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Liu W, Zhang R, Feng H, Zhu H. Fluoxetine tunes the abnormal hippocampal oscillations in association with cognitive impairments in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 409:113314. [PMID: 33894299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common clinical symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Fluoxetine (FLU), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, can improve cognitive deficits in demented patients. The present study investigated the effects of FLU on spatial learning and memory cognitions in 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Morris water maze (MWM) test showed that FLU significantly improved spatial cognitive deficits in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA injection at 4 and 7 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that the number and duration of high voltage spindles(HVSs)in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats were decreased by the administration of FLU. Furthermore, the spectral analysis of per frequency revealed increases in δ and θ rhythm power and decreases in α, β and γ rhythm power in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats in contrast to the saline-treated rats. Acute FLU treatment can reduce δ and θ rhythm power, and enhance α, β and γ rhythm power in the ipsilateral hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. These findings suggest that FLU improves impaired cognition by tuning oscillatory activities in the hippocampus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitang Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renxing Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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A Computationally-Efficient, Online-Learning Algorithm for Detecting High-Voltage Spindles in the Parkinsonian Rats. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:2809-2820. [PMID: 33200261 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormally-synchronized, high-voltage spindles (HVSs) are associated with motor deficits in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned parkinsonian rats. The non-stationary, spike-and-wave HVSs (5-13 Hz) represent the cardinal parkinsonian state in the local field potentials (LFPs). Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for the Parkinson's disease, continuous stimulation results in cognitive and neuropsychiatric side effects. Therefore, an adaptive stimulator able to stimulate the brain only upon the occurrence of HVSs is demanded. This paper proposes an algorithm not only able to detect the HVSs with low latency but also friendly for hardware realization of an adaptive stimulator. The algorithm is based on autoregressive modeling at interval, whose parameters are learnt online by an adaptive Kalman filter. In the LFPs containing 1131 HVS episodes from different brain regions of four parkinsonian rats, the algorithm detects all HVSs with 100% sensitivity. The algorithm also achieves higher precision (96%) and lower latency (61 ms), while requiring less computation time than the continuous wavelet transform method. As the latency is much shorter than the mean duration of an HVS episode (4.3 s), the proposed algorithm is suitable for realization of a smart neuromodulator for mitigating HVSs effectively by closed-loop DBS.
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3
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Stefani A, Cerroni R, Pierantozzi M, D’Angelo V, Grandi L, Spanetta M, Galati S. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease patients and routine 6‐OHDA rodent models: Synergies and pitfalls. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2322-2343. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Vincenza D’Angelo
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Laura Grandi
- Center for Movement Disorders Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland Lugano Switzerland
| | - Matteo Spanetta
- Department of System Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Center for Movement Disorders Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland Lugano Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences Università della Svizzera Italiana Lugano Switzerland
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4
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Ciric J, Kapor S, Perovic M, Saponjic J. Alterations of Sleep and Sleep Oscillations in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:148. [PMID: 30872994 PMCID: PMC6401659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) cholinopathy demonstrated the sleep-related alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations at the cortical and hippocampal levels, cortical drives, and sleep spindles (SSs) as the earliest functional biomarkers preceding hypokinesia. Our aim in this study was to follow the impact of a unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesion in rat on the cortical and hippocampal sleep architectures and their EEG microstructures, as well as the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations, and the SS and high voltage sleep spindle (HVS) dynamics during NREM and REM sleep. We performed unilateral SNpc lesions using two different concentrations/volumes of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 12 μg/1 μl or 12 μg/2 μl). Whereas the unilateral dopaminergic neuronal loss >50% throughout the overall SNpc rostro-caudal dimension prolonged the Wake state, with no change in the NREM or REM duration, there was a long-lasting theta amplitude augmentation across all sleep states in the motor cortex (MCx), but also in the CA1 hippocampus (Hipp) during both Wake and REM sleep. We demonstrate that SS are the hallmarks of NREM sleep, but that they also occur during REM sleep in the MCx and Hipp of the control rats. Whereas SS are always longer in REM vs. NREM sleep in both structures, they are consistently slower in the Hipp. The dopaminergic neuronal loss increased the density of SS in both structures and shortened them in the MCx during NREM sleep, without changing the intrinsic frequency. Conversely, HVS are the hallmarks of REM sleep in the control rats, slower in the Hipp vs. MCx, and the dopaminergic neuronal loss increased their density in the MCx, but shortened them more consistently in the Hipp during REM sleep. In addition, there was an altered synchronization of the EEG oscillations between the MCx and Hipp in different sleep states, particularly the theta and sigma coherences during REM sleep. We provide novel evidence for the importance of the SNpc dopaminergic innervation in sleep regulation, theta rhythm generation, and SS/HVS dynamics control. We suggest the importance of the underlying REM sleep regulatory substrate to HVS generation and duration and to the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Kapor
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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5
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Issuriya A, Kumarnsit E, Reakkamnuan C, Samerphob N, Sathirapanya P, Cheaha D. Dexamethasone induces alterations of slow wave oscillation, rapid eye movement sleep and high-voltage spindle in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2019. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2019-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Stefani A, Cerroni R, Mazzone P, Liguori C, Di Giovanni G, Pierantozzi M, Galati S. Mechanisms of action underlying the efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: central role of disease severity. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:805-816. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Department of System Medicine UOSD Parkinson Center University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata viale Oxford 81 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Rocco Cerroni
- Department of System Medicine UOSD Parkinson Center University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata viale Oxford 81 Rome 00133 Italy
| | | | - Claudio Liguori
- Department of System Medicine UOSD Parkinson Center University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata viale Oxford 81 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta La Valletta Malta
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Department of System Medicine UOSD Parkinson Center University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata viale Oxford 81 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Movement disorders service Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland Lugano Switzerland
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Oza CS, Brocker DT, Behrend CE, Grill WM. Patterned low-frequency deep brain stimulation induces motor deficits and modulates cortex-basal ganglia neural activity in healthy rats. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2410-2422. [PMID: 30089019 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00929.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), although the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Abnormal oscillatory neural activity is correlated with motor symptoms, and pharmacological or DBS treatment that alleviates motor symptoms appears to suppress abnormal oscillations. However, whether such oscillatory activity is causal of motor deficits such as tremor remains unclear. Our goal was to generate abnormal oscillatory activity in the cortex-basal ganglia loop using patterned subthalamic nucleus DBS and to quantify motor behavior in awake healthy rats. Stimulation patterns were designed via model-based optimization to increase power in the low-frequency (7-11 Hz) band because these oscillations are associated with the emergence of motor symptoms in the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of parkinsonism. We measured motor activity using a head-mounted accelerometer, as well as quantified neural activity in cortex and globus pallidus (GP), in response to 5 stimulation patterns that generated a range of 7- to 11-Hz spectral power. Stimulation patterns induced oscillatory activity in the low-frequency band in the cortex and GP and caused tremor, whereas control patterns and regular 50-Hz DBS did not generate any such effects. Neural and motor-evoked responses observed during stimulation were synchronous and time-locked to stimulation bursts within the patterns. These results identified elements of irregular patterns of stimulation that were correlated with tremor and tremor-related neural activity in the cortex and basal ganglia and may lead to the identification of the oscillatory activity and structures associated with the generation of tremor activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is a promising therapy for movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Several groups reported correlation between suppression of abnormal oscillatory activity in the cortex-basal ganglia and motor symptoms, but it remains unclear whether such oscillations play a causal role in the emergence of motor symptoms. We demonstrate generation of tremor and pathological oscillatory activity in otherwise healthy rats by stimulation with patterns that produced increases in low-frequency oscillatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan S Oza
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - David T Brocker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christina E Behrend
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,School of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina
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8
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Ciric J, Lazic K, Kapor S, Perovic M, Petrovic J, Pesic V, Kanazir S, Saponjic J. Sleep disorder and altered locomotor activity as biomarkers of the Parkinson’s disease cholinopathy in rat. Behav Brain Res 2018; 339:79-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Yang C, Yan Z, Zhao B, Wang J, Gao G, Zhu J, Wang W. D2 dopamine receptors modulate neuronal resonance in subthalamic nucleus and cortical high-voltage spindles through HCN channels. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:258-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Decreased HCN2 expression in STN contributes to abnormal high-voltage spindles in the cortex and globus pallidus of freely moving rats. Brain Res 2015; 1618:17-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Yang C, Zhang JR, Chen L, Ge SN, Wang JL, Yan ZQ, Jia D, Zhu JL, Gao GD. High frequency stimulation of the STN restored the abnormal high-voltage spindles in the cortex and the globus pallidus of 6-OHDA lesioned rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 595:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Farr OM, Hu S, Matuskey D, Zhang S, Abdelghany O, Li CSR. The effects of methylphenidate on cerebral activations to salient stimuli in healthy adults. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:154-65. [PMID: 24188171 PMCID: PMC4105943 DOI: 10.1037/a0034465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection of a salient stimulus is critical to cognitive functioning. A stimulus is salient when it appears infrequently, carries high motivational value, and/or when it dictates changes in behavior. Individuals with neurological conditions that implicate altered catecholaminergic signaling, such as those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, are impaired in detecting salient stimuli, a deficit that can be remediated by catecholaminergic medications. However, the effects of these catecholaminergic agents on cerebral activities during saliency processing within the context of the stop-signal task are not clear. Here, we examined the effects of a single oral dose (45 mg) of methylphenidate in 24 healthy adults performing the stop-signal task during functional MRI (fMRI). Compared to 92 demographically matched adults who did not receive any medications, the methylphenidate group showed higher activations in bilateral caudate head, primary motor cortex, and the right inferior parietal cortex during stop as compared to go trials (p < .05, corrected for family-wise error of multiple comparisons). These results show that methylphenidate enhances saliency processing by promoting specific cerebral regional activities. These findings may suggest a neural basis for catecholaminergic treatment of attention disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Farr
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - David Matuskey
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Osama Abdelghany
- Investigational Drug Service, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Chiang-shan R. Li
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519,Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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13
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Delaville C, Cruz AV, McCoy AJ, Brazhnik E, Avila I, Novikov N, Walters JR. Oscillatory Activity in Basal Ganglia and Motor Cortex in an Awake Behaving Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:221-227. [PMID: 25667820 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Exaggerated beta range (15-30 Hz) oscillatory activity is observed in the basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes. This activity has been hypothesized to contribute to motor dysfunction in PD patients. However, it remains unclear how these oscillations develop and how motor circuits become entrained into a state of increased synchronization in this frequency range after loss of dopamine. It is also unclear whether this increase in neuronal synchronization actually plays a significant role in inducing the motor symptoms of this disorder. The hemiparkinsonian rat has emerged as a useful model for investigating relationships between loss of dopamine, increases in oscillatory activity in motor circuits and behavioral state. Chronic recordings from these animals show exaggerated activity in the high beta/low gamma range (30-35 Hz) in the dopamine cell-lesioned hemisphere. This activity is not evident when the animals are in an inattentive rest state, but it can be stably induced and monitored in the motor cortex and basal ganglia when they are engaged in an on-going activity such as treadmill walking. This review discusses data obtained from this animal model and the implications and limitations of this data for obtaining further insight into the significance of beta range activity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Delaville
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Ana V Cruz
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Alex J McCoy
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Elena Brazhnik
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Irene Avila
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Nikolay Novikov
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
| | - Judith R Walters
- Neurophysiological Pharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892-3702USA
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14
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Yang C, Ge SN, Zhang JR, Chen L, Yan ZQ, Heng LJ, Zhao TZ, Li WX, Jia D, Zhu JL, Gao GD. Systemic blockade of dopamine D2-like receptors increases high-voltage spindles in the globus pallidus and motor cortex of freely moving rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64637. [PMID: 23755132 PMCID: PMC3674001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-voltage spindles (HVSs) have been reported to appear spontaneously and widely in the cortical–basal ganglia networks of rats. Our previous study showed that dopamine depletion can significantly increase the power and coherence of HVSs in the globus pallidus (GP) and motor cortex of freely moving rats. However, it is unclear whether dopamine regulates HVS activity by acting on dopamine D1-like receptors or D2-like receptors. We employed local-field potential and electrocorticogram methods to simultaneously record the oscillatory activities in the GP and primary motor cortex (M1) in freely moving rats following systemic administration of dopamine receptor antagonists or saline. The results showed that the dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists, raclopride and haloperidol, significantly increased the number and duration of HVSs, and the relative power associated with HVS activity in the GP and M1 cortex. Coherence values for HVS activity between the GP and M1 cortex area were also significantly increased by dopamine D2-like receptor antagonists. On the contrary, the selective dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist, SCH23390, had no significant effect on the number, duration, or relative power of HVSs, or HVS-related coherence between M1 and GP. In conclusion, dopamine D2-like receptors, but not D1-like receptors, were involved in HVS regulation. This supports the important role of dopamine D2-like receptors in the regulation of HVSs. An siRNA knock-down experiment on the striatum confirmed our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shun-Nan Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Rui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Command, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Heng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GDG); (JLZ)
| | - Guo-Dong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (GDG); (JLZ)
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