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Costa AR, Tavares I, Martins I. How do opioids control pain circuits in the brainstem during opioid-induced disorders and in chronic pain? Implications for the treatment of chronic pain. Pain 2024; 165:324-336. [PMID: 37578500 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Brainstem areas involved in descending pain modulation are crucial for the analgesic actions of opioids. However, the role of opioids in these areas during tolerance, opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), and in chronic pain settings remains underappreciated. We conducted a revision of the recent studies performed in the main brainstem areas devoted to descending pain modulation with a special focus on the medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), as a distinctive pain facilitatory area and a key player in the diffuse noxious inhibitory control paradigm. We show that maladaptive processes within the signaling of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), which entail desensitization and a switch to excitatory signaling, occur in the brainstem, contributing to tolerance and OIH. In the context of chronic pain, the alterations found are complex and depend on the area and model of chronic pain. For example, the downregulation of MOR and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) in some areas, including the DRt, during neuropathic pain likely contributes to the inefficacy of opioids. However, the upregulation of MOR and DOR, at the rostral ventromedial medulla, in inflammatory pain models, suggests therapeutic avenues to explore. Mechanistically, the rationale for the diversity and complexity of alterations in the brainstem is likely provided by the alternative splicing of opioid receptors and the heteromerization of MOR. In conclusion, this review emphasizes how important it is to consider the effects of opioids at these circuits when using opioids for the treatment of chronic pain and for the development of safer and effective opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Costa is now with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Costa is now with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Isabel Martins
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- I3S- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Costa is now with the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
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2
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Li L, Chen J, Li YQ. The Downregulation of Opioid Receptors and Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065981. [PMID: 36983055 PMCID: PMC10053236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) refers to pain caused by primary or secondary damage or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of 7-10% of the general population. The etiology and pathogenesis of NP are complex; as such, NP has been a hot topic in clinical medicine and basic research for a long time, with researchers aiming to find a cure by studying it. Opioids are the most commonly used painkillers in clinical practice but are regarded as third-line drugs for NP in various guidelines due to the low efficacy caused by the imbalance of opioid receptor internalization and their possible side effects. Therefore, this literature review aims to evaluate the role of the downregulation of opioid receptors in the development of NP from the perspective of dorsal root ganglion, spinal cord, and supraspinal regions. We also discuss the reasons for the poor efficacy of opioids, given the commonness of opioid tolerance caused by NP and/or repeated opioid treatments, an angle that has received little attention to date; in-depth understanding might provide a new method for the treatment of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K. K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, No. 169, West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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3
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Zhang J, Song C, Dai J, Li L, Yang X, Chen Z. Mechanism of opioid addiction and its intervention therapy: Focusing on the reward circuitry and mu‐opioid receptor. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e148. [PMID: 35774845 PMCID: PMC9218544 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Jia Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Chang‐Geng Song
- Department of Neurology Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Ji‐Min Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery Xijing Hospital The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Ling Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Xiang‐Min Yang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Zhi‐Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine & Department of Cell Biology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an China
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4
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Abstract
Tensioning techniqueswere the first neurodynamic techniques used therapeutically in the management of people with neuropathies. This article aims to provide a balanced evidence-informed view on the effects of optimal tensile loading on peripheral nerves and the use of tensioning techniques. Whilst the early use of neurodynamics was centered within a mechanical paradigm, research into the working mechanisms of tensioning techniques revealed neuroimmune, neurophysiological, and neurochemical effects. In-vitro and ex-vivo research confirms that tensile loading is required for mechanical adaptation of healthy and healing neurons and nerves. Moreover, elimination of tensile load can have detrimental effects on the nervous system. Beneficial effects of tensile loading and tensioning techniques, contributing to restored homeostasis at the entrapment site, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, include neuronal cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth and orientation, increased endogenous opioid receptors, reduced fibrosis and intraneural scar formation, improved nerve regeneration and remyelination, increased muscle power and locomotion, less mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia and allodynia, and improved conditioned pain modulation. However, animal and cellular models also show that ‘excessive’ tensile forces have negative effects on the nervous system. Although robust and designed to withstand mechanical load, the nervous system is equally a delicate system. Mechanical loads that can be easily handled by a healthy nervous system, may be sufficient to aggravate clinical symptoms in patients. This paper aims to contribute to a more balanced view regarding the use of neurodynamics and more specifically tensioning techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ellis
- School of Clinical Sciences, Active Living and Rehabilitation: Aotearoa, Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Giacomo Carta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (Nico), University of Torino, Orbassano, Italy.,ASST Nord Milano, Sesto San Giovanni Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Ricardo J Andrade
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Queensland, USA
| | - Michel W Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia.,Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Tavares I, Costa-Pereira JT, Martins I. Monoaminergic and Opioidergic Modulation of Brainstem Circuits: New Insights Into the Clinical Challenges of Pain Treatment? FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:696515. [PMID: 35295506 PMCID: PMC8915776 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.696515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neuropathic pain remains a clinical challenge. Analgesic drugs and antidepressants are frequently ineffective, and opioids may induce side effects, including hyperalgesia. Recent results on brainstem pain modulatory circuits may explain those clinical challenges. The dual action of noradrenergic (NA) modulation was demonstrated in animal models of neuropathic pain. Besides the well-established antinociception due to spinal effects, the NA system may induce pronociception by directly acting on brainstem pain modulatory circuits, namely, at the locus coeruleus (LC) and medullary dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt). The serotoninergic system also has a dual action depending on the targeted spinal receptor, with an exacerbated activity of the excitatory 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptors in neuropathic pain models. Opioids are involved in the modulation of descending modulatory circuits. During neuropathic pain, the opioidergic modulation of brainstem pain control areas is altered, with the release of enhanced local opioids along with reduced expression and desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). In the DRt, the installation of neuropathic pain increases the levels of enkephalins (ENKs) and induces desensitization of MOR, which may enhance descending facilitation (DF) from the DRt and impact the efficacy of exogenous opioids. On the whole, the data discussed in this review indicate the high plasticity of brainstem pain control circuits involving monoaminergic and opioidergic control. The data from studies of these neurochemical systems in neuropathic models indicate the importance of designing drugs that target multiple neurochemical systems, namely, maximizing the antinociceptive effects of antidepressants that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline and preventing desensitization and tolerance of MOR at the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaura Tavares
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Isaura Tavares
| | - José Tiago Costa-Pereira
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martins
- Unit of Experimental Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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6
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Neural Plasticity in the Brain during Neuropathic Pain. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060624. [PMID: 34072638 PMCID: PMC8228570 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is an intractable chronic pain, caused by damage to the somatosensory nervous system. To date, treatment for neuropathic pain has limited effects. For the development of efficient therapeutic methods, it is essential to fully understand the pathological mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Besides abnormal sensitization in the periphery and spinal cord, accumulating evidence suggests that neural plasticity in the brain is also critical for the development and maintenance of this pain. Recent technological advances in the measurement and manipulation of neuronal activity allow us to understand maladaptive plastic changes in the brain during neuropathic pain more precisely and modulate brain activity to reverse pain states at the preclinical and clinical levels. In this review paper, we discuss the current understanding of pathological neural plasticity in the four pain-related brain areas: the primary somatosensory cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, the periaqueductal gray, and the basal ganglia. We also discuss potential treatments for neuropathic pain based on the modulation of neural plasticity in these brain areas.
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7
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Iwata K, Takamatsu Y, Doi N, Ikeda K. Enhancement of morphine-induced antinociception after electroconvulsive shock in mice. Mol Pain 2021; 17:1744806921992628. [PMID: 33599155 PMCID: PMC7897827 DOI: 10.1177/1744806921992628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been applied for chronic pain for decades. The amounts of opioids to treat pain are sometimes reduced after a series of ECT. The effect of ECT on morphine-induced analgesia and its mechanism underlying the reduction of morphine requirement has yet to be clarified. Therefore, we administered electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) to mice and investigated the antinociceptive effect of morphine in a hot plate test. We examined the expression level of µ-opioid receptor in the thalami of mice 25 h after administration of ECS compared to the thalami of mice without ECS administration using western blotting. ECS disturbed the development of a decrease in the percentage of maximal possible effect (%MPE), which was observed 24 h after a morphine injection, when ECS was applied 25, 23, 21, and 12 h before the second administration of morphine. We also examined the effect of ECS on the dose-response curve of %MPE to morphine-antinociception. Twenty-five hours after ECS, the dose-response curve was shifted to the left, and the EC50 of morphine given to ECS-pretreated mice decreased by 30.1% compared to the mice that were not pretreated with ECS. We also found that the expression level of µ-opioid receptors was significantly increased after ECS administration. These results confirm previous clinical reports showing that ECT decreased the required dose of opioids in neuropathic pain patients and suggest the hypothesis that this effect of ECT works through the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Iwata
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Hiroo General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Takamatsu
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nagafumi Doi
- The former president, Ibaraki Prefectural Medical Center of Psychiatry, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Meade JA, Alkhlaif Y, Contreras KM, Obeng S, Toma W, Sim-Selley LJ, Selley DE, Damaj MI. Kappa opioid receptors mediate an initial aversive component of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2777-2793. [PMID: 32529265 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cancer patients receiving the antineoplastic drug paclitaxel report higher incidences and longer duration of treatment-resistant depression than patients receiving other classes of chemotherapeutics. Rodents treated with paclitaxel exhibit a suite of changes in affect-like behaviors. Further, paclitaxel causes chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in humans and rodents. Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) have a well-established role in depression and neuropathy. The contributions of KOR signaling to paclitaxel-induced aversive-like state and CIPN in rodents remain to be explored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate whether dysregulation of the KOR/dynorphin system is associated with paclitaxel-mediated pain-like behavior and depression-like behavior. METHODS Cancer-free male C57BL/6J mice were treated with four injections of vehicle or paclitaxel (32 mg/kg cumulative). The effects of the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) on paclitaxel-induced sucrose preference deficits and mechanical hypersensitivity were measured. Prodynorphin mRNA and receptor-mediated G protein activation were measured at two time points following the last paclitaxel injection using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and agonist-stimulated [35S]guanosine-5'-O'-(γ-thio)-triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding, respectively, in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate-putamen, amygdala, and spinal cord. RESULTS Paclitaxel produced a norBNI-reversible sucrose preference deficit, whereas mechanical hypersensitivity was not reversed by norBNI. Paclitaxel treatment increased the levels of mRNA for prodynorphin, a precursor for endogenous KOR agonists, in the NAc. Paclitaxel also had time-dependent effects on KOR-mediated G protein activation in the NAc. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that KOR signaling mediates an initial aversive component of paclitaxel, but not necessarily paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Meade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.
| | - Y Alkhlaif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - K M Contreras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - S Obeng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - W Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - L J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - D E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - M I Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA.,Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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9
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Llorca-Torralba M, Pilar-Cuéllar F, da Silva Borges G, Mico JA, Berrocoso E. Opioid receptors mRNAs expression and opioids agonist-dependent G-protein activation in the rat brain following neuropathy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109857. [PMID: 31904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potent opioid-based therapies are often unsuccessful in promoting satisfactory analgesia in neuropathic pain. Moreover, the side effects associated with opioid therapy are still manifested in neuropathy-like diseases, including tolerance, abuse, addiction and hyperalgesia, although the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. Studies in the spinal cord and periphery indicate that neuropathy alters the expression of mu-[MOP], delta-[DOP] or kappa-[KOP] opioid receptors, interfering with their activity. However, there is no consensus as to the supraspinal opioidergic modulation provoked by neuropathy, the structures where the sensory and affective-related pain components are processed. In this study we explored the effect of chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve (CCI) over 7 and 30 days (CCI-7d and CCI-30d, respectively) on MOP, DOP and KOP mRNAs expression, using in situ hybridization, and the efficacy of G-protein stimulation by DAMGO, DPDPE and U-69593 (MOP, DOP and KOP specific agonists, respectively), using [35S]GTPγS binding, within opioid-sensitive brain structures. After CCI-7d, CCI-30d or both, opioid receptor mRNAs expression was altered throughout the brain: MOP - in the paracentral/centrolateral thalamic nuclei, ventral posteromedial thalamic nuclei, superior olivary complex, parabrachial nucleus [PB] and posterodorsal tegmental nucleus; DOP - in the somatosensory cortex [SSC], ventral tegmental area, caudate putamen [CPu], nucleus accumbens [NAcc], raphe magnus [RMg] and PB; and KOP - in the locus coeruleus. Agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding was altered following CCI: MOP - CPu and RMg; DOP - prefrontal cortex [PFC], SSC, RMg and NAcc; and KOP - PFC and SSC. Thus, this study shows that several opioidergic circuits in the brain are recruited and modified following neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (Universidad de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Juan A Mico
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
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10
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Costa AR, Carvalho P, Flik G, Wilson SP, Reguenga C, Martins I, Tavares I. Neuropathic Pain Induced Alterations in the Opioidergic Modulation of a Descending Pain Facilitatory Area of the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:287. [PMID: 31316354 PMCID: PMC6610065 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids play a major role at descending pain modulation but the effects of neuropathic pain on the brain opioidergic system remain understudied. Since descending facilitation is enhanced during neuropathic pain, we studied the opioidergic modulation of the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), a medullary pain facilitatory area, in the spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. We first performed a series of behavioral experiments in naïve-animals to establish the role of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in the effects of endogenous and exogenous opioids at the DRt. Specifically, we showed that lentiviral-mediated MOR-knockdown at the DRt increased sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli while the MOR agonist DAMGO induced the opposite effects. Additionally, we showed that MOR-knockdown and the pharmacological blockade of MOR by CTAP at the DRt decreased and inhibited, respectively, the analgesic effects of systemic morphine. Then, we performed in vivo microdialysis to measure enkephalin peptides in the DRt and evaluated MOR expression in the DRt at mRNA, protein and phosphorylated form levels by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. SNI-animals, compared to sham control, showed higher levels of enkephalin peptides, lower MOR-labeled cells without alterations in MOR mRNA levels, and higher phosphorylated MOR-labeled cells. Finally, we performed behavioral studies in SNI animals to determine the potency of systemic morphine and the effects of the pharmacologic and genetic manipulation of MOR at the DRt. We showed a reduced potency of the antiallodynic effects of systemic morphine in SNI-animals compared to the antinociceptive effects in sham animals. Increasing MOR-cells at the DRt of SNI-animals by lentiviral-mediated MOR-overexpression produced no effects on mechanical allodynia. DAMGO induced anti-allodynia only after MOR-overexpression. These results show that MOR inhibits DRt pain facilitatory actions and that this action contributes to the analgesic effects of systemic opioids. We further show that the inhibitory function of MOR is impaired during neuropathic pain. This is likely due to desensitization and degradation of MOR which are adaptations of the receptor that can be triggered by MOR phosphorylation. Skipping counter-regulatory pathways involved in MOR adaptations might restore the opioidergic inhibition at pain facilitatory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Costa
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulina Carvalho
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gunnar Flik
- Charles River Laboratories Den Bosch B.V., 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
| | - Steven P Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carlos Reguenga
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martins
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isaura Tavares
- Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Strand J, Stinson C, Bellinger LL, Peng Y, Kramer PR. G i protein functions in thalamic neurons to decrease orofacial nociceptive response. Brain Res 2018; 1694:63-72. [PMID: 29763576 PMCID: PMC6026072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial pain includes neuronal pathways that project from the trigeminal nucleus to and through the thalamus. What role the ventroposterior thalamic complex (VP) has on orofacial pain transmission is not understood. To begin to address this question an inhibitory G protein (Gi) designer receptor exclusively activated by a designer drug (DREADD) was transfected in cells of the VP using adeno-associated virus isotype 8. Virus infected cells were identified by a fluorescent tag and immunostaining. Cells were silenced after injecting the designer drug clozapine-n-oxide, which binds the designer receptor activating Gi. Facial rubbing and local field potentials (LFP) in the VP were then recorded in awake, free moving Sprague Dawley rats after formalin injection of the masseter muscle to induce nociception. Formalin injection significantly increased LFP and the nociceptive behavioral response. Activation of DREADD Gi with clozapine-n-oxide significantly reduced LFP in the VP and reduced the orofacial nociceptive response. Because DREADD silencing can result from Gi-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRK), the GIRK channel blocker tertiapin-Q was injected. Injection of GIRK blocker resulted in an increase in the nociceptive response and increased LFP activity. Immunostaining of the VP for glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT2) and gamma-aminobutyric acid vesicular transporter (VGAT) indicated a majority of the virally transfected cells were excitatory (VGLUT2 positive) and a minority were inhibitory (VGAT positive). We conclude first, that inhibition of the excitatory neurons within the VP reduced electrical activity and the orofacial nociceptive response and that the effect on excitatory neurons overwhelmed any change resulting from inhibitor neurons. Second, inhibition of LFP and nociception was due, in part, to GIRK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Strand
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Crystal Stinson
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Larry L Bellinger
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, United States
| | - Phillip R Kramer
- Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, United States.
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Santos FM, Silva JT, Rocha IRC, Martins DO, Chacur M. Non-pharmacological treatment affects neuropeptide expression in neuropathic pain model. Brain Res 2018; 1687:60-65. [PMID: 29496478 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve elicits changes in neuropeptide expression on the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The neural mobilization (NM) technique is a noninvasive method that has been proven clinically effective in reducing pain. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of substance P, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and opioid receptors in the DRG of rats with chronic constriction injury and to compare it to animals that received NM treatment. CCI was performed on adult male rats. Each animal was submitted to 10 sessions of neural mobilization every other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. At the end of the sessions, the DRG (L4-L6) were analyzed using Western blot assays for substance P, TRPV1 and opioid receptors (µ-opioid receptor, δ-opioid receptor and κ-opioid receptor). We observed a decreased substance P and TRPV1 expression (48% and 35%, respectively) and an important increase of µ-opioid receptor expression (200%) in the DRG after NM treatment compared to control animals. The data provide evidence that NM promotes substantial changes in neuropeptide expression in the DRG; these results may provide new options for treating neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinez Santos
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, SP, Brazil.
| | - Joyce Teixeira Silva
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Igor Rafael Correia Rocha
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Morrone LA, Scuteri D, Rombolà L, Mizoguchi H, Bagetta G. Opioids Resistance in Chronic Pain Management. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:444-456. [PMID: 28503117 PMCID: PMC5405610 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666161101092822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain management represents a serious healthcare problem worldwide. Chronic pain affects approximately 20% of the adult European population and is more frequent in women and older people. Unfortunately, its management in the community remains generally unsatisfactory and rarely under the control of currently available analgesics. Opioids have been used as analgesics for a long history and are among the most used drugs; however, while there is no debate over their short term use for pain management, limited evidence supports their efficacy of long-term treatment for chronic non-cancer pain. Therapy with opioids is hampered by inter-individual variability and serious side effects and some opioids often result ineffective in the treatment of chronic pain and their use is controversial. Accordingly, for a better control of chronic pain a deeper knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to opiates is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi A. Morrone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCADH), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Damiana Scuteri
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Laura Rombolà
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Hirokazu Mizoguchi
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
- University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCADH), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Boadas-Vaello P, Homs J, Reina F, Carrera A, Verdú E. Neuroplasticity of Supraspinal Structures Associated with Pathological Pain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:1481-1501. [PMID: 28263454 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, and/or irritable bowel syndrome, cause several neuroplasticity changes in the nervous system along its entire axis affecting the different neuronal nuclei. This paper reviews these changes, focusing on the supraspinal structures that are involved in the modulation and processing of pain, including the periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, locus coeruleus, rostral ventromedial medulla, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, habenula, primary, and secondary somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, mammillary bodies, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, cingulated, and prefrontal cortex. Hyperexcitability caused by the modification of postsynaptic receptor expression, central sensitization, and potentiation of presynaptic delivery of neurotransmitters, as well as the reduction of inhibitory inputs, changes in dendritic spine, neural circuit remodeling, alteration of gray matter, and upregulation of proinflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines) by reactivation of astrocytes and microglial cells are the main functional, structural, and molecular neuroplasticity changes observed in the above supraspinal structures, associated with pathological pain. Studying these changes in greater depth may lead to the implementation and improvement of new therapeutic strategies against pathological pain. Anat Rec, 300:1481-1501, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain.,Department of Physical Therapy EUSES-Universitat of Girona, Salt (Girona), Catalonia, 17190, Spain
| | - Francisco Reina
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Ana Carrera
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
| | - Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, 17003, Spain
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15
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Boadas-Vaello P, Castany S, Homs J, Álvarez-Pérez B, Deulofeu M, Verdú E. Neuroplasticity of ascending and descending pathways after somatosensory system injury: reviewing knowledge to identify neuropathic pain therapeutic targets. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:330-40. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Mélik Parsadaniantz S, Rivat C, Rostène W, Réaux-Le Goazigo A. Opioid and chemokine receptor crosstalk: a promising target for pain therapy? Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:69-78. [PMID: 25588373 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines and opioids are important regulators of immune, inflammatory and neuronal responses in peripheral and central pain pathways. Recent studies have provided insights into the functional interactions between chemokine receptors and opioid receptors, and their role in pain modulation. In this Progress article, we discuss how crosstalk between these two systems might provide a molecular and cellular framework for the development of novel analgesic therapies for the management of acute and/or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyril Rivat
- Université de Montpellier 2, F-34091, Montpellier, France; and INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), F-34091, Montpellier, France
| | - William Rostène
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Réaux-Le Goazigo
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, UMR_S968, F-75012, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France; and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR_7210, F-75012, Paris, France
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17
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Santos FM, Grecco LH, Pereira MG, Oliveira ME, Rocha PA, Silva JT, Martins DO, Miyabara EH, Chacur M. The neural mobilization technique modulates the expression of endogenous opioids in the periaqueductal gray and improves muscle strength and mobility in rats with neuropathic pain. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2014; 10:19. [PMID: 24884961 PMCID: PMC4050394 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural mobilization (NM) technique is a noninvasive method that has been proven to be clinically effective in reducing pain; however, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze whether NM alters the expression of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and the Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and improves locomotion and muscle force after chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. METHODS The CCI was imposed on adult male rats followed by 10 sessions of NM every other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. At the end of the sessions, the PAG was analyzed using Western blot assays for opioid receptors. Locomotion was analyzed by the Sciatic functional index (SFI), and muscle force was analyzed by the BIOPAC system. RESULTS An improvement in locomotion was observed in animals treated with NM compared with injured animals. Animals treated with NM showed an increase in maximal tetanic force of the tibialis anterior muscle of 172% (p < 0.001) compared with the CCI group. We also observed a decrease of 53% (p < 0.001) and 23% (p < 0.05) in DOR and KOR levels, respectively, after CCI injury compared to those from naive animals and an increase of 17% (p < 0.05) in KOR expression only after NM treatment compared to naive animals. There were no significant changes in MOR expression in the PAG. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that a non-pharmacological NM technique facilitates pain relief by endogenous analgesic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Martinez Santos
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã 05503-900 SP, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Health Sciences, University Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Henrique Grecco
- Special Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, University of São Paulo, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã 05503-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes Pereira
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Evany Oliveira
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Abreu Rocha
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce Teixeira Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
| | - Elen Haruka Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Skeletal Muscle Plasticity, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2415, São Paulo 05508-000 SP, Brazil
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18
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Filer CN. Morphinan alkaloids labeled with tritium: synthesis and applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:639-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Crist N. Filer
- PerkinElmer Life Sciences & Technology, Inc.; 940 Winter Street Waltham MA 02451 USA
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19
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Saghaei E, Abbaszadeh F, Naseri K, Ghorbanpoor S, Afhami M, Haeri A, Rahimi F, Jorjani M. Estradiol attenuates spinal cord injury-induced pain by suppressing microglial activation in thalamic VPL nuclei of rats. Neurosci Res 2013; 75:316-23. [PMID: 23419864 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we showed that central pain syndrome (CPS) induced by electrolytic injury caused in the unilateral spinothalamic tract (STT) is a concomitant of glial alteration at the site of injury. Here, we investigated the activity of glial cells in thalamic ventral posterolateral nuclei (VPL) and their contribution to CPS. We also examined whether post-injury administration of a pharmacological dose of estradiol can attenuate CPS and associated molecular changes. Based on the results,in the ipsilateral VPL the microglial phenotype switched o hyperactive mode and Iba1 expression was increased significantly on days 21 and 28 post-injury. The same feature was observed in contralateral VPL on day 28 (P<.05). These changes were strongly correlated with the onset of CPS (r(2)=0.670). STT injury did not induce significant astroglial response in both ipsilateral and contralateral VPL. Estradiol attenuated bilateral mechanical hypersensitivity 14 days after STT lesion (P<.05). Estradiol also suppressed microglial activation in the VPL. Taken together, these findings indicate that selective STT lesion induces bilateral microglia activation in VPL which might contribute to mechanical hypersensitivity. Furthermore, a pharmacological dose of estradiol reduces central pain possibly via suppression of glial activity in VPL region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Saghaei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Üçeyler N, Topuzoğlu T, Schiesser P, Hahnenkamp S, Sommer C. IL-4 deficiency is associated with mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28205. [PMID: 22164245 PMCID: PMC3229527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an anti-inflammatory and analgesic cytokine that induces opioid receptor transcription. We investigated IL-4 knockout (ko) mice to characterize their pain behavior before and after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve as a model for neuropathic pain. We investigated opioid responsivity and measured cytokine and opioid receptor gene expression in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS, CNS) of IL-4 ko mice in comparison with wildtype (wt) mice. Naïve IL-4 ko mice displayed tactile allodynia (wt: 0.45 g; ko: 0.18 g; p<0.001), while responses to heat and cold stimuli and to muscle pressure were not different. No compensatory changes in the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-13 were found in the PNS and CNS of naïve IL-4 ko mice. However, IL-1β gene expression was stronger in the sciatic nerve of IL-4 ko mice (p<0.001) 28 days after CCI and only IL-4 ko mice had elevated IL-10 gene expression (p = 0.014). Remarkably, CCI induced TNF (p<0.01), IL-1β (p<0.05), IL-10 (p<0.05), and IL-13 (p<0.001) gene expression exclusively in the ipsilateral spinal cord of IL-4 ko mice. The compensatory overexpression of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 in the spinal cord of IL-4 ko mice may explain the lack of genotype differences for pain behavior after CCI. Additionally, CCI induced gene expression of μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors in the contralateral cortex and thalamus of IL-4 ko mice, paralleled by fast onset of morphine analgesia, but not in wt mice. We conclude that a lack of IL-4 leads to mechanical sensitivity; the compensatory hyperexpression of analgesic cytokines and opioid receptors after CCI, in turn, protects IL-4 ko mice from enhanced pain behavior after nerve lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Üçeyler
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Vakili A, Shirvanian MJ, Safakhah HA, Rashidy-Pour A. Pentoxifylline decreases allodynia and hyperalgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Daru 2011; 19:306-11. [PMID: 22615674 PMCID: PMC3304381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-specific cytokite pain in several animal models and humans. However, long-term therapeutic effects of PTX on neuropathic pain in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) are not completely clear. This study was conducted to examine the effect of long-term administration of PTX on neuropathic pain in rats. METHODS Neuropathic pain was induced by sciatic nerve ligation using of CCI model in rats. Rats were randomly assigned into sham, CCI-saline treated, and CCI-PTX treated (30 or 60 mg/kg ip) groups. PTX or saline administered at 30 min before CCI and daily for 14 days post-CCI. At the days of 3, 7, 11 and 14 following CCI, by using standard methods effects of thermal hyperalgesia, thermal and mechanical allodynia in all groups were examined using the standard methods. RESULTS The CCI-saline treated group showed a significant increase in mechanical and thermal allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia as compared with the sham group in the tested days. Administration of the higher dose of PTX (60 mg/kg/day), but not the lower dose (30 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced mechanical and thermal allodynia, as compared with the CCI-saline treated group on days of 3, 7, 11 and 14 (all P values<0.001). Also, both doses of PTX significantly reduced thermal hyperalgesia as compared with the CCI-saline treated group on these days (all P values<0.001). CONCLUSION Results of this study show that chronic administration of PTX reduces the neuropathic pain in a rat model of CCI. Thus, this drug may have a therapeutic application in the treatment and management of neuropathic pain in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vakili
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran,Correspondence:
| | - MJ. Shirvanian
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - HA. Safakhah
- Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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