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Luo L, Song S, Ezenwukwa CC, Jalali S, Sun B, Sun D. Ion channels and transporters in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104925. [PMID: 33248207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells interact with all components of the central nervous system (CNS) and are increasingly recognized to play essential roles during brain development, homeostasis and disease pathologies. Functions of microglia include maintaining tissue integrity, clearing cellular debris and dead neurons through the process of phagocytosis, and providing tissue repair by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors. Changes of microglial ionic homeostasis (Na+, Ca2+, K+, H+, Cl-) are important for microglial activation, including proliferation, migration, cytokine release and reactive oxygen species production, etc. These are mediated by ion channels and ion transporters in microglial cells. Here, we review the current knowledge about the role of major microglial ion channels and transporters, including several types of Ca2+ channels (store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs)) and Na+ channels (voltage-gated Na+ channels (Nav) and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs)), K+ channels (inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir), voltage-gated K+ channels (KV) and calcium-activated K+ channels (KCa)), proton channels (voltage-gated proton channel (Hv1)), and Cl- channels (volume (or swelling)-regulated Cl- channels (VRCCs) and chloride intracellular channels (CLICs)). In addition, ion transporter proteins such as Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1), and Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) are also involved in microglial function in physiology and brain diseases. We discussed microglial activation and neuroinflammation in relation to the ion channel/transporter stimulation under brain disease conditions and therapeutic aspects of targeting microglial ion channels/transporters for neurodegenerative disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Luo
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Shayan Jalali
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Baoshan Sun
- Pólo DoisPortos, Instituto National de InvestigaçãoAgrária e Veterinária, I.P., Quinta da Almoinha, DoisPortos, 2565-191, Portugal.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Liu S, Wang ZH, Xu B, Chen K, Sun JY, Ren LP. SENP1 inhibits the IH-induced apoptosis and nitric oxide production in BV2 microglial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:651-6. [PMID: 26499079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To reveal SUMOylation and the roles of Sentrin-specific proteases (SENP)s in microglial cells under Intermittent hypoxia (IH) condition would provide more intensive view of understanding the mechanisms of IH-induced central nervous system (CNS) damage. Hence, in the present study, we detected the expression levels of SENPs in microglial cells under IH and normoxia conditions via RT-PCR assay. We found that SENP1 was significantly down-regulated in cells exposure to IH. Subsequently, the effect of IH for the activation of microglia and the potential roles of SENP1 in the SENP1-overexpressing cell lines were investigated via Western blotting, RT-PCR and Griess assay. The present study demonstrated the apoptosis-inducing and activating role of IH on microglia. In addition, we revealed that the effect of IH on BV-2 including apoptosis, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) induction can be attenuated by SENP1 overexpression. The results of the present study are of both theoretical and therapeutic significance to explore the potential roles of SENP1 under IH condition and elucidated the mechanisms underlying microglial survival and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhong-hua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin-yuan Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lian-ping Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Zhao B, Quan H, Ma T, Tian Y, Cai Q, Li H. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid (DIDS) Ameliorates Ischemia-Hypoxia-Induced White Matter Damage in Neonatal Rats through Inhibition of the Voltage-Gated Chloride Channel ClC-2. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10457-69. [PMID: 25961953 PMCID: PMC4463656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is believed to cause white matter lesions (WMLs), leading to cognitive impairment. Previous studies have shown that inflammation and apoptosis of oligodendrocytes (OLs) are involved in the pathogenesis of WMLs, but effective treatments have not been studied. In this study, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a chloride (Cl−) channel blocker, was injected into chronic cerebral ischemia-hypoxia rat models at different time points. Our results showed that DIDS significantly reduced the elevated mRNA levels and protein expression of chloride channel 2 (ClC-2) in neonatal rats induced by ischemia-hypoxia. Meanwhile, DIDS application significantly decreased the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and the mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-α in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic damage. Myelin staining was weaker in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic damage compared to normal controls in corpus callosum and other white matter, which was ameliorated by DIDS. Furthermore, the elevated number of caspase-3 and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG-2) double-labeled positive cells was attenuated by DIDS after ischemia anoxic injury. Administration of DIDS soon after injury alleviated damage to OLs much more effectively in white matter. In conclusion, our study suggests that early application of DIDS after ischemia-hypoxia injury may partially protect developing OLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixiong Zhao
- Battalion 4 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hongyu Quan
- Battalion 19 of Bioengineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Teng Ma
- Battalion 7 of Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yanping Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, 30# Gaotanyan St, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Qiyan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, 30# Gaotanyan St, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, 30# Gaotanyan St, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Zhang J, Chan YC, Ho JCY, Siu CW, Lian Q, Tse HF. Regulation of cell proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells via ether-à-go-go 1 (hEAG1) potassium channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 303:C115-25. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00326.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful generation of a high yield of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may represent an unlimited cell source with superior therapeutic benefits for tissue regeneration to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. We investigated whether the differential expression of ion channels in iPSC-MSCs was responsible for their higher proliferation capacity than BM-MSCs. The expression of ion channels for K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl− was examined by RT-PCR. The electrophysiological properties of iPSC-MSCs and BM-MSCs were then compared by patch-clamp experiments to verify their functional roles. Significant mRNA expression of ion channel genes including KCa1.1, KCa3.1, KCNH1, Kir2.1, SCN9A, CACNA1C, and Clcn3 was observed in both human iPSC-MSCs and BM-MSCs, whereas Kir2.2 and Kir2.3 were only detected in human iPSC-MSCs. Five types of currents [big-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ current (BKCa), delayed rectifier K+ current ( IKDR), inwardly rectifying K+ current ( IKir), Ca2+-activated K+ current ( IKCa), and chloride current ( ICl)] were found in iPSC-MSCs (83%, 47%, 11%, 5%, and 4%, respectively) but only four of them (BKCa, IKDR, IKir, and IKCa) were identified in BM-MSCs (76%, 25%, 22%, and 11%, respectively). Cell proliferation was examined with MTT or bromodeoxyuridine assay, and doubling times were 2.66 and 3.72 days for iPSC-MSCs and BM-MSCs, respectively, showing a 1.4-fold discrepancy. Blockade of IKDR with short hairpin RNA or human ether-à-go-go 1 (hEAG1) channel blockers, 4-AP and astemizole, significantly reduced the rate of proliferation of human iPSC-MSCs. These treatments also decreased the rate of proliferation of human BM-MSCs albeit to a lesser extent. These findings demonstrate that the hEAG1 channel plays a crucial role in controlling the proliferation rate of human iPSC-MSCs and to a lesser extent in BM-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhang
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yau-Chi Chan
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jenny Chung-Yee Ho
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and
| | - Chung-Wah Siu
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hung-Fat Tse
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone, and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and
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Li Z, Chen J, Lei T, Zhang H. Tamoxifen induces apoptosis of mouse microglia cell line BV-2 cells via both mitochondrial and death receptor pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 32:221-226. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Eder C. Ion channels in monocytes and microglia / brain macrophages: Promising therapeutic targets for neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 224:51-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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