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Moon W, Ji E, Shin J, Kwon JS, Kim KW. Effect of valproate and lithium on dementia onset risk in bipolar disorder patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14142. [PMID: 35986042 PMCID: PMC9391483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although valproate and lithium are most commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder patients, studies comparing their effects on the risk of dementia are limited. Choosing a safer mood stabilizer is clinically crucial as elderly bipolar disorder patients are at high risk of dementia onset. Therefore, we aim to evaluate and compare the effects of valproate and lithium on the risk of dementia in elderly bipolar disorder patients. This study involved 4784 bipolar disorder patients aged 50 years or older from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database. We estimated the risk of dementia in valproate-only users, lithium-only users, and both users compared to both medication non-users using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Compared to non-users, valproate-only users and both users showed a higher risk of dementia (59% and 62%, respectively). In sub-group analysis, valproate increased the dementia risk when prescribed for at least 59 days or 23 cumulative defined daily doses. However, the dementia risk associated with lithium is unclear. Therefore, we concluded that lithium has the potential to be the safer choice as a mood stabilizer over valproate for elderly bipolar disorder patients considering the risk of dementia.
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Gao F, Wu J, Zhou Y, Huang J, Lu J, Qian Y. An appropriate ratio of unsaturated fatty acids is the constituent of hickory nut extract for neurite outgrowth in human SH-SY5Y cells. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6346-6356. [PMID: 33312521 PMCID: PMC7723209 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hickory nuts (Carya cathayensis Sarg, CCS), a well-known Chinese medicinal nut, is thought to improve memory in Chinese folks. However, functional constituents have not been scientifically identified. In this study, human SH-SY5Y cells, combined with Q-TOF mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) and standard substances, were used to evaluate the function in neuronal development and to identify constituents of CCS hydrophobic extracts (CCS-HE). Data showed that CCS-HE but not the control induced neurite outgrowth of SH-SY5Y cells in a dose-dependent manner, supported by which CCS-HE induced the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), neurofilament 160 (NF160), and neuronal peptide Y (NPY) mRNA. Q-TOF-MS analysis with standard substances indicated that linolenic acid (LNA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) were the main constituents in CCS-HE. Furthermore, mixtures of these unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) at the natural ratio (1:8:16) significantly induced neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY in a dose-dependent manner. However, the individual and alternative ratios were not effective to induce the neurite outgrowth and gene expression of NGF, NF160, and NPY. These data implicate that an appropriate ratio of UFAs is the main constituent for the neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yu Zhou
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianqin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jidong Lu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongchang Qian
- Traditional Chinese Medicine UnitSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
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Tondelli M, Vaudano AE, Sisodiya SM, Meletti S. Valproate Use Is Associated With Posterior Cortical Thinning and Ventricular Enlargement in Epilepsy Patients. Front Neurol 2020; 11:622. [PMID: 32714274 PMCID: PMC7351506 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproate is a drug widely used to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and occasionally to prevent migraine headache. Despite its clinical efficacy, prenatal exposure to valproate is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments and its use in children and adults was associated with rare cases of reversible brain atrophy and ventricular enlargement. To determine whether valproate use is related with structural brain changes we examined through a cross-sectional study cortical and subcortical structures in a group of 152 people with epilepsy and a normal clinical brain MRI. Patients were grouped into those currently using valproate (n = 54), those taking drugs other than valproate (n = 47), and drug-naïve patients (n = 51) at the time of MRI, irrespectively of their epilepsy syndrome. Cortical thickness and subcortical volumes were analyzed using Freesurfer, version 5.0. Subjects exposed to valproate (either in mono- or polytherapy) showed reduced cortical thickness in the occipital lobe, more precisely in the cuneus bilaterally, in the left lingual gyrus, and in left and right pericalcarine gyri when compared to patients who used other antiepileptic drugs, to drug-naïve epilepsy patients, and to healthy controls. Considering the subgroup of patients using valproate monotherapy (n = 25), both comparisons with healthy controls and drug-naïve groups confirmed occipital lobe cortical thickness reduction. Moreover, patients using valproate showed increased left and right lateral ventricle volume compared to all other groups. Notably, subjects who were non-valproate users at the time of MRI, but who had valproate exposure in the past (n = 27) did not show these cortical or subcortical brain changes. Cortical changes in the posterior cortex, particularly in the visual cortex, and ventricular enlargement, are present in people with epilepsy using valproate, independently from clinical and demographical variables. These findings are relevant both for the efficacy and adverse events profile of valproate use in people with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Meletti
- Neurology Unit, OCSAE Hospital, AOU Modena, Modena, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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In utero exposure to valproic acid disrupts ascending projections to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus from the auditory brainstem. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:551-563. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05729-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gao F, Wang X, Li Z, Zhou A, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Xie L, Qian Y. Identification of anti-tumor components from toad venom. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:15-22. [PMID: 28693129 PMCID: PMC5494832 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of granular glands from the skin of amphibians is a fascinating resource of active substances, particularly for cancer therapy in clinical practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A variety of anti-tumor peptides have been isolated from different toads and frogs; however, no anti-tumor peptides are reported in toad venom of Bufo gargarizans. Firstly, soluble fraction from fresh toad venom (FTV) was compared with that from dried toad venom (DTV), using HPLC analysis. It was revealed that FTV has a different HPLC chromatography compared with DTV. Soluble fraction of FTV is more toxic to SH-SY5Y cells than that of DTV, as evaluated by MTT assay. Secondly, it was identified that protein components from soluble fractions of FTV and DTV possess different patterns by SDS-PAGE analysis, and proteins from FTV are also more toxic than that from DTV. Thirdly, an immobilized basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) affinity column was used to isolate bFGF-binding components from soluble fraction of FTV, and it was identified that bFGF-binding components prohibited bFGF-dependent neurite growth of SH-SY5Y cells. Finally, it was identified that bFGF-binding components activated apoptosis via upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. These data suggest that FTV contains active components that interact with bFGF and activate apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China.,Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | - Aicun Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China
| | | | - Lijun Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310052, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Qian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'An, Zhejiang 311300, P.R. China.,Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Tsai PS, Liu IC, Chiu CH, Huang CJ, Wang MY. Effect of valproic acid on dementia onset in patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2016; 201:131-6. [PMID: 27208500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used for treating patients with bipolar disorder; however, it has adverse effects on cognitive function. This study investigated the effect of VPA on the risk of dementia in patients with bipolar disorder. METHODS We analyzed data from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2010. Patients with bipolar disorder who were prescribed VPA for 28 days or at least once per month for 3 consecutive months after the index date were classified as the VPA-treated group, whereas those who did not receive VPA were classified as the VPA-untreated group. Both groups were tracked until the end of 2013 or until loss to follow-up to identify new-onset dementia events. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of subsequent dementia associated with VPA treatment after adjustment for confounding variables. RESULTS The study comprised 5158 patients with bipolar disorder. The multivariable-adjusted HR for newly diagnosed dementia was 1.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.41, P=0.001) for the VPA-treated group compared with the VPA-untreated group after adjustment for potential confounders. The VPA-treated group had a higher risk than did the VPA-untreated group after propensity score adjustment (HR=1.95, 95% CI=1.42-2.67, P<0.001). LIMITATION Certain variables that may affect the incidence of dementia were unavailable in the claims database and thus could not be considered. CONCLUSION Treating bipolar disorder with VPA increases the risk of dementia by 73-95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Science Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of General Psychiatry, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, 289, Jian Gou Road, Sindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Yeh Wang
- Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, 112, Minzu Road, Sindian District, New Taipei City 23143, Taiwan.
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Yao ZG, Jing HY, Wang DM, Lv BB, Li JM, Liu FF, Fan H, Sun XC, Qin YJ, Zhao MQ. Valproic acid ameliorates olfactory dysfunction in APP/PS1 transgenic mice of Alzheimer's disease: Ameliorations from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:53-9. [PMID: 26948859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, pointing to the progression to dementia. Recent studies have revealed that valproic acid (VPA) has neuroprotective effects in rodent models of AD. In this study, we investigated the effects of VPA on olfactory dysfunction of APP/PS1 double transgenic mouse models of AD. After continuous treatment with a 100mg/kg daily dose of VPA for 3 months, APP/PS1 mice showed improved olfactory performances. In agreement with the behavioral findings, VPA treatment reduced amyloid β (Aβ) burden in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of transgenic mice. And, VPA increased epithelial thickness of the olfactory mucosa through decreased cell apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. In the olfactory bulb (OB), VPA administration also reduced senile plaques and levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ42 peptides. Besides, VPA promoted the increase of mitral cells and decrease of neurofilament immunostaining. In hence, VPA treatment completely improved the olfactory performances and prevented degenerative changes of the OE and OB. Our study raises the possibility of AD diagnosis by OE biopsy. Moreover, VPA may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jing
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Building 6, Anhui Jianxi District, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Bei-Bei Lv
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Jia-Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Feng-Feng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Xi-Chao Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Ye-Jun Qin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Miao-Qing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, China
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Sriramoju B, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Nanoformulated Mutant SurR9-C84A: a Possible Key for Alzheimer’s and its Associated Inflammation. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2787-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Cho KS, Kwon KJ, Choi CS, Jeon SJ, Kim KC, Park JH, Ko HM, Lee SH, Cheong JH, Ryu JH, Han SH, Shin CY. Valproic acid induces astrocyte-dependent neurite outgrowth from cultured rat primary cortical neuron via modulation of tPA/PAI-1 activity. Glia 2013; 61:694-709. [PMID: 23378038 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is expressed in several regions of brain and plays regulatory roles such as neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity and long term potentiation. The activity of tPA is regulated by an endogenous inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which is expressed mainly in astrocytes. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorders, promotes neurite extension, neuronal growth and has neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined whether the neurite extension effects of VPA is mediated by modulating tPA/PAI-1 system. VPA dose-dependently increased tPA activity and decreased PAI-1 activity in rat primary astrocytes but not in neurons. PAI-1 protein level secreted into the culture medium but not tPA per se was decreased by VPA. In co-culture system or in neuronal culture stimulated with astrocyte conditioned media but not in pure neuronal cell culture, VPA induced neurite outgrowth via increased tPA activity due to the decreased PAI-1 activity in astrocytes. The decrease in PAI-1 activity and increased neurite extension was regulated via JNK mediated post-transcriptional pathway. The essential role of tPA/PAI-1 system in the regulation of VPA-mediated neurite extension was further demonstrated by experiments using astrocyte conditioned media obtained from tPA or PAI-1 knockout mice. Regulation of PAI-1 activity in astrocyte by VPA may affect both physiological and pathological processes in brain by upregulating tPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Suk Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Valdiglesias V, Fernández-Tajes J, Pásaro E, Méndez J, Laffon B. Identification of differentially expressed genes in SHSY5Y cells exposed to okadaic acid by suppression subtractive hybridization. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:46. [PMID: 22284234 PMCID: PMC3296583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Okadaic acid (OA), a toxin produced by several dinoflagellate species is responsible for frequent food poisonings associated to shellfish consumption. Although several studies have documented the OA effects on different processes such as cell transformation, apoptosis, DNA repair or embryogenesis, the molecular mechanistic basis for these and other effects is not completely understood and the number of controversial data on OA is increasing in the literature. Results In this study, we used suppression subtractive hybridization in SHSY5Y cells to identify genes that are differentially expressed after OA exposure for different times (3, 24 and 48 h). A total of 247 subtracted clones which shared high homology with known genes were isolated. Among these, 5 specific genes associated with cytoskeleton and neurotransmission processes (NEFM, TUBB, SEPT7, SYT4 and NPY) were selected to confirm their expression levels by real-time PCR. Significant down-regulation of these genes was obtained at the short term (3 and 24 h OA exposure), excepting for NEFM, but their expression was similar to the controls at 48 h. Conclusions From all the obtained genes, 114 genes were up-regulated and 133 were down-regulated. Based on the NCBI GenBank and Gene Ontology databases, most of these genes are involved in relevant cell functions such as metabolism, transport, translation, signal transduction and cell cycle. After quantitative PCR analysis, the observed underexpression of the selected genes could underlie the previously reported OA-induced cytoskeleton disruption, neurotransmission alterations and in vivo neurotoxic effects. The basal expression levels obtained at 48 h suggested that surviving cells were able to recover from OA-caused gene expression alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Toxicology Unit, Psychobiology Department, University of A Coruña, Edificio de Servicios Centrales de Investigación, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Mahmoud F, Tampi RR. Valproic Acid–Induced Parkinsonism in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Fleisher AS, Truran D, Mai JT, Langbaum JBS, Aisen PS, Cummings JL, Jack CR, Weiner MW, Thomas RG, Schneider LS, Tariot PN. Chronic divalproex sodium use and brain atrophy in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2011; 77:1263-71. [PMID: 21917762 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318230a16c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of the divalproex sodium formulation of valproic acid on brain volumes using MRI in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD) and assessed for changes associated with behavioral and cognitive effects. METHODS Eighty-nine of 313 participants randomized to divalproex or placebo in a 24-month, parallel-group trial received MRI scans at baseline and 12 months. Interval MRI annual percent changes in whole brain, ventricular, and hippocampal volumes were the primary outcomes of interest. Change from baseline in clinical outcomes was assessed at 6-month intervals. RESULTS There were no baseline differences between active treatment and placebo groups in age, education, brain volumes, clinical rating scores, or APOE ε4 carrier status. The group treated with divalproex showed a greater rate of decline in left and right hippocampal and brain volumes (-10.9% and -12.4% vs -5.6% and -6.3%, and -3.5% vs -1.4%, respectively), and a greater rate of ventricular expansion (24.5% vs 9.9%) (p < 0.001). Mini-Mental State Examination scores showed a more rapid decline with divalproex through month 12 (placebo = -2.0 ± 4.3, divalproex = -3.9 ± 4.0) (p = 0.037), although there were no changes on other cognitive, behavioral, or functional ratings at 12 and 24 months. CONCLUSIONS Divalproex treatment was associated with accelerated brain volume loss over 1 year and perhaps with greater cognitive impairment. The long-term clinical effects of these changes are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Fleisher
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, 901 E Willetta Street, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA.
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Evans MD, Shinar R, Yaari R. Reversible dementia and gait disturbance after prolonged use of valproic acid. Seizure 2011; 20:509-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Taurine protects against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Brain Res 2010; 1320:159-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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