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Kavipriya R, Kavitha HP, Karthikeyan B, Vennila JP, Rhyman L, Ramasami P. 2,4-Dimorpholino-4-yl-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)-[1,3,5]-triazine: Structural and spectroscopic study using experimental and DFT method. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
2,4-Dimorpholino-4-yl-6-(4-nitrophenoxy)-[1,3,5]-triazine (DMNT) was synthesized and the molecular structure and vibrational frequencies were studied by density functional theory (DFT) method. The functional used was Becke’s three parameter exchange functional combined with the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation (B3LYP) and the standard basis set was 6-31G(d) for all atoms. The Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) and FT-Raman spectra of DMNT were recorded and complete assignments of the observed vibrational frequencies are done. The assignments were confirmed by isotopic labelling. The structural parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies, IR intensities and Raman intensities of DMNT in the ground-state were also computed. Non-linear optical behaviour of DMNT was analysed by examining the properties like electric dipole moment, polarizability and hyperpolarizability. Molecular properties such as ionization potential, electro-negativity, chemical potential and chemical hardness were obtained from molecular orbital analysis. Hyper conjugative interaction and charge delocalization taking place in DMNT was confirmed by Natural bond analysis studies. UV-Vis spectrum of DMNT was also recorded to understand the electronic properties.
Graphical Abstract:
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kavipriya
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram campus , Department of Chemistry , 600089 Chennai , India
| | - Helen P. Kavitha
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Ramapuram campus , Department of Chemistry , 600089 Chennai , India
| | - B. Karthikeyan
- Department of Chemistry , Annamalai University , Annamalai Nagar , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Jasmine P. Vennila
- Department of Physics , Panimalar Institute of Technology , Chennai , Tamilnadu , India
| | - Lydia Rhyman
- University of Mauritius , Department of Chemistry , Computational Chemistry Group , Faculty of Science , 80832 Réduit , Mauritius
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- University of Mauritius , Department of Chemistry , Computational Chemistry Group , Faculty of Science , 80832 Réduit , Mauritius
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Minoshima W, Masui K, Tani T, Nawa Y, Fujita S, Ishitobi H, Hosokawa C, Inouye Y. Deuterated Glutamate-Mediated Neuronal Activity on Micro-Electrode Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090830. [PMID: 32878218 PMCID: PMC7569784 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by glutamate in neuronal networks of the mammalian brain. In addition to the synaptic glutamate, extra-synaptic glutamate is known to modulate the neuronal activity. In neuronal networks, glutamate uptake is an important role of neurons and glial cells for lowering the concentration of extracellular glutamate and to avoid the excitotoxicity by glutamate. Monitoring the spatial distribution of intracellular glutamate is important to study the uptake of glutamate, but the approach has been hampered by the absence of appropriate glutamate analogs that report the localization of glutamate. Deuterium-labeled glutamate (GLU-D) is a promising tracer for monitoring the intracellular concentration of glutamate, but physiological properties of GLU-D have not been studied. Here we study the effects of extracellular GLU-D for the neuronal activity by using primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons that form neuronal networks on microelectrodes array. The frequency of firing in the spontaneous activity of neurons increased with the increasing concentration of extracellular GLU-D. The frequency of synchronized burst activity in neurons increased similarly as we observed in the spontaneous activity. These changes of the neuronal activity with extracellular GLU-D were suppressed by antagonists of glutamate receptors. These results suggest that GLU-D can be used as an analog of glutamate with equivalent effects for facilitating the neuronal activity. We anticipate GLU-D developing as a promising analog of glutamate for studying the dynamics of glutamate during neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Minoshima
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masui
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-0026, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Nawa
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-0026, Japan;
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ishitobi
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chie Hosokawa
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (Y.I.); Tel.: +81-6-6605-3700 (C.H.); +81-6-6879-4615 (Y.I.)
| | - Yasushi Inouye
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (Y.I.); Tel.: +81-6-6605-3700 (C.H.); +81-6-6879-4615 (Y.I.)
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The Contribution of AMPA and NMDA Receptors to Persistent Firing in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Working Memory. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2458-2470. [PMID: 32051326 PMCID: PMC7083532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2121-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tasks demand that information is kept online for a few seconds before it is used to guide behavior. The information is kept in working memory as the persistent firing of neurons encoding the memorized information. The neural mechanisms responsible for persistent activity are not yet well understood. Theories attribute an important role to ionotropic glutamate receptors, and it has been suggested that NMDARs are particularly important for persistent firing because they exhibit long time constants. Ionotropic AMPARs have shorter time constants and have been suggested to play a smaller role in working memory. Here we compared the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to persistent firing in the dlPFC of male macaque monkeys performing a delayed saccade to a memorized spatial location. We used iontophoresis to eject small amounts of glutamate receptor antagonists, aiming to perturb, but not abolish, neuronal activity. We found that both AMPARs and NMDARs contributed to persistent activity. Blockers of the NMDARs decreased persistent firing associated with the memory of the neuron's preferred spatial location but had comparatively little effect on the representation of the antipreferred location. They therefore decreased the information conveyed by persistent firing about the memorized location. In contrast, AMPAR blockers decreased activity elicited by the memory of both the preferred and antipreferred location, with a smaller effect on the information conveyed by persistent activity. Our results provide new insights into the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to persistent activity during working memory tasks. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Working memory enables us to hold on to information that is no longer available to the senses. It relies on the persistent activity of neurons that code for the memorized information, but the detailed mechanisms are not yet well understood. Here we investigated the role of NMDARs and AMPARs in working memory using iontophoresis of antagonists in the PFC of monkeys remembering the location of a visual stimulus for an eye movement response. AMPARs and NMDARs both contributed to persistent activity. NMDAR blockers mostly decreased persistent firing associated with the memory of the neuron's preferred spatial location, whereas AMPAR blockers caused a more general suppression. These results provide new insight into the contribution of AMPARs and NMDARs to working memory.
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Cornelissen F, Verstraelen P, Verbeke T, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Nuydens R, Meert T. Quantitation of chronic and acute treatment effects on neuronal network activity using image and signal analysis: toward a high-content assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:807-19. [PMID: 23606652 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113486518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Upon maturation, primary neuronal cultures form an interconnected network based on neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in which spontaneous electrical activity arises. Measurement of network activity allows quantification of neuronal health and maturation. A fluorescent indicator was used to monitor secondary calcium influxes after the occurrence of action potentials, allowing us to examine activity of hippocampal cultures via confocal live cell imaging. Subsequently, nuclear staining with DAPI allows accurate cell segmentation. To analyze the calcium recording in a robust, observer-independent manner, we implemented an automated image- and signal-processing algorithm and validated it against a visual, interactive procedure. Both methods yielded similar results on the emergence of synchronized activity and allowed robust quantitative measurement of acute and chronic modulation of drugs on network activity. Both the number of days in vitro (DIV) and neutralization of nerve growth factor (NGF) have a significant effect on synchronous burst frequency and correlation. Acute effects are demonstrated using 5-HT (serotonin) and ethylene glycol tetra-acetic acid. Automated analysis allowed measuring additional features, such as peak decay times and bursting frequency of individual neurons. Based on neuronal cell cultures in 96-well plates and accurate calcium recordings, the analysis method allows development of an integrated high-content screening assay. Because molecular biological techniques can be applied to assess the influence of genes on network activity, it is applicable for neurotoxicity or neurotrophics screening as well as development of in vitro disease models via, for example, pharmacologic manipulation or RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Cornelissen
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium.
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