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Rashid A, Roatta S. Hemodynamic changes in the temporalis and masseter muscles during acute stress in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1217-1226. [PMID: 37973651 PMCID: PMC10954966 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autonomic control of orofacial areas is an integral part of the stress response, controlling functions such as pupil dilatation, salivation, and skin blood flow. However, the specific control of blood flow in head muscles during stress is unknown. This study aims to investigate the hemodynamic response of temporalis and masseter muscles in response to five different stressors. METHODS Sixteen healthy individuals were subjected to a randomized series of stressors, including cold pressor test, mental arithmetic test, apnea, isometric handgrip, and post-handgrip muscle ischemia, while in the sitting posture. Finger-pulse photoplethysmography was used to measure arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac output. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in tissue oxygenation and hemoglobin indices from the temporalis and masseter muscles. RESULTS All stressors effectively and significantly increased arterial blood pressure. Tissue oxygenation index significantly increased in both investigated head muscles during mental arithmetic test (temporalis: 4.22 ± 3.52%; masseter: 3.43 ± 3.63%) and isometric handgrip (temporalis: 3.45 ± 3.09%; masseter: 3.26 ± 3.07%), suggesting increased muscle blood flow. Neither the masseter nor the temporalis muscles evidenced a vasoconstrictive response to any of the stressors tested. CONCLUSION In the different conditions, temporalis and masseter muscles exhibited similar hemodynamic patterns of response, which do not include the marked vasoconstriction generally observed in limb muscles. The peculiar sympathetic control of head muscles is possibly related to the involvement of these muscles in aggressive/defensive reactions and/or to their unfavorable position with regard to hydrostatic blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Rashid
- Lab of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvestro Roatta
- Lab of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Okada Y, Sato T, Islam ST, Ohke H, Saitoh M, Ishii H. Site-specific autonomic vasomotor responses and their interactions in rat gingiva. Microvasc Res 2024; 152:104646. [PMID: 38092222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow in the gingiva, comprising the interdental papilla as well as attached and marginal gingiva, is important for maintaining of gingival function and is modulated by risk factors such as stress that may lead to periodontal disease. Marked blood flow changes mediated by the autonomic (parasympathetic and sympathetic) nervous system may be essential for gingival hemodynamics. However, differences in autonomic vasomotor responses and their functional significance in different parts of the gingiva are unclear. We examined the differences in autonomic vasomotor responses and their interactions in the gingiva of anesthetized rats. Parasympathetic vasodilation evoked by the trigeminal (lingual nerve)-mediated reflex elicited frequency-dependent blood flow increases in gingivae, with the increases being greatest in the interdental papilla. Parasympathetic blood flow increases were significantly reduced by intravenous administration of the atropine and VIP antagonist. The blood flow increase evoked by acetylcholine administration was higher in the interdental papilla than in the attached gingiva, whereas that evoked by VIP agonist administration was greater in the attached gingiva than in the interdental papilla. Activation of the cervical sympathetic nerves decreased gingival blood flow and inhibited parasympathetically induced blood flow increases. Our results suggest that trigeminal-parasympathetic reflex vasodilation 1) is more involved in the regulation of blood flow in the interdental papilla than in the other parts of the gingiva, 2) is mediated by cholinergic (interdental papilla) and VIPergic systems (attached gingiva), and 3) is inhibited by excess sympathetic activity. These results suggest a role in the etiology of periodontal diseases during mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunosuke Okada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Syed Taufiqul Islam
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hanako Ohke
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Ishii
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Differences in the regulatory mechanism of blood flow in the orofacial area mediated by neural and humoral systems. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:109-124. [PMID: 36436073 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Marked blood flow (BF) changes mediated by the autonomic neural and humoral systems may be important for orofacial hemodynamics and functions. However, it remains questionable whether differences in the autonomic vasomotor responses mediated by neural and humoral systems exist in the orofacial area. This study examined whether there are differences in changes in the BF and vascular conductance (VC) between the masseter muscle and lower lip mediated by autonomic neural and humoral systems in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve elicited BF increases in the masseter (mainly cholinergic) and lower lip (mainly non-cholinergic), accompanied by an increase in arterial blood pressure (ABP), while cervical sympathetic trunk stimulation consistently decreased BF at both sites. The lingual nerve stimulation induced a biphasic change in the VC in the masseter, consisting of an initial decrease and a successive increase. This decrease in VC was positively correlated with changes in ABP and diminished by guanethidine. Cervical vagus nerve stimulation also induced BF increases at both sites; the increases were greater in the masseter than in the lower lip. Adrenal nerve stimulation and isoproterenol administration induced BF increases in the masseter but not in the lower lip. These results indicate that cholinergic parasympathetic-mediated hemodynamics evoked by trigeminal somatosensory inputs are closely related to ABP changes. The sympathetic nervous system, including the sympathoadrenal system and visceral inputs, may be more involved in hemodynamics in the muscles than in epithelial tissues in the orofacial area.
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Rashid A, Roatta S. Differential control of blood flow in masseter and biceps brachii muscles during stress. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 141:105490. [PMID: 35759826 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare sympathetic hemodynamic effects in masticatory and limb muscles in response to different stressors. DESIGN Twelve healthy participants were subjected to a randomized series of stressors, including cold pressor test (CPT), mental arithmetic test, apnea, isometric handgrip (IHG) and post-handgrip muscle ischemia (PHGMI), while in the supine position. Spatially-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure relative changes in blood volume and oxygenation (TOI) of the resting masseter and biceps muscles. Cardiac output, heart rate, and arterial blood pressure (ABP) were also monitored. RESULTS Except apnea, all tests increased ABP. Different response patterns were observed in the 2 muscles: TOI significantly increased during contralateral IHG (1.24 ± 1.17%) but markedly decreased during CPT (-4.84 ± 4.09%) and PHGMI (-6.65 ± 5.31%) in the biceps muscle, while exhibiting consistent increases in the masseter (1.88 ± 1.85%; 1.60 ± 1.75%; 1.06 ± 3.29%, respectively) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results allow us to infer differential control of blood flow in head and limb muscles. In general, the masseter appears more prone to dilatation than the biceps, exhibiting opposite changes in response to painful stimuli (CPT and PHGMI). Several mechanisms may mediate this effect, including reduced sympathetic outflow to the extracranial vasculature of the head, generally exposed to lower hydrostatic loads than the rest of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Rashid
- Lab of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvestro Roatta
- Lab of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Mito K, Sato T, Ishikawa R, Ramadhani R, Okada Y, Hirohata Y, Saito T, Ishii H. Age-related decrease of cholinergic parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the rat masseter muscle. Microvasc Res 2021; 138:104214. [PMID: 34217740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle hemodynamics, including that in jaw muscles, is an important in their functions and is modulated by aging. Marked blood flow increases mediated by parasympathetic vasodilation may be important for blood flow in the masseter muscle (MBF); however, the relationship between parasympathetic vasodilation and aging is unclear. We examined the effect of aging on parasympathetic vasodilation evoked by trigeminal afferent inputs and their mechanisms by investigating the MBF during stimulation of the lingual nerve (LN) in young and old urethane-anesthetized and vago-sympathectomized rats. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the LN elicited intensity- and frequency-dependent increases in MBF in young rats, while these increases were significantly reduced in old rats. Increases in the MBF evoked by LN stimulation in the young rats were greatly reduced by hexamethonium and atropine administration. Increases in MBF in young rats were produced by exogenous acetylcholine in a dose-dependent manner, whereas acetylcholine did not influence the MBF in old rats. Significant levels of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 1 (MR1) and type 3 (MR3) mRNA were observed in the masseter muscle in young rats, but not in old rats. Our results indicate that cholinergic parasympathetic reflex vasodilation evoked by trigeminal afferent inputs to the masseter muscle is reduced by aging and that this reduction may be mediated by suppression of the expression of MR1 and MR3 in the masseter muscle with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Mito
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiya Sato
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Rina Ishikawa
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ratna Ramadhani
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Okada
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirohata
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Saito
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Ishii
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Interactions between β-adrenergic vasodilation and cervical sympathetic nerves are mediated by α 2-adrenoceptors in the rat masseter muscle. J Physiol Sci 2016; 67:699-709. [PMID: 27826897 PMCID: PMC5910521 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0499-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neural and humoral autonomic mechanisms may be important in the maintenance of blood flow in the masseter muscle (MBF). However, their interactions remain unclear. In this study, we examined interactions between neural and humoral regulation of MBF and investigated the mechanisms mediating these interactions in urethane-anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the adrenal nerve (AN) projecting to the adrenal medulla increased MBF, and this increase was mediated by β-adrenoceptors. Sectioning of the superior cervical sympathetic trunk (CST) significantly inhibited increases in MBF induced by AN stimulation during high activity in the CST, but not during low activity. AN stimulation with clonidine after CST sectioning induced a significant increased in MBF, however phenylephrine had no observable effect. Pretreatment with yohimbine or propranolol significantly inhibited the increase in the MBF. Our results suggest an interaction between β-adrenergic vasodilation evoked by circulating adrenaline and the cervical sympathetic nerves that is mediated by α2-adrenoceptors in the masseter muscle.
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Ohmure H, Sakoguchi Y, Nagayama K, Numata M, Tsubouchi H, Miyawaki S. Influence of experimental oesophageal acidification on masseter muscle activity, cervicofacial behaviour and autonomic nervous activity in wakefulness. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41:423-31. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ohmure
- Department of Orthodontics; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - Y. Sakoguchi
- Department of Orthodontics; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - K. Nagayama
- Department of Orthodontics; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
| | - M. Numata
- Division of Endoscopy; Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Hospital; Kagoshima Japan
| | | | - S. Miyawaki
- Department of Orthodontics; Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Kagoshima Japan
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Parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the cerebral hemodynamics of rats. J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:385-99. [PMID: 24504265 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the regulation of the cerebral hemodynamics, and whether GABAA receptors modulate the response. We examined the effects of activation of the parasympathetic fibers through trigeminal afferent inputs on blood flow in the internal carotid artery (ICABF) and the cerebral blood vessels (rCBF) in parietal cortex in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve (LN) elicited intensity- and frequency-dependent increases in ICABF that were independent of changes in external carotid artery blood flow. Increases in ICABF were elicited by LN stimulation regardless of the presence or absence of sympathetic innervation. The ICABF increases evoked by LN stimulation were almost abolished by the intravenous administration of hexamethonium (10 mg kg(-1)) and were reduced significantly by atropine administration (0.1 mg kg(-1)). Although the LN stimulation alone had no significant effect on rCBF, LN stimulation in combination with a blocker of the GABAA receptor pentylenetetrazole increased the rCBF markedly. This increase in rCBF was reduced significantly by the administration of hexamethonium and atropine. These observations indicate that the increases in both ICABF and rCBF are evoked by parasympathetic activation via the trigeminal-mediated reflex. The rCBF increase evoked by LN stimulation is thought to be limited by the GABAA receptors in the central nervous system. These results suggest that the parasympathetic reflex vasodilation and its modulation mediated by GABA receptors within synaptic transmission in the brainstem are involved in the regulation of the cerebral hemodynamics during trigeminal afferent inputs.
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Ishii H, Izumi H. GABAB receptors in the NTS mediate the inhibitory effect of trigeminal nociceptive inputs on parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the rat masseter muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R776-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00569.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether trigeminal nociceptive inputs are involved in the modulation of parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the jaw muscles. This was accomplished by investigating the effects of noxious stimulation to the orofacial area with capsaicin, and by microinjecting GABAA and GABAB receptor agonists or antagonists into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), on masseter hemodynamics in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the cervical vagus nerve (cVN) in sympathectomized animals bilaterally increased blood flow in the masseter muscle (MBF). Increases in MBF evoked by cVN stimulation were markedly reduced following injection of capsaicin into the anterior tongue in the distribution of the lingual nerve or lower lip, but not when injected into the skin of the dorsum of the foot. Intravenous administration of either phentolamine or propranolol had no effect on the inhibitory effects of capsaicin injection on the increases of MBF evoked by cVN stimulation, which were largely abolished by microinjecting the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen into the NTS. Microinjection of the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP-35348 into the NTS markedly attenuated the capsaicin-induced inhibition of MBF increase evoked by cVN stimulation, while microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline did not. Our results indicate that trigeminal nociceptive inputs inhibit vagal-parasympathetic reflex vasodilation in the masseter muscle and suggest that the activation of GABAB rather than GABAA receptors underlies the observed inhibition in the NTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayoshi Ishii
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izumi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
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