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Zheng H, Wu H, Wang D, Wang S, Ji D, Liu X, Gao G, Su X, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Research progress of prodrugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116457. [PMID: 38704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that pharmacotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, existing drugs, including numerous natural products, encounter various challenges when applied in cerebral ischemia treatment. These challenges comprise poor brain absorption due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, limited water solubility, inadequate bioavailability, poor stability, and rapid metabolism. To address these issues, researchers have turned to prodrug strategies, aiming to mitigate or eliminate the adverse properties of parent drug molecules. In vivo metabolism or enzymatic reactions convert prodrugs into active parent drugs, thereby augmenting BBB permeability, improving bioavailability and stability, and reducing toxicity to normal tissues, ultimately aiming to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. This comprehensive review delves into multiple effective prodrug strategies, providing a detailed description of representative prodrugs developed over the past two decades. It underscores the potential of prodrug approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes of currently available drugs for cerebral ischemia. The publication of this review serves to enrich current research progress on prodrug strategies for the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, it seeks to offer valuable insights for pharmaceutical chemists in this field, offer guidance for the development of drugs for cerebral ischemia, and provide patients with safer and more effective drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongliang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
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CaMKIIα Signaling Is Required for the Neuroprotective Effects of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3370-3381. [PMID: 35305243 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease and most anti-AD drugs have failed in clinical trials; hence, it is urgent to find potentially effective drugs against AD. DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a compound extracted from celery seed and is a multiple-target drug. Several studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of NBP on cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms of NBP remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we found that NBP could alleviated the increase of intracellular Ca2+ and reversed down-regulation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase alpha (CaMKIIα) signaling and rescued neuronal apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells treated by Aβ oligomers. However, these neuroprotective effects of NBP on neuronal damage and CaMKIIα signaling were abolished when CaMKIIα expression was knocked down or its activity was inhibited. Thus, our findings suggested that CaMKIIα signaling was required for the neuroprotective effects of NBP in AD and provided an improved basis for elucidating the mechanism and treatment of NBP in AD.
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Rolle J, Asante DO, Kok-Fong LL, Boucetta H, Seidu TA, Tai LLK, Alolga RN. Jatrorrhizine: a review of its pharmacological effects. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:709-719. [PMID: 33822109 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Jatrorrhizine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in medicinal plants. It is the main bioactive compound of the Chinese herbs, Coptis chinensis, Rhizoma coptidis, and Phellodendron chinense Schneid, plants that are predominantly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of metabolic disorders, gastritis, stomachache among a host of others. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the pharmacological effects of jatrorrhizine, proffer suggestions on research areas that need redress and potentially serve as a reference for future studies. KEY FINDINGS Published scientific literature was therefore retrieved from all credible sources including Pubmed, Elsevier, Research Gate, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Europe PMC and Wiley Online library using key words such as 'jatrorrhizine', 'botanical sources', 'pharmacology', 'toxicology', 'pharmacokinetics' or their combinations. A cursory examination of relevant scientific literature using the aforementioned key words produced more than 400 publications. CONCLUSIONS Using an inclusion/exclusion criteria the subject matter of this review was adequately addressed. It is our hope that this review will provide a good platform for further research on fully harnessing the potential of this bioactive compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janiqua Rolle
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dorothy O Asante
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linsey L Kok-Fong
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hamza Boucetta
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Theodora A Seidu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lesieli L K Tai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Raphael N Alolga
- Department of Pharmacognosy, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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dos Reis Teixeira A, Teixeira RR, Ribeiro IML, Pereira WL, Manhabosco TM, de Brito ACF, Oliveira LAM, Coelho Nogueira KDOP. Association of electroanalytical and spectrophotometric methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of isobenzofuranone in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Marco-Contelles J, Zhang Y. From Seeds of Apium graveolens Linn. to a Cerebral Ischemia Medicine: The Long Journey of 3- n-Butylphthalide. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12485-12510. [PMID: 32672958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) as well as its derivatives and analogues (NBPs), in racemic or enantiomerically pure forms, possess potent and diverse pharmacological properties and have shown a great potential therapeutic interest for many human conditions, especially for cerebral ischemia. This Perspective outlines the synthesis and therapeutic applications of NBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.,Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
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Use of l-3-n-Butylphthalide within 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis for acute cerebral infarction. Complement Ther Med 2020; 52:102442. [PMID: 32951710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Observe the clinical efficacy of l-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients within 24 h after intravenous thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (hereafter termed "IT"). METHODS One-hundred and seventy-eight patients with AIS were divided randomly into two groups: NBP and control. The former was given a NBP injection within 24 h after IT. After intravenous injection of NBP for 8-10 days, patients switched to soft capsules of NBP before or during meals. NBP treatment was continued for ≥30 days after hospital discharge. In the control group, NBP was not injected within 24 h after IT, and NBP capsules were not given after 8-10 days. Both groups were reviewed for CT or MRI 24 h after IT. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was calculated. The number of patients with a modified Rankin scale (mRS) 0-2 before, 24 h, and 90 days after IT was documented. Prevalence of cerebral hemorrhage and reocclusion of blood vessels after IT was calculated. RESULTS There were no differences in sex, age, blood pressure, blood glucose, or cerebral-infarction types between the two groups before treatment. The NIHSS score 24 h after IT and the percentage of mRS scores 0-2 were not significantly different between the two groups. Compared with the control group, the NIHSS score in the NBP group was significantly improved at 90 days, and the number of patients with a mRS score 0-2 increased significantly. There was no significant difference in hemorrhage prevalence after IT between the two groups. Prevalence of blood-vessel occlusion after IT was significantly lower in the NBP group than that in the control group. CONCLUSION Use of NBP within 24 h after IT can reduce the prevalence of reocclusion of blood vessels without increasing the risk of cerebral hemorrhage.
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Huang L, Wang S, Ma F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Xing C, Feng Y, Wang X, Peng Y. From stroke to neurodegenerative diseases: The multi-target neuroprotective effects of 3-n-butylphthalide and its derivatives. Pharmacol Res 2018; 135:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gao Y, Li M, Wang Y, Li Z, Fan C, Wang Z, Cao X, Chang J, Qiao H. Protective Effects of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-Hydroxypentyl) Benzoate in a Rodent Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:691. [PMID: 29021761 PMCID: PMC5623681 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to explore the protective effects of sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (brand name: brozopine, BZP) in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia. The rat model was established using a modified Winocur's method; close postoperative observation was conducted at all times. Neurological function was detected through prehensile traction and beam-walking test. BZP reduced mortality and prolonged the survival time of rats with global cerebral ischemia, within 24 h. There was a decreased survival rate (60%) in the Model group, while the survival rate of the BZP (3 and 12 mg/kg) remarkably increased the survival rate (to 80 and 90%, respectively), in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the Model group (survival time: 18.50 h), the administration of BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) prolonged the survival time (to 20.38, 21.85, and 23.90 h, respectively), particularly in BZP 12 mg/kg group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the BZP (12 mg/kg) group exhibited an improvement in their motor function (P < 0.05). The BZP groups (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) displayed significantly reduced necrosis and the percentage of apoptotic cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). Compared with Model group, BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) increased the NeuN optical density values (P < 0.01). Rats with global ischemia had a high expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio compared with sham group (P < 0.01). BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg), however, reduced the expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). There was low expression of p-Akt and PI3K in Model group, compared with the sham group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, BZP (0.75, 3, and 12 mg/kg) increased the expression of p-Akt and PI3K in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). We also found the expression of Cyt-c, caspase-3, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, PI3K, p-Akt, and comprehensive score were directly related. In conclusion, BZP had therapeutic potential and prevented stroke in rat model of global cerebral ischemia. The underlying mechanisms may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis and activation of the survival-signaling-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengqi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Fan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hailing Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang XD, Cen ZD, Cheng HP, Shi K, Bai J, Xie F, Wu HW, Li BB, Luo W. L-3-n-Butylphthalide Protects HSPB8 K141N Mutation-Induced Oxidative Stress by Modulating the Mitochondrial Apoptotic and Nrf2 Pathways. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:402. [PMID: 28747872 PMCID: PMC5506380 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is the most common inherited peripheral nerve disorder. Missense mutations, such as K141N, in the small heat shock protein HSPB8 are known to cause distal hereditary motor neuropathy 2A (dHMN2A) or Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2L (CMT2L). However, of critical clinical significance, very few specific therapies for this disease exist. In the present study, we investigated the impact of mutant K141N HSPB8 on mitochondrial distribution and function in a cellular model of CMT2L. Our results indicate that K141N HSPB8 induced mitochondrial aggregation and caused increased oxidative stress injury. As an extraction from Chinese celery Apium graveolens Linn seeds, L-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), has been reported to exert many neuroprotective effects, we interrogated whether NBP could elicit a protective effect on the cell injury typically caused by HSPB8 K141N mutations. We found NBP could reverse the pathological processes induced by HSPB8 K141N mutation via an antioxidant effect, modulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 mitochondrial apoptotic and Nrf2 pathways. We propose a novel function of HSPB8, highlighting the consequence of the K141N pathogenic mutation. Furthermore, we suggest NBP may have promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of CMT2L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Cen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicago, IL, United States
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao No.8 People's HospitalQingdao, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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Tian X, Li HM, Wei JY, Liu BJ, Zhang YH, Wang GJ, Chang JB, Qiao HL. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Plasma Protein Binding of Sodium (±)-5-Bromo-2-(α-Hydroxypentyl) Benzoate (BZP), an Innovative Potent Anti-ischemic Stroke Agent. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:255. [PMID: 27588003 PMCID: PMC4990024 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium (±)-5-bromo-2-(α-hydroxypentyl) benzoate (BZP) is a potential cardiovascular drug and exerts potent neuroprotective effect against transient and long-term ischemic stroke in rats. BZP could convert into 3-butyl-6-bromo-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (Br-NBP) in vitro and in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic profiles of BZP and Br-NBP still have not been evaluated. For the purpose of investigating the pharmacokinetic profiles, tissue distribution, and plasma protein binding of BZP and Br-NBP, a rapid, sensitive, and specific method based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for determination of BZP and Br-NBP in biological samples. The results indicated that BZP and Br-NBP showed a short elimination half-life, and pharmacokinetic profile in rats (3, 6, and 12 mg/kg; i.v.) and beagle dogs (1, 2, and 4 mg/kg; i.v.gtt) were obtained after single dosing of BZP. After multiple dosing of BZP, there was no significant accumulation of BZP and Br-NBP in the plasma of rats and beagle dogs. Following i.v. single dose (6 mg/kg) of BZP to rats, BZP and Br-NBP were distributed rapidly into all tissues examined, with the highest concentrations of BZP and Br-NBP in lung and kidney, respectively. The brain distribution of Br-NBP in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats was more than in normal rats (P < 0.05). The plasma protein binding degree of BZP at three concentrations (8000, 20,000, and 80,000 ng/mL) from rat, beagle dog, and human plasma were 98.1–98.7, 88.9–92.7, and 74.8–83.7% respectively. In conclusion, both BZP and Br-NBP showed short half-life, good dose-linear pharmacokinetic profile, wide tissue distribution, and different degree protein binding to various species plasma. This was the first preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation of BZP and Br-NBP in both rats and beagle dogs, which provided vital guidance for further preclinical research and the subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityHenan, China
| | - Hong-Meng Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jing-Yao Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Bing-Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gao-Ju Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
| | - Jun-Biao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ling Qiao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhengzhou University Henan, China
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Guimarães CC, Oliveira DD, Valdevite M, Saltoratto ALF, Pereira SIV, França SDC, Pereira AMS, Pereira PS. The glycosylated flavonoids vitexin, isovitexin, and quercetrin isolated from Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) leaves protect PC12 cells against amyloid-β 25-35 peptide-induced toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Enhanced oral bioavailability of 6-bromo-3-n-butylphthalide by self-nanoemulsifying system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bian YY, Guo J, Majeed H, Zhu KX, Guo XN, Peng W, Zhou HM. Ferulic acid renders protection to HEK293 cells against oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:722-9. [PMID: 25678463 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of antioxidants has been considered as an important and effective approach against conditions in which oxidative stress occurs. Especially, ferulic acid (FA) is an important antioxidant which exerts potency against cellular damage in the presence of oxidants. In the current study, the resistance effect of FA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-stressed human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK293) in vitro was investigated. FA (1 mM) increased HEK293 cells' viability and significantly reduced H2O2-induced cellular apoptosis, which was confirmed with flow cytometry and morphological results. Cell cycle analysis indicated low percentage of sub-G0 population of FA-treated HEK293 cells that confirmed its resistance effect. The FA-treated HEK293 cells followed by H2O2 exposure resulted in decreased ROS levels compared to control (H2O2-treated only). The results indicated that pretreatment of FA on cell prior to H2O2 exposure could significantly improve cell survival and increase catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. On the other hand, reduction in the levels of MDA and ROS was obvious. It can be concluded that FA may protect HEK293 cells from injury induced by H2O2 through regulation of intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities and cell cycle distribution. The reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential was also inhibited by FA treatment. These results suggested the importance of naturally occurring antioxidants such as FA in therapeutic intervention methodology against oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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14
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Bian YY, Guo J, Zhu KX, Guo XN, Peng W, Zhou HM. Resistance investigation of wheat bran polyphenols extracts on HEK293 cells against oxidative damage. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13602k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cellular injury in a variety of clinical abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Ke-Xue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
| | - Hui-Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi-214122, PR China
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15
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Di Matteo L, Christodoulakis O, Filosa R, De Caprariis P, Di Mola A, Vasca E, Massa A. New chelating agents for Cu(II), Fe(III), Al(III), and Zn(II) based on β-diketonate-3-substituted phthalide (isobenzofuranone) and isoindolinone. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.939075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo De Caprariis
- Dipartimento di Farmacia/DIFARMA, Università di Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonia Di Mola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vasca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonio Massa
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno , Fisciano, Italy
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Cytoprotective propensity of Bacopa monniera against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in neuronal and lung epithelial cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:157-172. [PMID: 25062987 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during oxidative stress, is toxic to the cells. Hence, H2O2 has been extensively used to study the effects of antioxidant and cytoprotective role of phytochemicals. In the present investigation H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress via ROS production within PC12 and L132 cells. Cytoprotective propensity of Bacopa monniera extract (BME) was confirmed by cell viability assays, ROS estimation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondria membrane potential assay, comet assay followed by gene expression studies of antioxidant enzymes in PC12 and L132 cells treated with H2O2 for 24 h with or without BME pre-treatment. Our results elucidate that BME possesses radical scavenging activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radicals. The IC50 value of BME against these radicals was found to be 226.19, 15.17, 30.07, and 34.55 µg/ml, respectively). The IC50 of BME against ROS, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation was found to be 1296.53, 753.22, and 589.04 µg/ml in brain and 1137.08, 1079.65, and 11101.25 µg/ml in lung tissues, respectively. Further cytoprotective potency of the BME ameliorated the mitochondrial and plasma membrane damage induced by H2O2 as evidenced by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays in both PC12 and L132 cells. H2O2 induced cellular, nuclear and mitochondrial membrane damage was restored by BME pre-treatment. H2O2 induced depleted antioxidant status was also replenished by BME pre-treatment. This was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blot studies. These results justify the traditional usage of BME based on its promising antioxidant and cytoprotective property.
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Tian X, Sui S, Huang J, Bai JP, Ren TS, Zhao QC. Neuroprotective effects of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, JNK and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in PC12 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:189-198. [PMID: 24956398 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that glutamate-induced oxidative stress can lead to neuronal cell death involved in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, protective effects of ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of Arctium lappa L. roots against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells were evaluated. Also, the effects of EAE on antioxidant system, mitochondrial pathway, and signal transduction pathway were explored. Pretreatment with EAE significantly increased cell viability, activities of GSH-Px and SOD, mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced LDH leakage, ROS formation, and nuclear condensation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, western blot results revealed that EAE increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and inhibited the up-regulation of caspase-3, release of cytochrome c, phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2). Therefore, our results indicate that EAE may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases implicated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tian
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Shuang Sui
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jun-Peng Bai
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian-Shu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110840, China.
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18
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Si CL, Shen T, Jiang YY, Wu L, Yu GJ, Ren XD, Xu GH, Hu WC. Antioxidant properties and neuroprotective effects of isocampneoside II on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:145-52. [PMID: 23770344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been considered as a major cause of cell damage in various neurodegenerative disorders. One of the reasonable strategies for delaying the disease's progression is to prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cellular injury by dietary or pharmaceutical augmentation of free radical scavengers. Isocampneoside II (ICD) is an active phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from the medicinal hardwood genus Paulownia. This study was designed to explore free radical scavenging potential of ICD in different in vitro systems and its protective role in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress and apoptotic death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed ICD eliminated approximately 80.75% superoxide radical at the concentration of 0.1mg/ml and inhibited metal chelating by 22.07% at 8 mg/ml. Additionally, ICD showed a strong ability on reducing power and provided protection against oxidative protein damage induced by hydroxyl radicals. Pretreatment of PC12 cells with ICD prior to H₂O₂ exposure elevated cell viability, enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and decreased levels of malondialdehyde and intracellular ROS. Furthermore, ICD inhibited cell apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio induced by H₂O₂. These findings suggested ICD may be considered as a potential antioxidant agent and should encourage for further research in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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19
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Yan GR, Zhou HH, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Tan ZL, Wang Y, He QY. Protective effects of andrographolide analogue AL-1 on ROS-induced RIN-mβ cell death by inducing ROS generation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63656. [PMID: 23750203 PMCID: PMC3672203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is considered to be a major factor contributing to pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. A novel andrographolide-lipoic acid conjugate (AL-1) could protect pancreatic β-cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative injury. However, its protective mechanism is still unclear. In this work, we used proteomics to identify AL-1-regulated proteins in β-cells and found that 13 of the 71 proteins regulated by AL-1 were closely associated with antioxidation. These differential proteins were mainly involved in the ERK1/2 and AKT1 signaling pathways. Functional investigation demonstrated that AL-1 exerted its protective effects on H2O2-induced cell death of β-cells by generating NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS to activate ERK1/2 and AKT1 signaling pathways. As a consequence, the expressions of antioxidant proteins including Trx1, Prx1 and Prx5, and anti-apoptotic proteins including PDCD6IP, prohibitin, galectin-1 and HSP were upregulated. AL-1 probably worked as a “vaccinum” to activate the cellular antioxidant system by inducing the generation of low concentration ROS which then reciprocally protected β-cells from oxidative damage caused by high-level ROS from H2O2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive proteomic analysis illustrating a novel molecular mechanism for the protective effects of antioxidants on β-cells from H2O2-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Rong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GRY); (QYH)
| | - Hui-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Lu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuqiang Wang
- Institute of New Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (GRY); (QYH)
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20
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Bin J, Wang Q, Zhuo YY, Xu JP, Zhang HT. Piperphentonamine (PPTA) attenuated cerebral ischemia-induced memory deficits via neuroprotection associated with anti-apoptotic activity. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:495-505. [PMID: 22843383 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The calcium sensitizers levosimendan and piperphentonamine hydrochloride (PPTA) are used as cardiovascular drugs for treatment of heart failure. Given that levosimendan has been reported to exhibit a neuroprotective profile in a model of traumatic brain injury, it was interesting to know whether PPTA, a new calcium sensitizer recently developed in China, exerts a similar effect. The objective of this study was to determine whether PPTA exhibited neuroprotective effects and whether these properties were associated with memory. Four-vessel occlusion (4-VO) was used to induce global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats treated with or without PPTA (5, 10 mg/kg, i.p., 2 h after the onset of reperfusion and then once a day for 15 consecutive days). Memory was measured using the step-through passive avoidance test. Neurochemical changes were examined in rat PC12 cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 4 h followed by reoxygenation (OGD-R) for 24 h, in the absence or presence of PPTA. In vehicle-treated animals, 4-VO for 10 min produced memory deficits, as demonstrated by decreased retention in step-through passive avoidance, and massive neuron loss in the hippocampal CA1 subregion. These effects were attenuated by PPTA. The results were consistent with those observed in PC12 cells. PPTA treatment increased cell viability, as indicated by MTT assay, inhibited apoptosis, and decreased extracellular lactate dehydrogenase levels in Na(2)S(2)O(4)-treated PC12 cells. These results provide novel demonstration for the ability of PPTA to attenuate cerebral ischemia-induced memory deficits via neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The neuroprotective effect of PPTA appears to be associated with its anti-apoptotic activity. PPTA has the therapeutic potential for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
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21
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Ma S, Liu H, Jiao H, Wang L, Chen L, Liang J, Zhao M, Zhang X. Neuroprotective effect of ginkgolide K on glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells via inhibition of ROS generation and Ca(2+) influx. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:59-69. [PMID: 22120026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia disease. [Ca(2+)](i) influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are considered to be involved in glutamate-induced apoptosis process. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ginkgolide K in the glutamate-induced rat's adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12 cells) and the possible mechanism. Glutamate cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells was accompanied by an increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, as well as Ca(2+) influx, bax/bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 protein and ROS generation, and reduction of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, treatment with glutamate alone resulted in decrease activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity. However, pretreatment with ginkgolide K significantly reduced MDA content, LDH release, as well as Ca(2+) influx, cytochrome c release, bax/bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 protein and ROS production, and attenuated the decrease of cells viability and MMP. In addition, ginkgolide K remarkedly up-regulated SOD and GSH-PX activities. All these findings indicated that ginkgolide K protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx and ROS production. Therefore, the present study supports the notion that ginkgolide K may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Ma
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
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22
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Ma F, Gao Y, Qiao H, Hu X, Chang J. Antiplatelet activity of 3-butyl-6-bromo-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone on rat platelet aggregation. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 33:64-73. [PMID: 22057435 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-011-0647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Neuroprotective effect of Jatrorrhizine on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell injury and its potential mechanisms in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:227-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Li WW, Gao XM, Wang XM, Guo H, Zhang BL. Icariin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity through inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK/p38 MAPK and p53 activity. Mutat Res 2011; 708:1-10. [PMID: 21236269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prominent damages caused by H(2)O(2) include the ruin of membrane integrity, loss of intracellular neuronal glutathione (GSH), oxidative damage to DNA as well as the subsequent caspase-3 and p53 activation. Icariin is a flavonoid extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. We have previously reported that icariin has a good curative effect on patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD animal and cell models. However, the molecular mechanism of how icariin exerts neuroprotective effects is still not well understood. To address this question, we exposed undifferentiated neuronal cell lines (PC12 cells) to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and investigated the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of icariin. Vitamin E was used as a positive control. We observed that H(2)O(2) activated the JNK/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induced PC12 cells apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. More over, we demonstrated that icariin protected PC12 cells by attenuating LDH leakage, reducing GSH depletion, preventing DNA oxidation damage and inhibiting subsequent activation of caspase-3 and p53, which are the main targets of H(2)O(2)-induced cell damage. In addition, we also found that icariin's neuroprotective effect may partly correlate with its inhibitory effect on JNK/p38 MAPK pathways. Therefore, our findings suggest that icariin is a candidate for a novel neuroprotective drug to against oxidative-stress induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Li
- Integrated Laboratory of TCM and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, NO. 8, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 10034, China
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