and MHCI receptors play roles during early stages of PNS development and may provide new targets of therapeutic strategies to promote neuronal outgrowth after PNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi-Phyllis Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Nathalie Escande-Beillard
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Terry Hsieh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
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Joseph MS, Bilousova T, Zdunowski S, Wu ZP, Middleton B, Boudzinskaia M, Wong B, Ali N, Zhong H, Yong J, Washburn L, Escande-Beillard N, Dang H, Edgerton VR, Tillakaratne NJK, Kaufman DL. Transgenic mice with enhanced neuronal major histocompatibility complex class I expression recover locomotor function better after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2010; 89:365-72. [PMID: 21259323 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mice that are deficient in classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) have abnormalities in synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment and have more extensive loss of synapses and reduced axon regeneration after sciatic nerve transection, suggesting that MHCI participates in maintaining synapses and axon regeneration. Little is known about the biological consequences of up-regulating MHCI's expression on neurons. To understand MHCI's neurobiological activity better, and in particular its role in neurorepair after injury, we have studied neurorepair in a transgenic mouse model in which classical MHCI expression is up-regulated only on neurons. Using a well-established spinal cord injury (SCI) model, we observed that transgenic mice with elevated neuronal MHCI expression had significantly better recovery of locomotor abilities after SCI than wild-type mice. Although previous studies have implicated inflammation as both deleterious and beneficial for recovery after SCI, our results point directly to enhanced neuronal MHCI expression as a beneficial factor for promoting recovery of locomotor function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Selvan Joseph
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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