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Zeng L, Hu S, Zeng L, Chen R, Li H, Yu J, Yang H. Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke with Different Forms of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1007. [PMID: 37508939 PMCID: PMC10377124 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a common type of stroke that significantly affects human well-being and quality of life. In order to further characterize the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and develop new treatment strategies, ischemic stroke models with controllable and consistent response to potential clinical treatments are urgently needed. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is currently the most widely used animal model of ischemic stroke. This review discusses various methods for constructing the MCAO model and compares their advantages and disadvantages in order to provide better approaches for studying ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shengqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lingcheng Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rudong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiasheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongkuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Matano Y, Nojiri Y, Nomura M, Masuda A, Moriike Y, Suzuki Y, Umemura K, Nagai N. Repair of brain damage size and recovery of neurological dysfunction after ischemic stroke are different between strains in mice: evaluation using a novel ischemic stroke model. Exp Anim 2021; 70:344-354. [PMID: 33731549 PMCID: PMC8390305 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we established a novel murine ischemic brain damage model using a photochemical reaction to evaluate the recovery of neurological
dysfunction and brain repair reactions. In this model, reproducible damage was induced in the frontal lobe of the cortex, which was accompanied by neurological
dysfunction. Sequential changes in damage size, microglial accumulation, astrocyte activation, and neurological dysfunction were studied in C57BL/6J and BALB/c
mouse strains. Although the initial size of damage was comparable in both strains, the extent of damage was later reduced to a greater extent in C57BL/6J mice
than that in BALB/c mice. In addition, C57BL/6J mice showed later edema clearance until day 7, less microglial accumulation, and relatively more astrocyte
activation on day 7. Neurologic dysfunction was evaluated by three behavioral tests: the von Frey test, the balance beam test, and the tail suspension test. The
behavioral abnormalities evaluated by these tests were remarkable following the induction of damage and recovered by day 21 in both strains. However, the
abnormalities were more prominent and the recovery was later in C57BL/6J mice. These findings demonstrate that our novel ischemic stroke model is useful for
evaluating brain repair reactions and the recovery of neurological dysfunction in mice with different genetic backgrounds. In addition, we found that both the
brain repair reactions and the recovery of neurological dysfunction after comparable ischemic brain damage varied between strains; in that, they both occurred
later in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Matano
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yuuto Nojiri
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mizuki Nomura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Akira Masuda
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yuuki Moriike
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ohu University, 31-1 Sankaku-do, Tomita-cho, Kohriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handa-yama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3125, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nagai
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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Kyyriäinen J, Tapiala J, Lipponen A, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Pitkänen A. Plau/Plaur double-deficiency did not worsen lesion severity or vascular integrity after traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134935. [PMID: 32360936 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) to its ligand uPA or to its plasma membrane partner, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), promotes neuroprotection, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. Following injury, single deficiency in uPA or uPAR leads in increased tissue loss and compromised vascular remodeling. We hypothesized that double-deficiency of uPAR (Plaur) and uPA (Plau) would result in increased lesion area and poor vascular integrity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI was induced by lateral fluid-percussion injury in Plau/Plaur double-knockout (dKO) and wild-type (Wt) mice. The cortical lesion area was quantified in unfolded cortical maps prepared from thionin-stained sections at 4 d or 30 d post-TBI. The density of PDGFRβ+ pericytes and blood vessels was calculated from immunostained sections. Blood-brain barrier leakage was analyzed using ImageJ® from IgG-immunostained sections. Genotype had no effect on the total area of the cortical lesion at 4 d or 30 d post-TBI (p > 0.05) or its progression as the overall lesion area was comparable at 4 d and 30 d post-TBI in both genotypes (p > 0.05). Subfield analysis, however, indicated that damage to the visual cortex at 4 d post-TBI in dKO-TBI mice was 53 % of that in Wt-TBI mice (p < 0.05). Both genotypes had a higher density of PDGFRβ-positive pericytes at 4 d than at 30 d post-TBI (p < 0.05), but no genotype effect was detected between these time-points (p > 0.05). TBI-induced increase in the density of PDGFRβ+ blood vessels at the region adjacent to the lesion core was comparable in both genotypes (p > 0.05). Genotype had no effect on TBI-induced IgG leakage into the perilesional cortical parenchyma (p > 0.05). Contrary to our expectations, Plau/Plaur double-deficiency did not aggravate TBI-related structural outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jesse Tapiala
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Yew WP, Djukic ND, Jayaseelan JSP, Walker FR, Roos KAA, Chataway TK, Muyderman H, Sims NR. Early treatment with minocycline following stroke in rats improves functional recovery and differentially modifies responses of peri-infarct microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30626393 PMCID: PMC6325745 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered neuronal connectivity in peri-infarct tissue is an important contributor to both the spontaneous recovery of neurological function that commonly develops after stroke and improvements in recovery that have been induced by experimental treatments in animal models. Microglia and astrocytes are primary determinants of the environment in peri-infarct tissue and hence strongly influence the potential for neuronal plasticity. However, the specific roles of these cells and the timing of critical changes in their function are not well understood. Minocycline can protect against ischemic damage and promote recovery. These effects are usually attributed, at least partially, to the ability of this drug to suppress microglial activation. This study tested the ability of minocycline treatment early after stroke to modify reactive responses in microglia and astrocytes and improve recovery. METHODS Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. Minocycline was administered for 2 days after stroke induction and the effects on forelimb function assessed up to 28 days. The responses of peri-infarct Iba1-positive cells and astrocytes were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blots. RESULTS Initial characterization showed that the numbers of Iba1-positive microglia and macrophages decreased in peri-infarct tissue at 24 h then increased markedly over the next few days. Morphological changes characteristic of activation were readily apparent by 3 h and increased by 24 h. Minocycline treatment improved the rate of recovery of motor function as measured by a forelimb placing test but did not alter infarct volume. At 3 days, there were only minor effects on core features of peri-infarct microglial reactivity including the morphological changes and increased density of Iba1-positive cells. The treatment caused a decrease of 57% in the small subpopulation of cells that expressed CD68, a marker of phagocytosis. At 7 days, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin was markedly increased by minocycline treatment, indicating enhanced reactive astrogliosis. CONCLUSIONS Early post-stroke treatment with minocycline improved recovery but had little effect on key features of microglial activation. Both the decrease in CD68-positive cells and the increased activation of astrogliosis could influence neuronal plasticity and contribute to the improved recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ping Yew
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Natalia D Djukic
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jaya S P Jayaseelan
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl A A Roos
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy K Chataway
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Hakan Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Neil R Sims
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Liu Z, Xie J, Lin K, Qi L. Influencing mechanism of magnolol on expression of BDNF and Bax in rats with cerebral ischemic stroke. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4423-4428. [PMID: 30542392 PMCID: PMC6257771 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of magnolol on cerebral ischemic stroke in rats and the molecular mechanism were explored. Sprague-Dawley rat models were studied. Cerebral indexes, hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL staining assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were applied. The cerebral index in model group was significantly higher than that in sham operation group, and the cerebral index was obviously decreased after magnolol administration. Inflammatory cells accumulated in the brain tissue of rats in the model group. Abundant apoptotic cells were produced in the model group, which was overtly improved after rats were given magnolol. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that expression of mRNA and protein of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were distinctly decreased in model group, and increased after rats were given magnolol; while mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were significantly raised in model group, and reduced after rats were given magnolol. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in expression of BDNF and Bax among sham operation, model and magnolol administration groups (p<0.01). In conclusion, magnolol can increase the expression of BDNF and decrease the expression of Bax, thereby inhibiting apoptosis to protect the nerves, and magnolol can improve cerebral ischemic stroke in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Liu
- The Second Department of Neurosurgery, Xingtai People's Hospital, Xingtai, Hebei 054031, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongchuan People's Hospital, Tongchuan, Shaanxi 727000, P.R. China
| | - Kai Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong 252004, P.R. China
| | - Liguo Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong 271000, P.R. China
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Ohmori C, Sakai Y, Matano Y, Suzuki Y, Umemura K, Nagai N. Increase in blood-brain barrier permeability does not directly induce neuronal death but may accelerate ischemic neuronal damage. Exp Anim 2018; 67:479-486. [PMID: 29806621 PMCID: PMC6219879 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is observed that the increase in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability (BBBP) is
associated with ischemic stroke and thought to trigger neuronal damage and deteriorate
ischemic infarction, even though there is no experimental proof. Here, we investigated the
effect of BBBP increase on brain damage, using a combination of photochemically-induced
thrombotic brain damage (PIT-BD) model, a focal brain ischemic model, and transient
bilateral carotid artery occlusion model (CAO, a whole brain ischemic model), in mice. In
PIT-BD, BBBP increased in the region surrounding the ischemic damage from 4 h till 24 h
with a peak at 8 h. On day 4, the damaged did not expand to the region with BBBP increase
in mice with PIT-BD alone or with 30 min CAO at 1 h before PIT-BD, but expanded in mice
with 30 min CAO at 3.5 h after PIT-BD. This expansion was paralleled with the increase in
the number of apoptotic cells. These findings indicate that increase in BBBP does not
cause direct neuronal death, but it facilitates ischemic neuronal loss, which was
attributed, at least partially, to acceleration of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiemi Ohmori
- Department of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yasuki Matano
- Department of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, 31-1 Tomita-cho Aza Sankaku-do, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Nobuo Nagai
- Department of Animal Physiology, Division of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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Alaverdashvili M, Caine S, Li X, Hackett MJ, Bradley MP, Nichol H, Paterson PG. Protein-Energy Malnutrition Exacerbates Stroke-Induced Forelimb Abnormalities and Dampens Neuroinflammation. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:622-630. [PMID: 29397529 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) pre-existing at stroke onset is believed to worsen functional outcome, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Since brain inflammation is an important modulator of neurological recovery after stroke, we explored the impact of PEM on neuroinflammation in the acute period in relation to stroke-initiated sensori-motor abnormalities. Adult rats were fed a low-protein (LP) or normal protein (NP) diet for 28 days before inducing photothrombotic stroke (St) in the forelimb region of the motor cortex or sham surgery; the diets continued for 3 days after the stroke. Protein-energy status was assessed by a combination of body weight, food intake, serum acute phase proteins and corticosterone, and liver lipid content. Deficits in motor function were evaluated in the horizontal ladder walking and cylinder tasks at 3 days after stroke. The glial response and brain elemental signature were investigated by immunohistochemistry and micro-X-ray fluorescence imaging, respectively. The LP-fed rats reduced food intake, resulting in PEM. Pre-existing PEM augmented stroke-induced abnormalities in forelimb placement accuracy on the ladder; LP-St rats made more errors (29 ± 8%) than the NP-St rats (15 ± 3%; P < 0.05). This was accompanied by attenuated astrogliosis in the peri-infarct area by 18% and reduced microglia activation by up to 41 and 21% in the peri-infarct area and the infarct rim, respectively (P < 0.05). The LP diet altered the cortical Zn, Ca, and Cl signatures (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that proactive treatment of pre-existing PEM could be essential for optimal post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alaverdashvili
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Sally Caine
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Xue Li
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael P Bradley
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Helen Nichol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Phyllis G Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, D Wing Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Bolkvadze T, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Epileptogenesis after traumatic brain injury in Plaur-deficient mice. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 60:187-196. [PMID: 27208924 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Binding of the extracellular matrix proteinase urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor, uPAR, regulates tissue remodeling during development and after injury in different organs, including the brain. Accordingly, mutations in the Plaur gene, which encodes uPAR, have been linked to language deficits, autism, and epilepsy, both in mouse and human. Whether uPAR deficiency modulates epileptogenesis and comorbidogenesis after brain injury, however, is unknown. To address this question, we induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) by controlled cortical impact (CCI) in 10 wild-type (Wt-CCI) and 16 Plaur-deficient (uPAR-CCI) mice. Sham-operated mice served as controls (10 Wt-sham, 10 uPAR-sham). During the 4-month follow-up, the mice were neurophenotyped by assessing the somatomotor performance with the composite neuroscore test, emotional learning and memory with fear conditioning to tone and context, and epileptogenesis with videoelectroencephalography monitoring and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizure susceptibility test. At the end of the testing, the mice were perfused for histology to analyze cortical and hippocampal neurodegeneration and mossy fiber sprouting. Fourteen percent (1/7) of the mice in the Wt-CCI and 0% in the uPAR-CCI groups developed spontaneous seizures (p>0.05; chi-square). Both the Wt-CCI and uPAR-CCI groups showed increased seizure susceptibility in the PTZ test (p<0.05), impaired recovery of motor function (p<0.001), and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and cortex (p<0.05) compared with the corresponding sham-operated controls. Motor recovery and emotional learning showed a genotype effect, being more impaired in uPAR-CCI than in Wt-CCI mice (p<0.05). The findings of the present study indicate that uPAR deficiency does not increase susceptibility to epileptogenesis after CCI injury but has an unfavorable comorbidity-modifying effect after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamuna Bolkvadze
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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9
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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10
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Abeysinghe HCS, Bokhari L, Dusting GJ, Roulston CL. Brain remodelling following endothelin-1 induced stroke in conscious rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97007. [PMID: 24809543 PMCID: PMC4029108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of stroke damage in patients affects the range of subsequent pathophysiological responses that influence recovery. Here we investigate the effect of lesion size on development of new blood vessels as well as inflammation and scar formation and cellular responses within the subventricular zone (SVZ) following transient focal ischemia in rats (n = 34). Endothelin-1-induced stroke resulted in neurological deficits detected between 1 and 7 days (P<0.001), but significant recovery was observed beyond this time. MCID image analysis revealed varying degrees of damage in the ipsilateral cortex and striatum with infarct volumes ranging from 0.76–77 mm3 after 14 days, where larger infarct volumes correlated with greater functional deficits up to 7 days (r = 0.53, P<0.05). Point counting of blood vessels within consistent sample regions revealed that increased vessel numbers correlated significantly with larger infarct volumes 14 days post-stroke in the core cortical infarct (r = 0.81, P<0.0001), core striatal infarct (r = 0.91, P<0.005) and surrounding border zones (r = 0.66, P<0.005; and r = 0.73, P<0.05). Cell proliferation within the SVZ also increased with infarct size (P<0.01) with a greater number of Nestin/GFAP positive cells observed extending towards the border zone in rats with larger infarcts. Lesion size correlated with both increased microglia and astrocyte activation, with severely diffuse astrocyte transition, the formation of the glial scar being more pronounced in rats with larger infarcts. Thus stroke severity affects cell proliferation within the SVZ in response to injury, which may ultimately make a further contribution to glial scar formation, an important factor to consider when developing treatment strategies that promote neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima C. S. Abeysinghe
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Laita Bokhari
- Neurotrauma Research team, Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Dusting
- Cytoprotection Pharmacology Program, Centre for Eye Research, The Royal Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Opthamology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carli L. Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research team, Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Campus, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Hayasaka N, Nagai N, Kawao N, Niwa A, Yoshioka Y, Mori Y, Shigeta H, Kashiwagi N, Miyazawa M, Satou T, Higashino H, Matsuo O, Murakami T. In vivo diagnostic imaging using micro-CT: sequential and comparative evaluation of rodent models for hepatic/brain ischemia and stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32342. [PMID: 22384223 PMCID: PMC3285673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is an increasing need for animal disease models for pathophysiological research and efficient drug screening. However, one of the technical barriers to the effective use of the models is the difficulty of non-invasive and sequential monitoring of the same animals. Micro-CT is a powerful tool for serial diagnostic imaging of animal models. However, soft tissue contrast resolution, particularly in the brain, is insufficient for detailed analysis, unlike the current applications of CT in the clinical arena. We address the soft tissue contrast resolution issue in this report. Methodology We performed contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) on mouse models of experimental cerebral infarction and hepatic ischemia. Pathological changes in each lesion were quantified for two weeks by measuring the lesion volume or the ratio of high attenuation area (%HAA), indicative of increased vascular permeability. We also compared brain images of stroke rats and ischemic mice acquired with micro-CT to those acquired with 11.7-T micro-MRI. Histopathological analysis was performed to confirm the diagnosis by CECT. Principal Findings In the models of cerebral infarction, vascular permeability was increased from three days through one week after surgical initiation, which was also confirmed by Evans blue dye leakage. Measurement of volume and %HAA of the liver lesions demonstrated differences in the recovery process between mice with distinct genetic backgrounds. Comparison of CT and MR images acquired from the same stroke rats or ischemic mice indicated that accuracy of volumetric measurement, as well as spatial and contrast resolutions of CT images, was comparable to that obtained with MRI. The imaging results were also consistent with the histological data. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the CECT scanning method is useful in rodents for both quantitative and qualitative evaluations of pathologic lesions in tissues/organs including the brain, and is also suitable for longitudinal observation of the same animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hayasaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (NH); (TM)
| | - Nobuo Nagai
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsuko Niwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Biofunctional Imaging Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Biofunctional Imaging Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Nobuo Kashiwagi
- Department of Radiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Department of Immunology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takao Satou
- Department of Pathology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashino
- Department of Pharmacology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takamichi Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (NH); (TM)
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12
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Kawao N, Nagai N, Tamura Y, Horiuchi Y, Okumoto K, Okada K, Suzuki Y, Umemura K, Yano M, Ueshima S, Kaji H, Matsuo O. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen mediate activation of macrophage phagocytosis during liver repair in vivo. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:749-59. [PMID: 22318286 DOI: 10.1160/th11-08-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and plasminogen play a primary role in liver repair through the accumulation of macrophages and alteration of their phenotype. However, it is still unclear whether u-PA and plasminogen mediate the activation of macrophage phagocytosis during liver repair. Herein, we investigated the morphological changes in macrophages that accumulated at the edge of damaged tissue induced by a photochemical reaction or hepatic ischaemia-reperfusion in mice with u-PA ( u-PA-/- ) or plasminogen ( Plg-/- ) gene deficiency by using transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy. In wild-type mice, the macrophages aligned at the edge of the damaged tissue and extended a large number of long pseudopodia. These macrophages clearly engulfed cellular debris and showed well-developed organelles, including lysosome-like vacuoles, nuclei, and Golgi complexes. In wild-type mice, the distribution of the Golgi complex in these macrophages was biased towards the direction of the damaged tissue, indicating the extension of their pseudopodia in this direction. Conversely, in u-PA-/- and Plg-/- mice, the macrophages located at the edge of the damaged tissue had few pseudopodia and less developed organelles. The Golgi complex was randomly distributed in these macrophages in u-PA-/- mice. Furthermore, interferon γ and IL-4 were expressed at a low level at the border region of the damaged tissue in u-PA-/- mice. Our data provide novel evidence that u-PA and plasminogen are essential for the phagocytosis of cellular debris by macrophages during liver repair. Furthermore, u-PA plays a critical role in the induction of macrophage polarity by affecting the microenvironment at the edge of damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama 589-8511, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Abstract
To study spatiotemporal differences in vascular permeability, we histologically analysed tracer extravasation, neovessels and reactive astrocytes in a mouse ischaemic brain damage model. On day 1 after damage induction, the extravasation was not associated with the distribution of neovessels or reactive astrocytes. On day 7, the extravasation was limited within the infarct region in which neovessels, but not reactive astrocytes, were observed. However, the extravasation was not observed at peri-infarct region in which both neovessels and reactive astrocytes were observed, suggesting that neovessels had high permeability and reactive astrocytes prevented the extravasation from neovessels. Furthermore, the extravasation was denser in the regions near the surface than in those further in the infarct region, suggesting a spatial heterogeneity in neovascular permeability.
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14
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Kawao N, Nagai N, Tamura Y, Okada K, Yano M, Suzuki Y, Umemura K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator contributes to heterogeneity of macrophages at the border of damaged site during liver repair in mice. Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:892-900. [PMID: 21301782 DOI: 10.1160/th10-08-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) plays an important role in tissue remodelling through the activation of plasminogen in the liver, but its mechanisms are less well known. Here, we investigated the involvement of u-PA in the accumulation and phenotypic heterogeneity of macrophages at the damaged site during liver repair. After induction of liver injury by photochemical reaction in mice, the subsequent pathological responses and expression of phenotypic markers in activated macrophages were analysed histologically. Fibrinolytic activity at the damaged site was also examined by fibrin zymography. In wild-type mice, the extent of damage decreased gradually until day 14 and was associated with an accumulation of macrophages at the border of the damaged site. In addition, the macrophages that accumulated near the damaged tissue expressed CD206, a marker of highly phagocytic macrophages, on day 7. Further, macrophages that were adjacent to CD206-positive cells expressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a pro-inflammatory marker. u-PA activity increased at the damaged site on days 4 and 7, which distributed primarily at the border region. In contrast, in u-PA-deficient mice, the decrease in damage size and the accumulation of macrophages were impaired. Further, neither CD206 nor iNOS was expressed in the macrophages that accumulated at the border region in u-PA-deficient mice. Mice deficient for the gene encoding either u-PA receptor (u-PAR) or tissue-type plasminogen activator experienced normal recovery during liver repair. These data indicate that u-PA mediates the accumulation of macrophages and their phenotypic heterogeneity at the border of damaged sites through u-PAR-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawao
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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15
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Béjot Y, Prigent-Tessier A, Cachia C, Giroud M, Mossiat C, Bertrand N, Garnier P, Marie C. Time-dependent contribution of non neuronal cells to BDNF production after ischemic stroke in rats. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:102-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Systemic transplantation of embryonic stem cells accelerates brain lesion decrease and angiogenesis. Neuroreport 2010; 21:575-9. [PMID: 20431496 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32833a7d2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As stem cells can regenerate damaged tissue, their therapeutic potential on brain damage has been investigated. In this study, the effects of embryonic stem cell transplantation on brain damage were investigated by using a photochemically induced thrombotic brain damage model. Mice with systemic transplantation of embryonic stem cells expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein on day 1 showed a smaller brain lesion size on day 8 than the control mice. The smaller lesion was accompanied by the increase in the number of microvessels at the border of the damaged area. Inside and around the damaged lesion, no EGFP-positive cells were observed. These findings suggested that embryonic stem cell transplantation reduced the brain lesion through the acceleration of angiogenesis by endogenous endothelial cells.
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