1
|
He K, Zhou X, Du H, Zhao J, Deng R, Wang J. A review on the relationship between Arachidonic acid 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16239. [PMID: 37849828 PMCID: PMC10578307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), as one of the lipoxygenase family, is mainly responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids to produce a variety of lipid components, contributing to the pathophysiological processes of various immune and inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown that ALOX15 and its related products are widely distributed in human tissues and related to multiple diseases such as liver, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other diseases. Diabetes mellitus (DM), the disease studied in this article, is a metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels, which is significantly related to inflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and other mechanisms, and it has a high incidence in the population, accompanied by a variety of complications. Figuring out how ALOX15 is involved in DM is critical to understanding its role in diseases. Therefore, ALOX15 inhibitors or combination therapy containing inhibitors may deliver a novel research direction for the treatment of DM and its complications. This article aims to review the biological effect and the possible function of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying He
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ning B, Shen J, Liu F, Zhang H, Jiang X. Baicalein Suppresses NLRP3 and AIM2 Inflammasome-Mediated Pyroptosis in Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis via Induced Autophagy. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0471122. [PMID: 37125940 PMCID: PMC10269511 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04711-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to pose a significant threat to global health because it causes granulomas and systemic inflammatory responses during active tuberculosis (TB). Mtb can induce macrophage pyroptosis, which results in the release of IL-1β and causes tissue damage, thereby promoting its spread. In the absence of anti-TB drugs, host-directed therapy (HDT) has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy against TB. In this study, we used an in vitro Mtb-infected macrophage model to assess the effect of baicalein, derived from Scutellariae radix, on pyroptosis induced in Mtb-infected macrophages. Further, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of baicalein. The results of the study suggest that baicalein inhibits pyroptosis in Mtb-infected macrophages by downregulating the assembly of AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasome and promoting autophagy. Further research has also shown that the mechanism by which baicalein promotes autophagy may involve the inhibition of the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway and the inhibition of the AIM2 protein, which affects the levels of CHMP2A protein required to promote autophagy. Thus, our data show that baicalein can inhibit Mtb infection-induced macrophage pyroptosis and has the potential to be a new adjunctive HDT drug. IMPORTANCE Current strategies for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis have limited efficacy and undesirable side effects; hence, research on new treatments, including innovative medications, is required. Host-directed therapy (HDT) has emerged as a viable strategy for modulating host cell responses in order to enhance protective immunity against infections. Baicalein, extracted from Scutellariae radix, was shown to inhibit pyroptosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages and was associated with autophagy. Our findings reveal that baicalein can be used as an adjunctive treatment for tuberculosis or other inflammatory diseases by regulating immune function and enhancing the antibacterial ability of the host. It also provides a new idea for exploring the anti-inflammatory mechanism of baicalein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bangzuo Ning
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanglin Liu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li M, Meng Z, Yu S, Li J, Wang Y, Yang W, Wu H. Baicalein ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via regulating GPX4/ACSL4/ACSL3 axis. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 366:110137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
4
|
Zhang ZZ, Yu XH, Tan WH. Baicalein inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:316-325. [PMID: 35749304 PMCID: PMC9521661 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation and inflammatory response are two major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Baicalein, a phenolic flavonoid widely used in East Asian countries, possesses a potential atheroprotective activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was performed to explore the impact of baicalein on lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Our results showed that baicalein up-regulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, liver X receptor α (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), promoted cholesterol efflux, and inhibited lipid accumulation. Administration of baicalein also reduced the expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Knockdown of LXRα or PPARγ with siRNAs abrogated the effects of baicalein on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, cholesterol efflux, lipid accumulation as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In summary, these findings suggest that baicalein exerts a beneficial effect on macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tan
- Correspondence: Wei-Hua Tan, Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001 Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baicalein, Baicalin, and Wogonin: Protective Effects against Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Brain and Retina. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8377362. [PMID: 34306315 PMCID: PMC8263226 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8377362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a common pathological condition present in many neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, retinal vascular occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, threatening the sight and lives of millions of people globally. Ischemia can trigger excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, leading to the disruption of tissue homeostasis and, ultimately, cell death. Current therapies are very limited and have a narrow time window for effective treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic options for ischemia-induced neural injuries. With emerging reports on the pharmacological properties of natural flavonoids, these compounds present potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agents for the treatment of ischemic insults. Three major active flavonoids, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, have been extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis); all of which are reported to have low cytotoxicity. They have been demonstrated to exert promising pharmacological capabilities in preventing cell and tissue damage. This review focuses on the therapeutic potentials of these flavonoids against ischemia-induced neurotoxicity and damage in the brain and retina. The bioactivity and bioavailability of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin are also discussed. It is with hope that the therapeutic potential of these flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for ischemia-induced injuries of the central nervous system (CNS).
Collapse
|
6
|
Ding Y, Kang J, Liu S, Xu Y, Shao B. The Protective Effects of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:588516. [PMID: 33281727 PMCID: PMC7705069 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.588516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a complex pathological process that often occurs secondary to trauma, surgery, and shock. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a subunit of the PPAR and is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor. After being activated by its ligand, PPARγ can combine with specific DNA response elements to regulate the transcription and expression of genes. It has a wide range of biological functions, such as regulating lipid metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, modulating anti-tumor mechanisms, and inhibiting inflammation. In recent years, some studies have shown that PPARγ exerts a protective effect during CI/RI. This article aims to summarize the research progress of studies that have investigated the protective effects of PPARγ in CI/RI and the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which these effects are modulated, including inhibition of excitatory amino acid toxicity, reduced Ca2+ overload, anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, inhibition of microglial activation, maintain the BBB, promotion of angiogenesis, and neurogenesis and anti-apoptotic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Ding
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Kang
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuning Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Xu
- College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoping Shao
- College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liao H, Ye J, Gao L, Liu Y. The main bioactive compounds of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. for alleviation of inflammatory cytokines: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:110917. [PMID: 33217688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi., a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, has multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, and can be used to treat respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, colitis, hepatitis, and allergic diseases. The main active substances of S. baicalensis, baicalein, baicalin, wogonin, wogonoside, and oroxylin A, can act directly on immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils, and inhibit the production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, and other inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and reactive oxygen species. The molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of the active compounds of S. baicalensis include downregulation of toll-like receptors, activation of the Nrf2 and PPAR signaling pathways, and inhibition of the nuclear thioredoxin system and inflammation-associated pathways such as those of MAPK, Akt, NFκB, and JAK-STAT. Given that in addition to the downregulation of cytokine production, the active constituents of S. baicalensis also have antiviral and antibacterial effects, they may be more promising candidate therapeutics for the prevention of infection-related cytokine storms than are drugs having only antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lili Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li A, Zhang L, Li J, Fang Z, Li S, Peng Y, Zhang M, Wang X. Effect of RvD1/FPR2 on inflammatory response in chorioamnionitis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13397-13407. [PMID: 33025767 PMCID: PMC7701521 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis (CAM), as a common intrauterine infectious disease, is the leading cause of premature birth, stillbirth, neonatal infection and sepsis. The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a member of GPCRs widely distributed in a variety of tissues and is associated with many inflammatory diseases. With the discovery of FPR2 in human placenta, the possibility of exploring the function of FPR2 in obstetrics is evolving. The Resolvin D1 (RvD1) plays an important role in the resolution of inflammation by combining with FPR2. In this study, we evaluated the role of FPR2 and RvD1 in CAM, not only in the human placenta but also in mouse models. The expression of FPR2 increased in the placenta of CAM patients and the downstream PPARγ/NF-κB signalling changed accordingly. Moreover, Fpr2-/- mice were highly susceptible to LPS, displaying a worse CAM symptom, compared with WT mice. By establishing a model of trophoblast inflammation in vitro, it was confirmed that RvD1 rescued the effect of LPS on inflammation by combining with FPR2 and its downstream PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. Otherwise, RvD1 improved the preterm labour in a mouse model of CAM induced by LPS. Altogether, these findings show that RvD1 alleviated the inflammation of trophoblast in vivo and in vitro through FPR2/PPARγ/NF-κB pathway, suggesting RvD1/FPR2 might be a novel therapeutic strategy to alleviate CAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhenya Fang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Shuxian Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Yanjie Peng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Xietong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun L, Bian K. The Nuclear Export and Ubiquitin-Proteasome-Dependent Degradation of PPARγ Induced By Angiotensin II. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1215-1224. [PMID: 31223281 PMCID: PMC6567814 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.29741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has documented local angiotensin II (Ang II) as a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory molecule contributes to progressive deterioration of organ function in diseases. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays crucial roles in protection against oxidative stress and inflammation. Ang II stimulation decreases PPARγ protein in multiple types of cells, while the regulatory role of Ang II on PPARγ is not clear. Here we show that Ang II down-regulated PPARγ in ECV304 cells through 2 actions, inducing nuclear export and loss of protein. The nuclear export of PPARγ occurred transiently in the early phase, while the reduction in PPARγ protein happened in the later phase and was more persistent. Both alterations in PPARγ were accompanied by the decrease in PPARγ-DNA binding activity. Reduction of PPARγ protein levels was also coupled with the inhibition of PPARγ target genes. In addition, activation of PPARγ by its ligand troglitazone could completely counteract both 2 actions of Ang II on PPARγ. Further studies demonstrated that the decline of PPARγ protein was in association with ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation, which was supported by the increase in polyubiquitin-PPARγ conjugates and the inhibitory effect of lactacystin, a specific proteasome inhibitor, on the loss of PPARγ. Taken together, this study uncovers a novel means by which Ang II down-regulates PPARγ. This down-regulation disrupts nuclear PPARγ function, which may lead to the loss of beneficial effects of PPARγ in response to Ang II stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, 300052, PR China.,Murad Research Institute for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Ka Bian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Ross Hall 2300 Eye Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
12/15 lipoxygenase: A crucial enzyme in diverse types of cell death. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:34-41. [PMID: 29627380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) enzymes react with polyunsaturated fatty acids producing active lipid metabolites that are involved in plethora of human diseases including neurological disorders. A great many of elegant studies over the last decades have contributed to unraveling the mechanism how 12/15-lipoxygenase play a role in these diseases. And the way it works is mainly through apoptosis. However, recent years have found that the way 12/15-lipoxygenase works is also related to autophagy and ferroptosis, a newly defined type of cell death by Stockwell's lab in 2012. Figuring out how 12/15-lipoxygenase participate in these modes of cell death is of vital importance to understand its role in disease. The review aims to give a sight on our current knowledge on the role of this enzyme in apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis. And the relevant diseases that 12/15-lipoxygenase may be involved.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, Kim S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1021-1032. [PMID: 28922719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, neurodegenerative diseases are the most challenging global health problems. Neuronal cell death or damage is a key factor for many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of effective neuroprotective agents, especially from natural sources. In particular, phytochemicals have shown high efficacy with low side effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the various phytoconstituents, flavonoids are important bioactive products and mainly found in various vegetables and fruits. Among them, baicalein is one of the important flavones, which is mainly found in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. A number of studies have reported that baicalein has potent neuroprotective properties under in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature in connection with the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and its molecular mechanisms of action. The current review highlights could be useful to identify novel therapeutic agents in relation to the treatment of neurotoxicity-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He X, Gong P, Wei Z, Liu W, Wang W, Li J, Yang Z, Zhang X. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-mediated polarization of macrophages in Neospora caninum infection. Exp Parasitol 2017; 178:37-44. [PMID: 28527905 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite closely related Toxoplasma gondii, which causes neurological disease and abortion in multiple animal species. Macrophage polarization plays an important role in host immune responses to parasites infection, such as Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi. However, the dynamics of macrophage polarization, as well as the possible mechanism that regulate macrophage polarization, during N. caninum infection remains unclear. METHODS The M1 and M2-phenotypic markers of peritoneal macrophages from mice infected with tachyzoites of Nc-1 were analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Then J774A.1 cells were respectively treated with GW9662 and RGZ, and stimulated by tachyzoites of Nc-1. M1 and M2-phenotypic markers were determined by FCM and ELISA. And the activations of PPAR-γ and NF-κB were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS In this study, our data showed that macrophages were preferentially differentiated into the M1 type during the acute stage of N. caninum infection, while the level of M2 macrophages significantly increased during the chronic stage of infection. In vitro study, compared with the GW9662 group and RGZ group, N. caninum can promote M2-polarized phenotype through up-regulate the activity of PPAR-γ and inhibting NF-κB activation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study demonstrated that macrophages are plastic since M1 differentiated macrophages can express M2 markers with N. caninum infection through up-regulating the activity of PPAR-γ and inhibting NF-κB activation and may be providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of N. caninum infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Weili Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
He X, Liu W, Shi M, Yang Z, Zhang X, Gong P. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates LPS-stimulated inflammatory response by regulating the PPARγ/NF-κB pathways in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:7-12. [PMID: 28095338 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a major dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) in fish oil, and has been reported to possess a number of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor and immune-regulatory properties. However, whether DHA exert anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis remains unclear. In this study, we investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms of the effects of DHA on LPS-stimulated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC). METHODS The experiment was divided into six groups as followed: control group, GW9662+LPS+DHA (100μM) group, LPS and LPS+DHA (25, 50 and 100μM) groups. bMEC were treated with DHA for 3h before LPS (200μg/ml) stimulation, and incubated with the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 for 12h before DHA treatment. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Western blot was employed for measuring the transcriptional activity of NF-κB and PPARγ. RESULTS Our results showed that DHA pretreatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in bMEC stimulated with LPS. Besides, DHA suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and degradation inhibitor of NF-κBα (IκBα) in NF-κB signal pathway, and activated proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). But, all those effects were obviously abolished by addition of GW9662, a specific inhibitor of PPARγ. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these results indicated that DHA may attenuate LPS-stimulated inflammatory response in bMEC by suppressing NF-κB activation through a mechanism partly dependent on PPARγ activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijian Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Jilin, Changchun 130062, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Almeida S, Alves MG, Sousa M, Oliveira PF, Silva BM. Are Polyphenols Strong Dietary Agents Against Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration? Neurotox Res 2016; 30:345-66. [PMID: 26745969 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Life expectancy of most human populations has greatly increased as a result of factors including better hygiene, medical practice, and nutrition. Unfortunately, as humans age, they become more prone to suffer from neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxicity. Polyphenols can be cheaply and easily obtained as part of a healthy diet. They present a wide range of biological activities, many of which have relevance for human health. Compelling evidence has shown that dietary phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols, have properties that may suppress neuroinflammation and prevent toxic and degenerative effects in the brain. The mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their action are not fully understood, but it is clear that they have a direct effect through their antioxidant activities. They have also been shown to modulate intracellular signaling cascades, including the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, Nrf2, and MEK pathways. Polyphenols also interact with a range of neurotransmitters, illustrating that these compounds can promote their health benefits in the brain through a direct, indirect, or complex action. We discuss whether polyphenols obtained from diet or food supplements are an effective strategy to prevent or treat neurodegeneration. We also discuss the safety, mechanisms of action, and the current and future relevance of polyphenols in clinical treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. As populations age, it is important to discuss the dietary strategies to avoid or counteract the effects of incurable neurodegenerative disorders, which already represent an enormous financial and emotional burden for health care systems, patients, and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Almeida
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Centre for Reproductive Genetics Prof. Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,I3S - Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Branca M Silva
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The Analgesic and Antineuroinflammatory Effect of Baicalein in Cancer-Induced Bone Pain. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:973524. [PMID: 26649065 PMCID: PMC4662985 DOI: 10.1155/2015/973524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a severe type of chronic pain. It is imperative to explore safe and effective analgesic drugs for CIBP treatment. Baicalein (BE), isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (or Huang Qin), has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we examined the effect of BE on CIBP and the mechanism of this effect. Intrathecal and oral administration of BE at different doses could alleviate the mechanical allodynia in CIBP rats. Intrathecal 100 μg BE could inhibit the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in the spinal cord of CIBP rats. Moreover, intrathecal 100 μg BE could effectively inhibit the activation of p-p38 and p-JNK MAPK signals in CIBP rats. The analgesic effect of BE may be associated with the inhibition of the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and through the activation of p-p38 and p-JNK MAPK signals in the spinal cord. These findings suggest that BE is a promising novel analgesic agent for CIBP.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yeh CH, Ma KH, Liu PS, Kuo JK, Chueh SH. Baicalein Decreases Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Damage to NG108-15 Cells via Upregulation of Nrf2. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1840-51. [PMID: 25557231 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein is a flavonoid inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase. Here, we investigated its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced damage to NG108-15 cells. Hydrogen peroxide activated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, decreased Nrf2 expression, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, reduced viability, and increased cell death after 2-24 h treatment of NG108-15 cells. Co-treatment with hydrogen peroxide and baicalein completely suppressed the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by upregulating Nrf2 expression and reducing ROS stress and partially inhibited the effects on cell viability and cell death. Silencing of 12-lipoxygenase had a similar protective effect to baicalein on hydrogen peroxide-induced damage by blocking the hydrogen peroxide-induced decrease in Nrf2 expression and increase in ROS levels. Neither protective effect was altered by addition of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, the product of 12-lipoxygenase, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide induced damage via 12-lipoxygenase by another, as yet unknown, mechanism, rather than activating it. Co-treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide and N-acetylcysteine or the Nrf2 inducer sulforaphane reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced damage in a similar fashion to baicalein, while the Nrf2 inhibitor retinoic acid blocked the protective effect of baicalein. Silencing Nrf2 also inhibited the protective effects of baicalein, sulforaphane, and N-acetylcysteine and resulted in high ROS levels, suggesting ROS elimination was mediated by Nrf2. Taken together our results suggest that baicalein protects cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by upregulating Nrf2 and inhibiting 12-lipoxygenase to block the increase in ROS levels. Hydrogen peroxide also activates a second mitochondrial dysfunction independent death pathway which is resistant to baicalein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Yeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun L, Xu YW, Han J, Liang H, Wang N, Cheng Y. 12/15-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid activate PPARγ: a possible neuroprotective effect in ischemic brain. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:502-514. [PMID: 25605873 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) oxidizes various free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA). In the brain, the principal 12/15-LOX metabolites of AA are 12(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HETE. PPARγ is a nuclear receptor whose activation is neuroprotective through its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigate the involvement of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE in the regulation of PPARγ following cerebral ischemia and their effects on ischemia-induced inflammatory response. We show here the increased expression of 12/15-LOX, predominantly in neurons, and elevated production of 12(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HETE in ischemic brain. The exogenous 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE increase PPARγ protein level, nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity in ischemic rats, suggesting the activation of PPARγ. This effect was further confirmed by showing the increased PPARγ transcriptional activity in primary cortical neurons when incubated with 12(S)- or 15(S)-HETE. Moreover, both 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE potently inhibited the induction of nuclear factor-κB, inducible NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 in ischemic rats, and elicited neuroprotection. The reversal of the effects of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE on pro-inflammatory factors by PPARγ antagonist GW9662 indicated their actions were mediated via PPARγ. Thus, the induction of 12(S)- and 15(S)-HETE during brain ischemia suggests that endogenous signals of neuroprotection may be generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han J, Sun L, Xu Y, Liang H, Cheng Y. Activation of PPARγ by 12/15-lipoxygenase during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:195-201. [PMID: 25395029 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression and activity are increased in brain ischemic injury and its agonists have shown potential for brain injury protection. The influence of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) on the activity of PPARγ in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was investigated. A middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model with Sprague Dawley (SD) rats was established. For I/R intervention, the rats were treated with the 12/15-LOX-derived product 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) for 30 min before cerebral artery occlusion. Primary cortical neurons from SD rats were used to establish an OGD cell model. 12-HETE or a 12/15-LOX antisense oligonucleotide (asON-12/15-LOX) was added to OGD-treated neurons. Western blots, immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays detected protein. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyzed the expression of the PPARγ target genes. PPARγ-DNA binding activity was determined by peroxisome proliferator responsive element luciferase reporter vectors. 12/15-LOX total protein increased significantly with I/R, and expression of 12-HETE was also upregulated. 12-HETE treatment increased PPARγ protein expression and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression, which was upregulated with I/R. PPARγ nuclear protein and 12/15-LOX total protein expression in OGD-treated neurons increased significantly. 12-HETE treatment increased the expression of PPARγ nuclear protein, upregulated the mRNA levels of PPARγ target genes (lipoprotein lipase and acyl-CoA oxidase) and enhanced PPARγ-DNA binding activity. asON-12/15-LOX treatment inhibited 12/15-LOX and PPARγ protein expression and lipoprotein lipase mRNA. Cerebral I/R injury in rats and OGD treatment in neurons promoted 12/15-LOX expression, and 12-HETE activated PPARγ. Therefore, PPARγ can be activated by the 12/15-LOX pathway during cerebral I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Li Sun
- Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liang
- Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma ZT, Yang XW, Zhang Y, Liu JX. Pharmacochemistry and integrated pharmacokinetics of six alkaloids after oral administration of huang-lian-jie-du-tang decoction. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:483-496. [PMID: 24797560 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.913577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacochemistry and integrated pharmacokinetics of six alkaloids (groenlandicine, berberine, palmatine, epiberberine, jatrorrhizine, and columbamine) after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) decoction were investigated in this paper. The method of plasma pharmacochemistry was applied to predict the potential bioactive components in HLJDT decoction. Based on the accurate molecular weight, 10 components including 2 flavonoids (baicalin and wogonoside), 1 iridoid glycoside (geniposide), and 7 alkaloids (above-mentioned 6 alkaloids and coptisine) were structurally identified. Then, integrated pharmacokinetics of the alkaloids in Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration of HLJDT decoction was investigated by HPLC method. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the alkaloids were different although their chemical structures were similar. This study developed a method to predict the potential bioactive components in HLJDT decoction and research the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the potential bioactive components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Tang Ma
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs (Peking University), Department of Natural Medicines , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gaire BP, Moon SK, Kim H. Scutellaria baicalensis in stroke management: nature's blessing in traditional Eastern medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2014; 20:712-20. [PMID: 24752475 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the most widely used medicinal plant in traditional Eastern medicine, especially in Chinese medicine. The major phytochemicals isolated from S. baicalensis are flavonoids, glycosides and their glucoronides such as baicalin, baicalein, wogonin etc. More than 30 different kinds of flavonoids are isolated from this plant. S. baicalensis and its flavonoids are reported to have several pharmacological activities, which includes anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti apoptic, anti-inflammatory effects and many more. Recently, S. baicalensis and its isolated flavonoids have been studied for their neuroprotective effects, through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegenerative diseases, plausibly suggesting that S. baicalensis has salutary effect as a nature's blessing for neuroprotection. In this review, we are focousing on the neuroprotective effects of S. baicalensis and its flavonoids in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at compiling all the information regarding the neuroprotective effect of S. baicalensis in various experimental models of cerebral ischemia or stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Korea,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Leyen K. Lipoxygenase: an emerging target for stroke therapy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 12:191-9. [PMID: 23394536 DOI: 10.2174/18715273112119990053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection as approach to stroke therapy has recently seen a revival of sorts, fueled in part by the continuing necessity to improve acute stroke care, and in part by the identification of novel drug targets. 12/15- Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), one of the key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, contributes to both neuronal cell death and vascular injury. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX may thus provide multifactorial protection against ischemic injury. Targeting 12/15-LOX and related eicosanoid pathways is the subject of this brief review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., R. 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Capacity of HSYA to inhibit nitrotyrosine formation induced by focal ischemic brain injury. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:144-51. [PMID: 24126016 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism of stroke. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is the most important active component of the safflower plant. Here we assess the neuroprotective efficacy of HSYA and investigate the mechanism through anti-nitrative pathway. Rats were subjected to 60-min ischemia followed by reperfusion. HSYA (2.5-10mg/kg) was injected at 1h after ischemia onset. Other groups received HSYA (10mg/kg) treatment at 3-9h after onset. Infarct volume, brain edema, and neurological score were evaluated at 24h after ischemia. Nitrotyrosine and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, as well as NO level (nitrate/nitrite) in ischemic cortex was examined within 24h after ischemia. The ability of HSYA to scavenge peroxynitrite was evaluated in vitro. Infarct volume was significantly decreased by HSYA (P<0.05), with a therapeutic window of 3h after ischemia at dose of 10mg/kg. HSYA treatment also reduced brain edema and improved neurological score (P<0.05). Nitrotyrosine formation was dose- and time-dependently inhibited by HSYA. The time window of HSYA in decreasing protein tyrosine nitration paralleled its action in infarct volume. HSYA also greatly reduced iNOS expression and NO content at 24h after ischemia, suggesting prevention of peroxynitrite generation from iNOS. In vitro, HSYA blocked authentic peroxynitrite-induced tyrosine nitration in bovine serum albumin and primary cortical neurons. Collectively, our results indicated that post-ischemic HSYA treatment attenuates brain ischemic injury which is at least partially due to reducing nitrotyrosine formation, possibly by the combined mechanism of its peroxynitrite scavenging ability and its reduction in iNOS production.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bhullar KS, Rupasinghe HPV. Polyphenols: multipotent therapeutic agents in neurodegenerative diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:891748. [PMID: 23840922 PMCID: PMC3690243 DOI: 10.1155/2013/891748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to numerous transitions in brain physiology including synaptic dysfunction and disturbances in cognition and memory. With a few clinically relevant drugs, a substantial portion of aging population at risk for age-related neurodegenerative disorders require nutritional intervention. Dietary intake of polyphenols is known to attenuate oxidative stress and reduce the risk for related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). Polyphenols exhibit strong potential to address the etiology of neurological disorders as they attenuate their complex physiology by modulating several therapeutic targets at once. Firstly, we review the advances in the therapeutic role of polyphenols in cell and animal models of AD, PD, MS, and HD and activation of drug targets for controlling pathological manifestations. Secondly, we present principle pathways in which polyphenol intake translates into therapeutic outcomes. In particular, signaling pathways like PPAR, Nrf2, STAT, HIF, and MAPK along with modulation of immune response by polyphenols are discussed. Although current polyphenol researches have limited impact on clinical practice, they have strong evidence and testable hypothesis to contribute clinical advances and drug discovery towards age-related neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
PI3K/Akt Pathway Contributes to Neurovascular Unit Protection of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction against Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:459467. [PMID: 23781261 PMCID: PMC3678438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/459467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model to investigate the protective effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (XXMD) on neurovascular unit and to examine the role of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt pathway in this protection. The cerebral ischemia was induced by 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cerebral infarct area was measured by tetrazolium staining, and neurological function was observed at 24 h after reperfusion. DNA fragmentation assay, combined with immunofluorescence, was performed to evaluate apoptosis of neuron, astrocyte, and vascular endothelial cell which constitute neurovascular unit. The expression levels of proteins involved in PI3K/Akt pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that XXMD improved neurological function, decreased cerebral infarct area and neuronal damage, and attenuated cellular apoptosis in neurovascular unit, while these effects were abolished by inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002. We also found that XXMD upregulated p-PDKl, p-Akt, and p-GSK3 β expression levels, which were partly reversed by LY294002. In addition, the increases of p-PTEN and p-c-Raf expression levels on which LY294002 had no effect were also observed in response to XXMD treatment. The data indicated the protective effects of XXMD on neurovascular unit partly through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu J, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Ma S, Liu Q, Dang S, Jin M, Shi Y, Wan B, Zhang Y. Inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase by baicalein induces microglia PPARβ/δ: a potential therapeutic role for CNS autoimmune disease. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e569. [PMID: 23559003 PMCID: PMC3668632 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
12/15-Lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) is an enzyme that converts polyunsaturated fatty acids into bioactive lipid derivatives. In this study, we showed that inhibition of 12/15-LO by baicalein (BA) significantly attenuated clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Inhibited migration of autoimmune T cells into the central nervous system (CNS) by BA treatment could be attributed to reduced activation of microglia, which was indicated by suppressed phagocytosis, and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the CNS. We further observed that inhibition of 12/15-LO with BA led to increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ in microglia of EAE mice. This was confirmed in vitro in primary microglia and a microglia cell line, BV2. In addition, we demonstrated that BA did not affect 12/15-LO or 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) expression in microglia, but significantly decreased 12/15-LO products without influencing the levels of 5-LO metabolites. Moreover, among these compounds only 12/15-LO metabolite 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was able to reverse BA-mediated upregulation of PPARβ/δ in BV2 cells. We also showed that inhibition of microglia activation by PPARβ/δ was associated with repressed NF-κB and MAPK activities. Our findings indicate that inhibition of 12/15-LO induces PPARβ/δ, demonstrating important regulatory properties of 12/15-LO in CNS inflammation. This reveals potential therapeutic applications for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Institutes of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liao Z, Dong J, Wu W, Yang T, Wang T, Guo L, Chen L, Xu D, Wen F. Resolvin D1 attenuates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through a process involving the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. Respir Res 2012. [PMID: 23199346 PMCID: PMC3545883 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-13-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA-derived lipid mediators have recently been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. In fact, DHA can down-regulate lipolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of NF-κB via a PPARγ-dependent pathway. We sought to investigate the effects of the novel DHA-derived mediator resolvin D1 (RvD1) on LPS-induced acute lung injury and to determine whether these effects occur via a PPARγ-dependent pathway. Methods BALB/c mice aged 6–8 weeks were randomly divided into seven groups: two control groups receiving saline or RvD1 (600 ng) without LPS; a control group receiving LPS only; an experimental group receiving RvD1 (300 ng) or RvD1 (600 ng), followed by LPS; a group receiving the PPARγ antagonist GW9662; and a group receiving GW9662, then RvD1 (600 ng) and finally LPS. LPS (50 μM) and saline were administered intratracheally. RvD1 was injected intravenously 24 h and 30 min before LPS, while GW9662 was injected intravenously 30 min before RvD1. Mice were killed at 6, 12, and 24 h. Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed for cell counts and cytokine analysis. Lung tissues were collected for histology, Western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). Results At all three time points, groups receiving either dose of RvD1 followed by LPS had significantly lower total leukocyte counts and levels of TNF-α and IL-6 levels in BALF than did the group given only LPS. RvD1 markedly attenuated LPS-induced lung inflammation at 24 h, based on hematoxylin-eosin staining of histology sections. RvD1 activated PPARγ and suppressed IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, based on Western blots and EMSAs. The PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 partially reversed RvD1-induced suppression of IκBα degradation and p65 nuclear translocation. Conclusions These results suggest that RvD1 may attenuate lung inflammation of LPS-induced acute lung injury by suppressing NF-κB activation through a mechanism partly dependent on PPARγ activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenglin Liao
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of China, and Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hurtado O, Ballesteros I, Cuartero M, Moraga A, Pradillo J, Ramírez-Franco J, Bartolomé-Martín D, Pascual D, Torres M, Sánchez-Prieto J, Salom J, Lizasoain I, Moro M. Daidzein has neuroprotective effects through ligand-binding-independent PPARγ activation. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Yu SJ, Airavaara M, Shen H, Chou J, Harvey BK, Wang Y. Suppression of endogenous PPARγ increases vulnerability to methamphetamine-induced injury in mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:479-92. [PMID: 22160138 PMCID: PMC3351577 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methamphetamine is a commonly abused drug and dopaminergic neurotoxin. Repeated administration of high doses of methamphetamine induces programmed cell death, suppression of dopamine release, and reduction in locomotor activity. Previous studies have shown that pretreatment with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist reduced methamphetamine-induced neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the role of endogenous PPARγ in protecting against methamphetamine toxicity. METHODS Adeno-associated virus (AAV) encoding the Cre recombinase gene was unilaterally injected into the left substantia nigra of loxP-PPARγ or control wild-type mice. Animals were treated with high doses of methamphetamine 1 month after viral injection. Behavioral tests were examined using rotarod and rotometer. In vivo voltammetry was used to examine dopamine release/clearance and at 2 months after methamphetamine injection. RESULTS Administration of AAV-Cre selectively removed PPARγ in left nigra in loxP-PPARγ mice but not in the wild-type mice. The loxP-PPARγ/AAV-Cre mice that received methamphetamine showed a significant reduction in time on the rotarod and exhibited increased ipsilateral rotation using a rotometer. The peak of dopamine release induced by local application of KCl and the rate of dopamine clearance were significantly attenuated in the left striatum of loxP-PPARγ/AAV-Cre animals. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was reduced in the left, compared to right, nigra, and dorsal striatum in loxP-PPARγ/AAV-Cre mice receiving high doses of methamphetamine. CONCLUSION A deficiency in PPARγ increases vulnerability to high doses of methamphetamine. Endogenous PPARγ may play an important role in reducing methamphetamine toxicity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jin Yu
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, IRP, Neural Protection and Regeneration Section, 251 Bayview Boulevard, 06-721A, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhu H, Qian Z, Li H, Guo L, Pan L, Zhang Q, Tang Y. Integrated pharmacokinetics of major bioactive components in MCAO rats after oral administration of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:158-169. [PMID: 22387241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT, or Oren-gedoku-to in Japanese), an important multi-herb remedy in China and other Asia countries, has been used clinically to treat cerebral ischemia for decades. MATERIALS AND METHODS According to the previous studies we have reported, an HPLC method was developed and validated for determination of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and geniposide simultaneously in MCAO rat plasma after administration of HLJDT aqueous extract. A classified integral pharmacokinetic method was put forward after having compared the integrated concentration-time profile with that of single component. An AUC based weighting approach was used for integrated principle. RESULTS The results indicated the classified integral pharmacokinetic profile of index components from HLJDT could reveal the pharmacokinetic behavior of original components, and was corresponding to the holistic pharmacological effects of anti-ischemia with HLJDT. CONCLUSIONS This study was aimed to explore an approach that could be applied to integrate the pharmacokinetic behavior of different components derived from HLJDT. The integrated pharmacokinetic results also provided more information for further understanding of the clinical cerebrovascular disease in use of HLJDT.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Area Under Curve
- Biotransformation
- Cardiovascular Agents/administration & dosage
- Cardiovascular Agents/blood
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Stability
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacokinetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/blood
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/drug therapy
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaxu Zhu
- Separation Engineering of Chinese Traditional Medicine Compound, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Molecular mechanisms of short-term habituation in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. Behav Brain Res 2012; 229:235-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
32
|
Comparative study of the effect of baicalin and its natural analogs on neurons with oxygen and glucose deprivation involving innate immune reaction of TLR2/TNFα. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:267890. [PMID: 22536016 PMCID: PMC3321472 DOI: 10.1155/2012/267890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is to study the baicalin and its three analogs, baicalin, wogonoside, and wogonin, on the protective effect of neuron from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression in OGD damage. The results showed that baicalin and its three analogs did protect neurons from OGD damage and downregulated protein level of TLR2. D-Glucopyranosiduronic acid on site 7 in the structure played a core of cytotoxicity of these flavonoid analogs. The methoxyl group on carbon 8 of the structure had the relation with TLR2 protein expression, as well as the anti-inflammation. In addition, we detected caspase3 and antioxidation capability, to investigate the effect of four analogs on cell apoptosis and total antioxidation competence in OGD model.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tsai MJ, Wu PC, Huang YB, Chang JS, Lin CL, Tsai YH, Fang JY. Baicalein loaded in tocol nanostructured lipid carriers (tocol NLCs) for enhanced stability and brain targeting. Int J Pharm 2012; 423:461-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
34
|
Li XX, He GR, Mu X, Xu B, Tian S, Yu X, Meng FR, Xuan ZH, Du GH. Protective effects of baicalein against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and isolated rat brain mitochondria. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:227-33. [PMID: 21996316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein is one of the major flavonoids obtained from the Scutellaria root. Previous pharmacological studies found that baicalein had neuroprotective effects in animal models of Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this paper was to explore the molecular mechanism of the action of baicalein on PC12 cells and isolated rat brain mitochondria. Firstly, we investigated the effects of baicalein on rotenone-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. The results showed that baicalein suppressed rotenone-induced apoptosis, and inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxidant species, ATP deficiency, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, and caspase-3/7 activation in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that baicalein likely improved mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we used isolated rat brain mitochondria to evaluate the effect of baicalein. Treatment with baicalein prevented rotenone-induced reactive oxidant species production, ATP deficiency and mitochondrial swelling in isolated brain mitochondria. Interestingly, exposure of isolated mitochondria to baicalein promoted mitochondrial active respiration. These results suggest that baicalein may be a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant and exerts neuroprotective effects on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. This study supports our previous research that baicalein possesses neuroprotective activity in vivo and it is worthy of further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-xiu Li
- National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|