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Recent antiepileptic and neuroprotective applications of brain cooling. Seizure 2020; 82:80-90. [PMID: 33011591 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia is a widely used clinical practice for neuroprotection and is a well-established method to mitigate the adverse effects of some clinical conditions such as reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns. The discovery, that lowering the core temperature has a therapeutic potential dates back to the early 20th century, but the underlying mechanisms are actively researched, even today. Especially, in the area of neural disorders such as epilepsy and traumatic brain injury, cooling has promising prospects. It is well documented in animal models, that the application of focal brain cooling can effectively terminate epileptic discharges. There is, however, limited data regarding human clinical trials. In this review article, we will discuss the main aspects of therapeutic hypothermia focusing on its use in treating epilepsy. The various experimental approaches and device concepts for focal brain cooling are presented and their potential for controlling and suppressing seizure activity are compared.
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Ghasemi-Dehno A, Jand A, Abasi-Moghadam M, Sadegh M, Mousavi-Hasanzadeh M, Palizvan MR. Mild foot electrical stimulation is comparable with phenytoin in inhibiting pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in rats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:1071-1076. [PMID: 31691158 PMCID: PMC10717911 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that electric stimulation has anticonvulsant effects. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of mild foot electrical stimulation (MFES) on the development of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling and compare its effectiveness with the more commonly used treatment, phenytoin. Kindling was induced in rats by repeated injections (every 24 h) of PTZ (37.5 mg/kg). The rats were subjected to either MFES (0.2 mA in intensity for a 160 ms duration with a 160 ms interval for 20 min) or phenytoin (30 mg/kg) before PTZ injections. Following this treatment, rats received MFES every other day for 10 days or 26 days after establishment of PTZ kindling. The data showed that MFES significantly inhibited development of chemical kindling induced by PTZ in rats (p = 0.001, as compared to PTZ-treated animals). This inhibitory effect is comparable with the effect of 30 mg/kg doses of phenytoin (P = 0.99, as compared to phenytoin group). However, 10 days or 26 days durations of MFES had no effect on established kindled seizures (P = 0.58 as compared to PTZ-treated animals). Our data demonstrate that although MFES significantly inhibited the development of chemical kindling, this experimental paradigm had no effect on established kindled seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefe Ghasemi-Dehno
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jand
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Monir Abasi-Moghadam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadegh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Morteza Mousavi-Hasanzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Palizvan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khonin Shahr Street, Sardasht, Arak, 38481-7-6941, Iran.
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Bahremand T, Payandemehr P, Riazi K, Noorian AR, Payandemehr B, Sharifzadeh M, Dehpour AR. Modulation of the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress by agmatine. Epilepsy Behav 2018; 78:142-148. [PMID: 29195160 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agmatine is an endogenous l-arginine metabolite with neuroprotective effects in the stress-response system. It exerts anticonvulsant effects against several seizure paradigms. Swim stress induces an anticonvulsant effect by activation of endogenous antiseizure mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the interaction of agmatine with the anticonvulsant effect of swim stress in mice on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure threshold. Then we studied the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) pathway and endogenous opioid system in that interaction. Swim stress induced an anticonvulsant effect on PTZ seizures which was opioid-independent in shorter than 1-min swim durations and opioid-dependent with longer swims, as it was completely reversed by pretreatment with naltrexone (NTX) (10mg/kg), an opioid receptor antagonist. Agmatine significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant effect of opioid-independent shorter swim stress, in which a combination of subthreshold swim stress duration (45s) and subeffective dose of agmatine (1mg/kg) revealed a significantly higher seizure threshold compared with either one. This effect was significantly reversed by NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine (L-NAME (Nω-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), 5mg/kg), suggesting an NO-dependent mechanism, and was unaffected by NTX (10mg/kg), proving little role for endogenous opioids in the interaction. Our data suggest that pretreatment of animals with agmatine acts additively with short swim stress to exert anticonvulsant responses, possibly by mediating NO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Bahremand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Payandemehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiarash Riazi
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Ali Reza Noorian
- Stroke Program, Kaiser Permanente Orange County, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Borna Payandemehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sharifzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Motamedi GK, Lesser RP, Vicini S. Therapeutic brain hypothermia, its mechanisms of action, and its prospects as a treatment for epilepsy. Epilepsia 2013; 54:959-70. [PMID: 23551057 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cooling the core body temperature to 32-35°C, is almost standard practice for conditions such as cardiac arrest in adults, and perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in neonates. Limited clinical data, and more extensive animal experiments, indicate that hypothermia could help control seizures, and could be applied directly to the brain using implantable devices. These data have fostered further research to evaluate whether cooling would be a viable means to treat refractory epilepsy. Although the effect of temperature on cellular physiology has long been recognized, with possibly dual effects on pyramidal cells and interneurons, the exact mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects, in particular in epilepsy, are yet to be discovered. This article reviews currently available clinical and laboratory data with a focus on cellular mechanisms of action and prospects of hypothermia as a treatment for intractable seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholam K Motamedi
- Department of Neurology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA.
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Hiroyama S, Horiuchi M, Abe K, Itoh T. Involvement of dopaminergic system in stress-induced anticonvulsant effect in juvenile mice. Brain Res 2012; 1473:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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