1
|
Gangadharan SK, Ramakrishnan S, Paek A, Ravindran A, Prasad VA, Vidal JLC. Characterization of Event Related Desynchronization in Chronic Stroke Using Motor Imagery Based Brain Computer Interface for Upper Limb Rehabilitation. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2024; 27:297-306. [PMID: 38835164 PMCID: PMC11232817 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_1056_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor imagery-based brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) is a promising novel mode of stroke rehabilitation. The current study aims to investigate the feasibility of MI-BCI in upper limb rehabilitation of chronic stroke survivors and also to study the early event-related desynchronization after MI-BCI intervention. METHODS Changes in the characteristics of sensorimotor rhythm modulations in response to a short brain-computer interface (BCI) intervention for upper limb rehabilitation of stroke-disabled hand and normal hand were examined. The participants were trained to modulate their brain rhythms through motor imagery or execution during calibration, and they played a virtual marble game during the feedback session, where the movement of the marble was controlled by their sensorimotor rhythm. RESULTS Ipsilesional and contralesional activities were observed in the brain during the upper limb rehabilitation using BCI intervention. All the participants were able to successfully control the position of the virtual marble using their sensorimotor rhythm. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary results support the feasibility of BCI in upper limb rehabilitation and unveil the capability of MI-BCI as a promising medical intervention. This study provides a strong platform for clinicians to build upon new strategies for stroke rehabilitation by integrating MI-BCI with various therapeutic options to induce neural plasticity and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagila K Gangadharan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Subasree Ramakrishnan
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Andrew Paek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Noninvasive Brain Machine Interface Systems Lab, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Akshay Ravindran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Noninvasive Brain Machine Interface Systems Lab, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Vinod A Prasad
- Infocomm Technology Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
| | - Jose L Contreras Vidal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Noninvasive Brain Machine Interface Systems Lab, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khajuria A, Sharma R, Joshi D. EEG Dynamics of Locomotion and Balancing: Solution to Neuro-Rehabilitation. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:143-163. [PMID: 36052404 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed tremendous growth in analyzing the cortical representation of human locomotion and balance using Electroencephalography (EEG). With the advanced developments in miniaturized electronics, wireless brain recording systems have been developed for mobile recordings, such as in locomotion. In this review, the cortical dynamics during locomotion are presented with extensive focus on motor imagery, and employing the treadmill as a tool for performing different locomotion tasks. Further, the studies that examine the cortical dynamics during balancing, focusing on two types of balancing tasks, ie, static and dynamic, with the challenges in sensory inputs and cognition (dual-task), are presented. Moreover, the current literature demonstrates the advancements in signal processing methods to detect and remove the artifacts from EEG signals. Prior studies show the electrocortical sources in the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal, and sensorimotor cortex was found to be activated during locomotion. The event-related potential has been observed to increase in the fronto-central region for a wide range of balance tasks. The advanced knowledge of cortical dynamics during mobility can benefit various application areas such as neuroprosthetics and gait/balance rehabilitation. This review will be beneficial for the development of neuroprostheses, and rehabilitation devices for patients suffering from movement or neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayushi Khajuria
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Richa Sharma
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Joshi
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Rienzo F, Debarnot U, Daligault S, Delpuech C, Doyon J, Guillot A. Brain plasticity underlying sleep-dependent motor consolidation after motor imagery. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11431-11445. [PMID: 37814365 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery can, similarly to physical practice, improve motor performance through experience-based plasticity. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated changes in brain activity associated with offline consolidation of motor sequence learning through physical practice or motor imagery. After an initial training session with either physical practice or motor imagery, participants underwent overnight consolidation. As control condition, participants underwent wake-related consolidation after training with motor imagery. Behavioral analyses revealed that overnight consolidation of motor learning through motor imagery outperformed wake-related consolidation (95% CI [0.02, 0.07], P < 0.001, RP2 = 0.05). As regions of interest, we selected the generators of event-related synchronization/desynchronization of alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations, which predicted the level of performance on the motor sequence. This yielded a primary sensorimotor-premotor network for alpha oscillations and a cortico-cerebellar network for beta oscillations. The alpha network exhibited increased neural desynchronization after overnight consolidation compared to wake-related consolidation. By contrast, the beta network exhibited an increase in neural synchronization after wake-related consolidation compared to overnight consolidation. We provide the first evidence of parallel brain plasticity underlying behavioral changes associated with sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skill learning through motor imagery and physical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Di Rienzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, LIBM, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ursula Debarnot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, LIBM, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Claude Delpuech
- CERMEP - Imagerie du Vivant, MEG Departement, Lyon, Bron 69677, France
| | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, LIBM, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lajtos M, Barradas-Chacón LA, Wriessnegger SC. Effects of handedness on brain oscillatory activity during imagery and execution of upper limb movements. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1161613. [PMID: 37384193 PMCID: PMC10293623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1161613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain activation during left- and right-hand motor imagery is a popular feature used for brain-computer interfaces. However, most studies so far have only considered right-handed participants in their experiments. This study aimed to investigate how handedness influences brain activation during the processes of imagining and executing simple hand movements. EEG signals were recorded using 32 channels while participants repeatedly squeezed or imagined squeezing a ball using their left, right, or both hands. The data of 14 left-handed and 14 right-handed persons were analyzed with a focus on event-related desynchronization/synchronization patterns (ERD/S). Both handedness groups showed activation over sensorimotor areas; however, the right-handed group tended to display more bilateral patterns than the left-handed group, which is in contrast to earlier research results. Furthermore, a stronger activation during motor imagery than during motor execution could be found in both groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lajtos
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jessey TB, Lin B, Subramanium SV, Kraeutner SN. Disrupting somatosensory processing impairs motor execution but not motor imagery. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 90:103101. [PMID: 37247540 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While motor imagery (MI) is thought to be 'functionally equivalent' with motor execution (ME), the equivalence of feedforward and feedback mechanisms between the two modalities is unexplored. Here, we tested the equivalence of these mechanisms between MI and ME via two experiments designed to probe the role of somatosensory processing (Exp 1), and cognitive processing (Exp 2). All participants were engaged in a previously established force-matching task adapted for MI. A reference force was applied (on scale of 1-10, with higher numbers indicative of greater force) to one index finger while participants matched the force with their opposite index finger via ME or MI (control conditions). Participants then rated the force on the same scale of 1-10. Exp 1: Participants (N = 27) performed the task with tactile stimulation (ME+TAC, MI+TAC) in addition to control conditions. Exp 2: Participants (N = 26) performed the task in dual-task conditions (ME+COG, MI+COG) in addition to control conditions. Results indicate that (Exp 1) tactile stimulation impaired performance in ME but not MI. Dual-task conditions (Exp 2) were not shown to impair performance in either practice modality. Findings suggest that while somatosensory processing is critical for ME, it is not for MI. Overall we indicate a functional equivalence between feedforward/back mechanisms in MI and ME may not exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarri B Jessey
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beier Lin
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soumyaa V Subramanium
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V1V7, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Neuroplasticity, Imagery, and Motor Behaviour Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna V1V1V7, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z3, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gwon D, Won K, Song M, Nam CS, Jun SC, Ahn M. Review of public motor imagery and execution datasets in brain-computer interfaces. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1134869. [PMID: 37063105 PMCID: PMC10101208 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1134869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for public datasets has increased as data-driven methodologies have been introduced in the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Indeed, many BCI datasets are available in various platforms or repositories on the web, and the studies that have employed these datasets appear to be increasing. Motor imagery is one of the significant control paradigms in the BCI field, and many datasets related to motor tasks are open to the public already. However, to the best of our knowledge, these studies have yet to investigate and evaluate the datasets, although data quality is essential for reliable results and the design of subject- or system-independent BCIs. In this study, we conducted a thorough investigation of motor imagery/execution EEG datasets recorded from healthy participants published over the past 13 years. The 25 datasets were collected from six repositories and subjected to a meta-analysis. In particular, we reviewed the specifications of the recording settings and experimental design, and evaluated the data quality measured by classification accuracy from standard algorithms such as Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) for comparison and compatibility across the datasets. As a result, we found that various stimulation types, such as text, figure, or arrow, were used to instruct subjects what to imagine and the length of each trial also differed, ranging from 2.5 to 29 s with a mean of 9.8 s. Typically, each trial consisted of multiple sections: pre-rest (2.38 s), imagination ready (1.64 s), imagination (4.26 s, ranging from 1 to 10 s), the post-rest (3.38 s). In a meta-analysis of the total of 861 sessions from all datasets, the mean classification accuracy of the two-class (left-hand vs. right-hand motor imagery) problem was 66.53%, and the population of the BCI poor performers, those who are unable to reach proficiency in using a BCI system, was 36.27% according to the estimated accuracy distribution. Further, we analyzed the CSP features and found that each dataset forms a cluster, and some datasets overlap in the feature space, indicating a greater similarity among them. Finally, we checked the minimal essential information (continuous signals, event type/latency, and channel information) that should be included in the datasets for convenient use, and found that only 71% of the datasets met those criteria. Our attempts to evaluate and compare the public datasets are timely, and these results will contribute to understanding the dataset's quality and recording settings as well as the use of using public datasets for future work on BCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Gwon
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Won
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang S. Nam
- Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chan Jun
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- AI Graudate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Ahn
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- School of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, Handong Global University, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Frank C, Kraeutner SN, Rieger M, Boe SG. Learning motor actions via imagery-perceptual or motor learning? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023:10.1007/s00426-022-01787-4. [PMID: 36680584 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that repeatedly imagining oneself acting without any overt behavior can lead to learning. The prominent theory accounting for why imagery practice is effective, motor simulation theory, posits that imagined action and overt action are functionally equivalent, the exception being activation of the end effector. If, as motor simulation theory states, one can compile the goal, plan, motor program and outcome of an action during imagined action similar to overt action, then learning of novel skills via imagery should proceed in a manner equivalent to that of overt action. While the evidence on motor simulation theory is both plentiful and diverse, it does not explicitly account for differences in neural and behavioural findings between imagined and overt action. In this position paper, we briefly review theoretical accounts to date and present a perceptual-cognitive theory that accounts for often observed outcomes of imagery practice. We suggest that learning by way of imagery reflects perceptual-cognitive scaffolding, and that this 'perceptual' learning transfers into 'motor' learning (or not) depending on various factors. Based on this theory, we characterize consistently reported learning effects that occur with imagery practice, against the background of well-known physical practice effects and show that perceptual-cognitive scaffolding is well-suited to explain what is being learnt during imagery practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Frank
- Department of Sports and Movement Science, School of Educational and Cultural Studies, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martina Rieger
- Institute for Psychology, UMIT Tirol - Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carino-Escobar RI, Rodríguez-García ME, Carrillo-Mora P, Valdés-Cristerna R, Cantillo-Negrete J. Continuous versus discrete robotic feedback for brain-computer interfaces aimed for neurorehabilitation. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1015464. [PMID: 36925628 PMCID: PMC10011154 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1015464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) can allow control of external devices using motor imagery (MI) decoded from electroencephalography (EEG). Although BCI have a wide range of applications including neurorehabilitation, the low spatial resolution of EEG, coupled to the variability of cortical activations during MI, make control of BCI based on EEG a challenging task. Methods An assessment of BCI control with different feedback timing strategies was performed. Two different feedback timing strategies were compared, comprised by passive hand movement provided by a robotic hand orthosis. One of the timing strategies, the continuous, involved the partial movement of the robot immediately after the recognition of each time segment in which hand MI was performed. The other feedback, the discrete, was comprised by the entire movement of the robot after the processing of the complete MI period. Eighteen healthy participants performed two sessions of BCI training and testing, one with each feedback. Results Significantly higher BCI performance (65.4 ± 17.9% with the continuous and 62.1 ± 18.6% with the discrete feedback) and pronounced bilateral alpha and ipsilateral beta cortical activations were observed with the continuous feedback. Discussion It was hypothesized that these effects, although heterogenous across participants, were caused by the enhancement of attentional and closed-loop somatosensory processes. This is important, since a continuous feedback timing could increase the number of BCI users that can control a MI-based system or enhance cortical activations associated with neuroplasticity, important for neurorehabilitation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martín E Rodríguez-García
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel Valdés-Cristerna
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Liu Q, Yao M, Zhang Z, Chen X, Luo H, Ruan L, Liu T, Chen Y, Ruan J. Neural oscillations during acupuncture imagery partially parallel that of real needling. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1123466. [PMID: 37090802 PMCID: PMC10115979 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1123466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tasks involving mental practice, relying on the cognitive rehearsal of physical motors or other activities, have been reported to have similar patterns of brain activity to overt execution. In this study, we introduced a novel imagination task called, acupuncture imagery and aimed to investigate the neural oscillations during acupuncture imagery. Methods Healthy volunteers were guided to watch a video of real needling in the left and right KI3 (Taixi point). The subjects were then asked to perform tasks to keep their thoughts in three 1-min states alternately: resting state, needling imagery left KI3, and needling imagery right KI3. Another group experienced real needling in the right KI3. A 31-channel-electroencephalography was synchronously recorded for each subject. Microstate analyses were performed to depict the brain dynamics during these tasks. Results Compared to the resting state, both acupuncture needling imagination and real needling in KI3 could introduce significant changes in neural dynamic oscillations. Moreover, the parameters involving microstate A of needling imagery in the right KI3 showed similar changes as real needling in the right KI3. Discussion These results confirm that needling imagination and real needling have similar brain activation patterns. Needling imagery may change brain network activity and play a role in neural regulation. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of acupuncture imagery and the potential application of acupuncture imagery in disease recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingxia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
| | - Menglin Yao
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
| | - Lili Ruan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
| | - Tianpeng Liu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yingshuang Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianghai Ruan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianghai Ruan,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Channel selection from source localization: A review of four EEG-based brain-computer interfaces paradigms. Behav Res Methods 2022:10.3758/s13428-022-01897-2. [PMID: 35794417 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Channel selection is a critical part of the classification procedure for multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI). An optimized subset of electrodes reduces computational complexity and optimizes accuracy. Different tasks activate different sources in the brain and are characterized by distinctive channels. The goal of the current review is to define a subset of electrodes for each of four popular BCI paradigms: motor imagery, motor execution, steady-state visual evoked potentials and P300. Twenty-one studies have been reviewed to identify the most significant activations of cortical sources. The relevant EEG sensors are determined from the reported 3D Talairach coordinates. They are scored by their weighted mean Cohen's d and its confidence interval, providing the magnitude of the corresponding effect size and its statistical significance. Our goal is to create a knowledge-based channel selection framework with a sufficient statistical power. The core channel selection (CCS) could be used as a reference by EEG researchers and would have the advantages of practicality and rapidity, allowing for an easy implementation of semiparametric algorithms.
Collapse
|
11
|
de Souza RFL, Mendes TMAS, Lima LABDA, Brandão DS, Laplagne DA, de Sousa MBC. Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Electroencephalogram Alpha and Beta Bands During Motor Imagery and Action Observation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:878887. [PMID: 35601901 PMCID: PMC9119141 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.878887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex steroids (FSS) can affect the motor system, modulating motor cortex excitability as well as performance in dexterity and coordination tasks. However, it has not yet been explored whether FSS affects the cognitive components of motor behavior. Mu is a sensorimotor rhythm observed by electroencephalography (EEG) in alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) frequency bands in practices such as motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO). This rhythm represents a window for studying the activity of neural circuits involved in motor cognition. Herein we investigated whether the alpha-mu and beta-mu power in the sensorimotor region (C3 and C4, hypothesis-driven approach) and the alpha and beta power over frontal, parietal, and occipital regions (data-driven approach) are modulated differently in the menstrual, follicular, and luteal phases of menstrual cycles in right-handed dominant women. To do so, these women underwent MI and AO in the three menstrual cycle phases. The spectral activity of the cortical regions for the alpha and beta bands were compared between phases of the menstrual cycle and a correlation analysis was also performed in relation to estrogen and progesterone levels. For the hypothesis-based approach, beta-mu event-related desynchronization (ERD) was significantly stronger in the C3 channel in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases. For the data-driven approach, beta ERD during MI was higher in the follicular phase than in the menstrual and luteal phases in the frontal region. These findings suggest the effect of FSS on executive movement control. No effect of menstrual cycle phases was observed in cortical areas investigated during OA, but alpha and beta bands correlated positively with the follicular phase plasma estradiol level. Thus, the attenuation of alpha and beta bands referring to mirror neuron activities appears to be associated with inhibition of cortical activity when estradiol levels are lower, improving cognitive processing of motor action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Faustino Lacerda de Souza
- Behavioral Endocrinology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafaela Faustino Lacerda de Souza,
| | | | | | - Daniel Soares Brandão
- Electroencephalography Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Diego Andrés Laplagne
- Behavioral Neurophysiology, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa
- Behavioral Endocrinology Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen S, Shu X, Wang H, Ding L, Fu J, Jia J. The Differences Between Motor Attempt and Motor Imagery in Brain-Computer Interface Accuracy and Event-Related Desynchronization of Patients With Hemiplegia. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:706630. [PMID: 34803647 PMCID: PMC8602190 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.706630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Motor attempt and motor imagery (MI) are two common motor tasks used in brain-computer interface (BCI). They are widely researched for motor rehabilitation in patients with hemiplegia. The differences between the motor attempt (MA) and MI tasks of patients with hemiplegia can be used to promote BCI application. This study aimed to explore the accuracy of BCI and event-related desynchronization (ERD) between the two tasks. Materials and Methods: We recruited 13 patients with stroke and 3 patients with traumatic brain injury, to perform MA and MI tasks in a self-control design. The BCI accuracies from the bilateral, ipsilesional, and contralesional hemispheres were analyzed and compared between different tasks. The cortical activation patterns were evaluated with ERD and laterality index (LI). Results: The study showed that the BCI accuracies of MA were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than MI in the bilateral, ipsilesional, and contralesional hemispheres in the alpha-beta (8–30 Hz) frequency bands. There was no significant difference in ERD and LI between the MA and MI tasks in the 8–30 Hz frequency bands. However, in the MA task, there was a negative correlation between the ERD values in the channel CP1 and ipsilesional hemispheric BCI accuracies (r = −0.552, p = 0.041, n = 14) and a negative correlation between the ERD values in channel CP2 and bilateral hemispheric BCI accuracies (r = −0.543, p = 0.045, n = 14). While in the MI task, there were negative correlations between the ERD values in channel C4 and bilateral hemispheric BCI accuracies (r = −0.582, p = 0.029, n = 14) as well as the contralesional hemispheric BCI accuracies (r = −0.657, p = 0.011, n = 14). As for motor dysfunction, there was a significant positive correlation between the ipsilesional BCI accuracies and FMA scores of the hand part in 8–13 Hz (r = 0.565, p = 0.035, n = 14) in the MA task and a significant positive correlation between the ipsilesional BCI accuracies and FMA scores of the hand part in 13–30 Hz (r = 0.558, p = 0.038, n = 14) in the MI task. Conclusion: The MA task may achieve better BCI accuracy but have similar cortical activations with the MI task. Cortical activation (ERD) may influence the BCI accuracy, which should be carefully considered in the BCI motor rehabilitation of patients with hemiplegia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shugeng Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokang Shu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hewei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Solomon JP, Kraeutner SN, O'Neil K, Boe SG. Examining the role of the supplementary motor area in motor imagery-based skill acquisition. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3649-3659. [PMID: 34609545 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and physical practice (PP) have been seen as parallel processes that can drive acquisition of motor skills. Emerging evidence, however, suggests these two processes may be fundamentally different, whereby MI-based motor skill acquisition relies more on effector-independent encoding of movement relative to PP. This alternate view is supported by evidence where real and virtual lesions to brain areas involved in visuospatial processing impair MI-based skill acquisition, and via behavioural studies showing perceptual, but not motor, transfer impairs skill acquisition via MI whereas this effect is reversed in PP. This study further investigated the degree to which MI utilizes effector-independent encoding of movement by investigating the role of the supplementary motor area (SMA), an area involved in perceptual to motor transformations, in MI-based motor skill acquisition. Sixty-four participants completed a serial reaction time paradigm following assignment to one of four groups based on training modality (MI or PP) and stimulation type (sham stimulation or continuous theta burst stimulation to inhibit the SMA). Faster reaction times (RTs) to elements of a repeated sequence in comparison to randomly generated elements indicated that sequence-specific learning occurred. Learning occurred in both PP and MI, with the magnitude of learning significantly smaller in MI. Inhibitory stimulation impaired learning in both modalities. In the context of a framework that distinguishes effector-independent and -dependent components of learning, these findings indicate the SMA plays a role in developing motor chunks in both PP and MI facilitating effector-independent learning in both modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Solomon
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kiera O'Neil
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, 15000, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, NS, B3H 4R2, Halifax, Canada. .,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaughan TCLS, Boe SG. Investigating the dose-response relationship between motor imagery and motor recovery of upper-limb impairment and function in chronic stroke: A scoping review. J Neuropsychol 2021; 16:54-74. [PMID: 34396708 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recovery of upper-limb impairment and dysfunction post-stroke is often incomplete owing to the limited time in therapy focused on upper-limb recovery and the severity of the impairment. In these cases, motor imagery (MI) may be used as a precursor to physical therapies to initiate rehabilitation early on when it would be otherwise impossible to engage in therapy, as well as to increase the dose of therapy when MI is used in adjunct to physical therapy. While previous reviews have shown MI to be effective as a therapeutic option, disparity in findings exists, with some studies suggesting MI is not an effective treatment for post-stroke impairment and dysfunction. One factor contributing to these findings is inconsistency in the dose of MI applied. To explore the relationship between MI dose and recovery, a scoping review of MI literature as a treatment for adult survivors of stroke with chronic upper-limb motor deficit was performed. Embase, Medline and CINHAL databases were searched for articles related to MI and stroke. Following a two-phase review process, 21 papers were included, and data related to treatment dose and measures of impairment and function were extracted. Effect sizes were calculated to investigate the effect of dosage on motor recovery. Findings showed a high degree of variability in dosage regimens across studies, with no clear pattern for the effect of dose on outcome. The present review highlights the gaps in MI literature, including variables that contribute to the dose-response relationship, that future studies should consider when implementing MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C L S Gaughan
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Orkan Olcay B, Özgören M, Karaçalı B. On the characterization of cognitive tasks using activity-specific short-lived synchronization between electroencephalography channels. Neural Netw 2021; 143:452-474. [PMID: 34273721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate characterization of brain activity during a cognitive task is challenging due to the dynamically changing and the complex nature of the brain. The majority of the proposed approaches assume stationarity in brain activity and disregard the systematic timing organization among brain regions during cognitive tasks. In this study, we propose a novel cognitive activity recognition method that captures the activity-specific timing parameters from training data that elicits maximal average short-lived pairwise synchronization between electroencephalography signals. We evaluated the characterization power of the activity-specific timing parameter triplets in a motor imagery activity recognition framework. The activity-specific timing parameter triplets consist of latency of the maximally synchronized signal segments from activity onset Δt, the time lag between maximally synchronized signal segments τ, and the duration of the maximally synchronized signal segments w. We used cosine-based similarity, wavelet bi-coherence, phase-locking value, phase coherence value, linearized mutual information, and cross-correntropy to calculate the channel synchronizations at the specific timing parameters. Recognition performances as well as statistical analyses on both BCI Competition-III dataset IVa and PhysioNet Motor Movement/Imagery dataset, indicate that the inter-channel short-lived synchronization calculated using activity-specific timing parameter triplets elicit significantly distinct synchronization profiles for different motor imagery tasks and can thus reliably be used for cognitive task recognition purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Orkan Olcay
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Murat Özgören
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Bilge Karaçalı
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Feasibility of motor imagery and effects of activating and relaxing practice on autonomic functions in healthy young adults: A randomised, controlled, assessor-blinded, pilot trial. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254666. [PMID: 34255812 PMCID: PMC8277051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motor imagery (MI) is the mental rehearsal of a motor task. Between real and imagined movements, a functional equivalence has been described regarding timing and brain activation. The primary study aim was to investigate the feasibility of MI training focusing on the autonomic function in healthy young people. Further aims were to evaluate participants’ MI abilities and compare preliminary effects of activating and relaxing MI on autonomic function and against controls. Methods A single-blinded randomised controlled pilot trial was performed. Participants were randomised to the activating MI (1), relaxing MI (2), or control (3) group. Following a MI familiarisation, they practiced home-based kinaesthetic MI for 17 minutes, 5 times/week for 2 weeks. Participants were called once for support. The primary outcome was the feasibility of a full-scale randomised controlled trial using predefined criteria. Secondary outcomes were participants’ MI ability using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised, mental chronometry tests, hand laterality judgement and semi-structured interviews, autonomic function. Results A total of 35 participants completed the study. The feasibility of a larger study was confirmed, despite 35% attrition related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Excellent MI capabilities were seen in participants, and significant correlations between MI ability measures. Interview results showed that participants accepted or liked both interventions. Seven major themes and insider recommendations for MI interventions emerged. No significant differences and negligible to medium effects were observed in MI ability or autonomic function between baseline and post-intervention measures or between groups. Conclusions Results showed that neither activating nor relaxing MI seems to change autonomic function in healthy individuals. Further adequately powered studies are required to answer open questions remaining from this study. Future studies should investigate effects of different MI types over a longer period, to rule out habituation and assess autonomic function at several time points and simultaneously with MI.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cantillo-Negrete J, Carino-Escobar RI, Carrillo-Mora P, Rodriguez-Barragan MA, Hernandez-Arenas C, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Hernandez-Sanchez IR, Galicia-Alvarado MA, Miguel-Puga A, Arias-Carrion O. Brain-Computer Interface Coupled to a Robotic Hand Orthosis for Stroke Patients' Neurorehabilitation: A Crossover Feasibility Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:656975. [PMID: 34163342 PMCID: PMC8215105 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.656975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) coupled to robotic assistive devices have shown promise for the rehabilitation of stroke patients. However, little has been reported that compares the clinical and physiological effects of a BCI intervention for upper limb stroke rehabilitation with those of conventional therapy. This study assesses the feasibility of an intervention with a BCI based on electroencephalography (EEG) coupled to a robotic hand orthosis for upper limb stroke rehabilitation and compares its outcomes to conventional therapy. Seven subacute and three chronic stroke patients (M = 59.9 ± 12.8) with severe upper limb impairment were recruited in a crossover feasibility study to receive 1 month of BCI therapy and 1 month of conventional therapy in random order. The outcome measures were comprised of: Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), motor evoked potentials elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), hand dynamometry, and EEG. Additionally, BCI performance and user experience were measured. All measurements were acquired before and after each intervention. FMA-UE and ARAT after BCI (23.1 ± 16; 8.4 ± 10) and after conventional therapy (21.9 ± 15; 8.7 ± 11) were significantly higher (p < 0.017) compared to baseline (17.5 ± 15; 4.3 ± 6) but were similar between therapies (p > 0.017). Via TMS, corticospinal tract integrity could be assessed in the affected hemisphere of three patients at baseline, in five after BCI, and four after conventional therapy. While no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in patients’ affected hand strength, it was higher after the BCI therapy. EEG cortical activations were significantly higher over motor and non-motor regions after both therapies (p < 0.017). System performance increased across BCI sessions, from 54 (50, 70%) to 72% (56, 83%). Patients reported moderate mental workloads and excellent usability with the BCI. Outcome measurements implied that a BCI intervention using a robotic hand orthosis as feedback has the potential to elicit neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, similar to those observed during conventional therapy, even in a group of severely impaired stroke patients. Therefore, the proposed BCI system could be a suitable therapy option and will be further assessed in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Neuroscience Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene A Rodriguez-Barragan
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Arenas
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isauro R Hernandez-Sanchez
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene A Galicia-Alvarado
- Department of Electrodiagnostic, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adan Miguel-Puga
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Arias-Carrion
- Unidad de Trastornos de Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Innovación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Hospital General "Dr. Manuel Gea González," Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Automatic behaviour is supposedly underlain by the unintentional retrieval of processing episodes, which are stored during the repeated overt practice of a task or activity. In the present study, we investigated whether covertly practicing a task (e.g., repeatedly imagining responding to a stimulus) also leads to the storage of processing episodes and thus to automatic behaviour. Participants first either responded overtly or covertly to stimuli according to a first categorization task in a practice phase. We then measured the presence of automatic response-congruency effects in a subsequent test phase that involved a different categorization task but the same stimuli and responses. Our results indicate that covert practice can lead to a response-congruency effect. We conclude that covert practice can lead to automatic behaviour and discuss the different components of covert practice, such as motor imagery, visual imagery, and inner speech, that contribute to the formation of processing episodes in memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptist Liefooghe
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Baptist Liefooghe, Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, PO BOX 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ariane Jim
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan De Houwer
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luedtke K, Edlhaimb J. Laterality judgements in patients with frequent episodic migraine. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 51:102316. [PMID: 33418210 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Migraine is a cyclic disorder but also a chronic pain condition. Left-right recognition tasks have been shown to be impaired in patients with chronic pain. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether laterality judgements of migraine patients depend on the status within the migraine cycle. METHODS 34 episodic migraine patients completed a laterality recognition task on 30 consecutive days using the Recognise™ software. Reaction time and number of mistakes of recognising the left or right side of a face or neck movements to the right or left were recorded and analysed longitudinally. Ictal days (48 h and 24 h prior to the attack; during the headache phase; 24 h after the attack) were contrasted against interictal days using repeated measures ANOVAs. 4 headache-free controls served to investigate the natural fluctuation over time and to compare migraine versus non-migraine data in a secondary exploratory analysis. RESULTS 1691 data sets from migraine patients and 183 from control participants were included in the analyses. Results indicated that performance varied throughout the migraine cycle but only showed a clear pattern of prolonged response times for images of movements to the right (F(4,1690) = 2.412; p = 0.047), while data for frequency of correct answers and for the left side remained inconclusive. Migraine patients had a reduced frequency of correct answers (right: F(1,1873) = 11.426; p = 0.001; left: F(1,1873) = 5.873; p = 0.015). Response times where unaffected. Laterality judgements were not correlated with the dominant headache side. CONCLUSIONS The current data shows that laterality judgements can depend on the status within the migraine cycle. Laterality judgements of migraine patients where comparable to other chronic pain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Luedtke
- Department of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, Pain and Exercise Research Luebeck (P.E.R.L), University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; Laboratory of Pain Research, Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kraeutner SN, McArthur JL, Kraeutner PH, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Leveraging the effector independent nature of motor imagery when it is paired with physical practice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21335. [PMID: 33288785 PMCID: PMC7721807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
While considered analogous to physical practice, the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition—specifically whether or not both effector independent and dependent encoding occurs through motor imagery—is not well understood. Here, motor imagery-based training was applied prior to or after physical practice-based training to probe the nature of imagery-based skill acquisition. Three groups of participants (N = 38) engaged in 10 days of training of a dart throwing task: 5 days of motor imagery prior to physical practice (MIP-PP), motor imagery following physical practice (PP-MIP), or physical practice only (PP-PP). Performance-related outcomes were assessed throughout. Brain activity was measured at three time points using fMRI (pre/mid/post-training; MIP-PP and PP-MIP groups). In contrast with physical practice, motor imagery led to changes in global versus specific aspects of the movement. Following 10 days of training, performance was greater when motor imagery preceded physical practice, although remained inferior to performance resulting from physical practice alone. Greater activation of regions that support effector dependent encoding was observed mid-, but not post-training for the PP-MIP group. Findings indicate that changes driven by motor imagery reflect effector independent encoding, providing new information regarding how motor imagery may be leveraged for skill acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer L McArthur
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - Paul H Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada
| | - David A Westwood
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R1, Canada. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada. .,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A J, M S, Chhabra H, Shajil N, Venkatasubramanian G. Investigation of deep convolutional neural network for classification of motor imagery fNIRS signals for BCI applications. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Menicucci D, Di Gruttola F, Cesari V, Gemignani A, Manzoni D, Sebastiani L. Task-independent Electrophysiological Correlates of Motor Imagery Ability from Kinaesthetic and Visual Perspectives. Neuroscience 2020; 443:176-187. [PMID: 32736068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) ability is highly subjective, as indicated by the individual scores of the MIQ-3 questionnaire, and poor imagers compensate for the difficulty in performing MI with larger cerebral activations, as demonstrated by MI studies involving hands/limbs. In order to identify general, task-independent MI ability correlates, 16 volunteers were stratified with MIQ-3. The scores in the kinaesthetic (K) and 1st-person visual (V) perspectives were associated with EEG patterns obtained during K-MI and V-MI of the same complex MIQ-3 movements during these MI tasks (Spearman's correlation, significance at <0.05, SnPM corrected). EEG measures were relative to rest (relaxation, closed eyes), and based on six electrode clusters both for band spectral content and connectivity (Granger causality). Lower K-MI ability was associated with greater theta decreases during tasks in fronto-central clusters and greater inward information flow to prefrontal clusters for theta, high alpha and beta bands. On the other hand, power band relative decreases were associated with V-MI ability in fronto-central clusters for low alpha and left fronto-central and both centro-parietal clusters for beta bands. The results thus suggest different computational mechanisms for MI-V and MI-K. The association between low alpha/beta desynchronization and V-MIQ scores and between theta changes and K-MIQ scores suggest a cognitive effort with greater cerebral activation in participants with lower V-MI ability. The association between information flow to prefrontal hub and K-MI ability suggest the need for a continuous update of information to support MI-related executive functions in subjects with poor K-MI ability.
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee J, Kraeutner SN, Pancura DR, Boe SG. Probing the Effect of Block Duration on Corticospinal Excitability during Motor Imagery Performance. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:316-323. [PMID: 32519923 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1774491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence exists related to the behavioral outcomes of motor imagery-based training (MI). Comparatively, there is a relative gap in the literature on how corticospinal excitability, a precursor for experience-dependent plasticity, changes over the course of an MI session, and more specifically if there is an effect of varying the duration of the blocks in which MI is performed. As such, we probed corticospinal excitability during MI, whereby the duration of MI blocks within the session were manipulated yet total exposure to MI was kept constant. Participants performed a total of 24 min of MI of common motor tasks in blocks of 2, 4 or 6 min. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess corticospinal excitability throughout MI performance. All groups demonstrated increased corticospinal excitability over the session. Owing to a decrease in corticospinal excitability when engaging in 6 min blocks and the variability noted when engaging in 2 min blocks, findings suggest that MI performed in 4 min blocks may be preferable for the generation and maintenance of corticospinal excitability, at least relative to 2 and 6 min blocks. Overall, our findings provide physiological evidence that informs the structure of MI training sessions to optimize their effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JungWoo Lee
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Brain Behaviour Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Devan R Pancura
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kraeutner SN, Stratas A, McArthur JL, Helmick CA, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Neural and Behavioral Outcomes Differ Following Equivalent Bouts of Motor Imagery or Physical Practice. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1590-1606. [PMID: 32420839 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite its reported effectiveness for the acquisition of motor skills, we know little about how motor imagery (MI)-based brain activation and performance evolves when MI (the imagined performance of a motor task) is used to learn a complex motor skill compared to physical practice (PP). The current study examined changes in MI-related brain activity and performance driven by an equivalent bout of MI- or PP-based training. Participants engaged in 5 days of either MI or PP of a dart-throwing task. Brain activity (via fMRI) and performance-related outcomes were obtained using a pre/post/retention design. Relative to PP, MI-based training did not drive robust changes in brain activation and was inferior for realizing improvements in performance: Greater activation in regions critical to refining the motor program was observed in the PP versus MI group posttraining, and relative to those driven via PP, MI led only to marginal improvements in performance. Findings indicate that the modality of practice (i.e., MI vs. PP) used to learn a complex motor skill manifests as differences in both resultant patterns of brain activity and performance. Ultimately, by directly comparing brain activity and behavioral outcomes after equivalent training through MI versus PP, this work provides unique knowledge regarding the neural mechanisms underlying learning through MI.
Collapse
|
25
|
Beaudoin M, Barra J, Dupraz L, Mollier-Sabet P, Guerraz M. The impact of embodying an "elderly" body avatar on motor imagery. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:1467-1478. [PMID: 32417944 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When an individual embodies an avatar, the latter's characteristics or stereotype can change the individual's behavior and attitudes; this is known as the Proteus effect. Here, we looked at whether the embodiment of an avatar resembling an elderly adult (seen from a first-person perspective and facing a virtual mirror) changed mentally represented physical activity in a motor imagery task performed by young adult participants (N = 52). To ensure that the impact of embodiment of an elderly avatar on the motor imagery task was not influenced by a potentially confounded stereotype assimilation effect (due to the mere presence of an avatar), a "young" avatar and an "elderly" avatar were always present together in the virtual environment-even though only one (the self-avatar) was embodied at a given time. We found that it took longer for the participants to perform the motor imagery task with the elderly self-avatar than with the young self-avatar. The more negative the participant's beliefs about motor activity in the elderly, the greater the observed effect of the avatar on motor imagery performance. We conclude that knowledge about the characteristics of an embodied avatar can modify the subject's level of mentally represented physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Beaudoin
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, LIP\PC2S, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Barra
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Michel Guerraz
- University of Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.
- University of Grenoble Alpes, University of Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bart VKE, Koch I, Rieger M. Inhibitory mechanisms in motor imagery: disentangling different forms of inhibition using action mode switching. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:1418-1438. [PMID: 32367223 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In motor imagery, probably several inhibitory mechanisms prevent actual movements: global inhibition, effector-specific inhibition, and inhibition retrieved during target processing. We investigated factors that may influence those mechanisms. In an action mode switching paradigm, participants imagined and executed movements from home buttons to target buttons. We analysed sequential effects. Activation (due to execution) or inhibition (due to imagination) in the previous trial should affect performance in the subsequent trial, enabling conclusions about inhibitory mechanisms in motor imagery. In Experiment 1, evidence for global and effector-specific inhibition was observed. Evidence for inhibition retrieved during target processing was inconclusive. Data patterns were similar when start and end of the imagined movements were indicated with an effector that was part of the imagined movement (hand) and with a different effector (feet). In Experiment 2, we ruled out that the use of biological stimuli (left/right hands in Experiment 1) to indicate the effector causes sequential effects attributed to effector-specific inhibition, by using uppercase letters (R, L). As in Experiment 1, evidence for effector-specific inhibition was observed. In conclusion, we could reliably disentangle several inhibitory mechanisms in motor imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K E Bart
- Department for Psychology and Medical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria.
| | - Iring Koch
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Rieger
- Department for Psychology and Medical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tyrol, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Power L, Neyedli HF, Boe SG, Bardouille T. Efficacy of low-cost wireless neurofeedback to modulate brain activity during motor imagery. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035024. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab872c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Frenkel-Toledo S, Einat M, Kozol Z. The Effects of Instruction Manipulation on Motor Performance Following Action Observation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:33. [PMID: 32210778 PMCID: PMC7073404 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of action observation (AO) on motor performance can be modulated by instruction. The effects of two top-down aspects of the instruction on motor performance have not been fully resolved: those related to attention to the observed task and the incorporation of motor imagery (MI) during AO. In addition, the immediate vs. 24-h retention test effects of those instruction’s aspects are yet to be elucidated. Forty-eight healthy subjects were randomly instructed to: (1) observe reaching movement (RM) sequences toward five lighted units with the intention of reproducing the same sequence as fast and as accurate as possible (Intentional + Attentional group; AO+At); (2) observe the RMs sequence with the intention of reproducing the same sequence as fast and as accurate as possible and simultaneously to the observation to imagine performing the RMs (Intentional + attentional + MI group; AO+At+MI); and (3) observe the RMs sequence (Passive AO group). Subjects’ performance was tested before and immediately after the AO and retested after 24 h. During each of the pretest, posttest, and retest, the subject performed RMs toward the units that were activated in the same order as the observed sequence. Occasionally, the sequence order was changed by beginning the sequence with a different activated unit. The outcome measures were: averaged response time of the RMs during the sequences, difference between the response time of the unexpected and expected RMs and percent of failures to reach the target within 1 s. The averaged response time and the difference between the response time of the unexpected and expected RMs were improved in all groups at posttest compared to pretest, regardless of instruction. Averaged response time was improved in the retest compared to the posttest only in the Passive AO group. The percent of failures across groups was higher in pretest compared to retest. Our findings suggest that manipulating top-down aspects of instruction by adding attention and MI to AO in an RM sequence task does not improve subsequent performance more than passive observation. Off-line learning of the sequence in the retention test was improved in comparison to posttest following passive observation only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.,Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel
| | - Moshe Einat
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Zvi Kozol
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Carino-Escobar RI, Galicia-Alvarado M, Marrufo OR, Carrillo-Mora P, Cantillo-Negrete J. Brain-computer interface performance analysis of monozygotic twins with discordant hand dominance: A case study. Laterality 2020; 25:513-536. [PMID: 31918621 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2019.1710525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) decode user's intentions to control external devices. However, performance variations across individuals have limited their use to laboratory environments. Handedness could contribute to these variations, especially when motor imagery (MI) tasks are used for BCI control. To further understand how handedness affects BCI control, performance differences between two monozygotic twins were analysed during offline movement and MI tasks, and while twins controlled a BCI using right-hand MI. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG), brain structures' volumes, and neuropsychological tests were assessed to evaluate physiological, anatomical and psychological relationships with BCI performance. Results showed that both twins had good motor imagery and attention abilities, similar volumes on most subcortical brain structures, more pronounced event-related desynchronization elicited by the twin performing non-dominant MI, and that this twin also obtained significant higher performances with the BCI. Linear regression analysis implied a strong association between twins' BCI performance, and more pronounced cortical activations in the contralateral hemisphere relative to hand MI. Therefore, it is possible that BCI performance was related with the ability of each twin to elicit cortical activations during hand MI, and less associated with subcortical brain structures' volumes and neuropsychological tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I Carino-Escobar
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marlene Galicia-Alvarado
- Department of Electrodiagnostic, National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar R Marrufo
- Department of Neuroimage, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Division of Neuroscience, National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, National Institute of Rehabilitation "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Furutani N, Nariya Y, Takahashi T, Ito H, Yoshimura Y, Hiraishi H, Hasegawa C, Ikeda T, Kikuchi M. Neural Decoding of Multi-Modal Imagery Behavior Focusing on Temporal Complexity. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:746. [PMID: 32848924 PMCID: PMC7406828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental imagery behaviors of various modalities include visual, auditory, and motor behaviors. Their alterations are pathologically involved in various psychiatric disorders. Results of earlier studies suggest that imagery behaviors are correlated with the modulated activities of the respective modality-specific regions and the additional activities of supramodal imagery-related regions. Additionally, despite the availability of complexity analysis in the neuroimaging field, it has not been used for neural decoding approaches. Therefore, we sought to characterize neural oscillation related to multimodal imagery through complexity-based neural decoding. For this study, we modified existing complexity measures to characterize the time evolution of temporal complexity. We took magnetoencephalography (MEG) data of eight healthy subjects as they performed multimodal imagery and non-imagery tasks. The MEG data were decomposed into amplitude and phase of sub-band frequencies by Hilbert-Huang transform. Subsequently, we calculated the complexity values of each reconstructed time series, along with raw data and band power for comparison, and applied these results as inputs to decode visual perception (VP), visual imagery (VI), motor execution (ME), and motor imagery (MI) functions. Consequently, intra-subject decoding with the complexity yielded a characteristic sensitivity map for each task with high decoding accuracy. The map is inverted in the occipital regions between VP and VI and in the central regions between ME and MI. Additionally, replacement of the labels into two classes as imagery and non-imagery also yielded better classification performance and characteristic sensitivity with the complexity. It is particularly interesting that some subjects showed characteristic sensitivities not only in modality-specific regions, but also in supramodal regions. These analyses indicate that two-class and four-class classifications each provided better performance when using complexity than when using raw data or band power as input. When inter-subject decoding was used with the same model, characteristic sensitivity maps were also obtained, although their decoding performance was lower. Results of this study underscore the availability of complexity measures in neural decoding approaches and suggest the possibility of a modality-independent imagery-related mechanism. The use of time evolution of temporal complexity in neural decoding might extend our knowledge of the neural bases of hierarchical functions in the human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Furutani
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuta Nariya
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Ito
- General course, Sundai-Kofu High School, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshimura
- Institute of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Hiraishi
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hasegawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen L, Gu B, Liu S, Xu M, Qi H, He F, Ming D. A BCI based visual-haptic neurofeedback training improves cortical activations and classification performance during motor imagery. J Neural Eng 2019; 16:066012. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab377d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
32
|
Solomon JP, Kraeutner SN, Bardouille T, Boe SG. Probing the temporal dynamics of movement inhibition in motor imagery. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146310. [PMID: 31251906 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the lack of overt movement in motor imagery (MI), MI is thought to be functionally equivalent to motor execution (ME). Two theories appear viable to explain the neural mechanism underlying the inhibition of movement in MI, with one suggesting the inhibition of movement in MI occurs early in the planning process, and the other suggesting it occurs after the planning for movement is compete. Here we sought to generate evidence related to the timing of movement inhibition in MI. Participants performed a motor task via MI and ME that had distinct preparation and performance phases, with brain activity obtained throughout. Analysis of sensor-level data was performed to isolate event related desynchrony (ERD) in the mu and beta frequency bands in both a sensorimotor and left parietal region of interest (ROI). The magnitude of ERD in the sensorimotor ROI was significantly greater in ME than MI during both the preparatory and performance phases. The reduced ERD in the mu and beta frequency bands in the sensorimotor ROI during the preparatory phase for MI, compared to ME, suggests that movement planning is inhibited (or at least reduced) in MI, contributing to the lack of movement. While past work has shown that the networks of functional brain activity underlying MI and ME are heavily overlapping, differences in the temporal dynamics of this activity suggest that MI and ME are not equivalent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Solomon
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy Bardouille
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H4R2, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H4R2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Carino-Escobar RI, Carrillo-Mora P, Valdés-Cristerna R, Rodriguez-Barragan MA, Hernandez-Arenas C, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Galicia-Alvarado MA, Cantillo-Negrete J. Longitudinal Analysis of Stroke Patients' Brain Rhythms during an Intervention with a Brain-Computer Interface. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:7084618. [PMID: 31110515 PMCID: PMC6487113 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7084618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of motor disability worldwide. Upper limb rehabilitation is particularly challenging since approximately 35% of patients recover significant hand function after 6 months of the stroke's onset. Therefore, new therapies, especially those based on brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and robotic assistive devices, are currently under research. Electroencephalography (EEG) acquired brain rhythms in alpha and beta bands, during motor tasks, such as motor imagery/intention (MI), could provide insight of motor-related neural plasticity occurring during a BCI intervention. Hence, a longitudinal analysis of subacute stroke patients' brain rhythms during a BCI coupled to robotic device intervention was performed in this study. Data of 9 stroke patients were acquired across 12 sessions of the BCI intervention. Alpha and beta event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) trends across sessions and their association with time since stroke onset and clinical upper extremity recovery were analyzed, using correlation and linear stepwise regression, respectively. More EEG channels presented significant ERD/ERS trends across sessions related with time since stroke onset, in beta, compared to alpha. Linear models implied a moderate relationship between alpha rhythms in frontal, temporal, and parietal areas with upper limb motor recovery and suggested a strong association between beta activity in frontal, central, and parietal regions with upper limb motor recovery. Higher association of beta with both time since stroke onset and upper limb motor recovery could be explained by beta relation with closed-loop communication between the sensorimotor cortex and the paralyzed upper limb, and alpha being probably more associated with motor learning mechanisms. The association between upper limb motor recovery and beta activations reinforces the hypothesis that broader regions of the cortex activate during movement tasks as a compensatory mechanism in stroke patients with severe motor impairment. Therefore, EEG across BCI interventions could provide valuable information for prognosis and BCI cortical activity targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I. Carino-Escobar
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Paul Carrillo-Mora
- Neuroscience Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Raquel Valdés-Cristerna
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Marlene A. Rodriguez-Barragan
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, “Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Claudia Hernandez-Arenas
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, “Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jimena Quinzaños-Fresnedo
- Division of Neurological Rehabilitation, “Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Marlene A. Galicia-Alvarado
- Department of Electrodiagnostic, .
National Institute of Rehabilitation, “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Jessica Cantillo-Negrete
- Division of Research in Medical Engineering, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Scheil J, Kleinsorge T, Liefooghe B. Motor imagery entails task-set inhibition. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:1729-1738. [PMID: 30949789 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery requires the covert execution of a movement without any overt motor output. Previous studies indicated that motor imagery results in the prolonged inhibition of motor commands. In the present study, we investigated whether motor imagery also leads to the inhibition of more abstract task representations. To do so, we investigated the effect of motor imagery on n - 2 repetition costs, which offer an index of the extent to which task representations are inhibited. Participants switched among three tasks and among two response modes: overt and covert responding (i.e., motor imagery). N - 2 repetition costs were present when the current trial required an overt response but absent when the current trial required a covert response. Furthermore, n - 2 repetition costs were more pronounced when trial n - 1 required a covert response rather than an overt response. This pattern of results suggests that motor imagery also leads to the inhibition of abstract task representations. We discuss our findings in view of current conceptualizations of motor imagery and argue that the inhibitory mechanism entailed by motor imagery targets more than motor commands alone. Finally, we also relate our findings to the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of task representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Scheil
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kleinsorge
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Ardeystraße 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Baptist Liefooghe
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cantillo-Negrete J, Carino-Escobar RI, Carrillo-Mora P, Barraza-Madrigal JA, Arias-Carrión O. Robotic orthosis compared to virtual hand for Brain–Computer Interface feedback. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
36
|
Bardouille T, Bailey L. Evidence for age-related changes in sensorimotor neuromagnetic responses during cued button pressing in a large open-access dataset. Neuroimage 2019; 193:25-34. [PMID: 30849530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mu, beta, and gamma rhythms increase and decrease in amplitude during movement. This event-related synchronization (ERS) and desynchronization (ERD) can be readily recorded non-invasively using magneto- and electro-encephalography (M/EEG). In addition, event-related potentials and fields (i.e., evoked responses) can be elucidated during movement. There is some evidence that the frequency, amplitude and latency of the movement-related ERS/ERD changes with ageing, however the evidence surrounding this topic comes mainly from studies in sample sizes on the order of tens of participants. The objective of this study was to examine a large open-access MEG dataset for age-related changes in movement-related ERS/ERD and evoked responses. MEG data acquired at the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience during cued button pressing was used from 567 participants between the ages of 18 and 88 years. The characteristics movement-related ERD/ERS and evoked responses were calculated for each individual participant. Based on linear regression analysis, significant relationships were found between participant age and some response characteristics, although the predictive value of these relationships was low. Specifically, we conclude that peak beta rebound frequency and amplitude decreased with age, peak beta suppression amplitude increased with age, movement-related gamma burst amplitude decreased with age, and peak motor-evoked response amplitude increased with age. Given our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these responses, our findings suggest the existence of age-related changes in the neurophysiology of thalamocortical loops and local circuitry in the primary somatosensory and motor cortices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Bardouille
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Lyam Bailey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | -
- Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Disruption of motor imagery performance following inhibition of the left inferior parietal lobe. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:106-112. [PMID: 30807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior parietal lobe (IPL), a brain region localized to the ventro-dorsal stream, is known to be critical to motor imagery (MI) performance. Yet its specific role in processes underlying MI, namely the generation, maintenance, manipulation, and controllability of motor images, is conflicting in the literature. To determine the specific role of the left IPL in MI, the current study sought to examine the effect inhibition of the left IPL has on performance on two disparate measures thought to probe different MI processes within the same participants. Participants (N = 31) completed the hand laterality judgment task (HLJT), employed to probe processes related to manipulation and controllability, and mental chronometry, employed to probe processes related to generation and maintenance, after receiving either inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left IPL (Active-TMS group), or with the coil angled away from the scalp (Sham group). Impaired performance on the HLJT was observed following active TMS relative to sham. Similar mental chronometry performance resulted regardless of left IPL inhibition. In showing that inhibition of the left IPL selectively disrupted performance on the HLJT but not mental chronometry, our findings indicate that the left IPL is specifically involved in image manipulation and controllability during MI. Ultimately, the current study extends our understanding of the role of the left IPL in MI.
Collapse
|
38
|
Ingram TGJ, Solomon JP, Westwood DA, Boe SG. Movement related sensory feedback is not necessary for learning to execute a motor skill. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:135-142. [PMID: 30392851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensory feedback has traditionally been considered critical for motor learning. While it has been shown that motor learning can occur in the absence of visual or somatosensory feedback, it is thought that at least one must be present. This assumption contrasts with literature demonstrating that motor imagery (MI) - the mental rehearsal of a movement - is capable of driving motor learning even though the lack of actual execution precludes sensory feedback related to movement. However, studies of MI typically employ simple tasks that do not require improvements in motor execution per se, suggesting that MI might improve task performance primarily through perceptual mechanisms. To avoid this limitation, we designed a novel motor task requiring the repeated execution of unfamiliar kinematic trajectories where learning was assessed through changes in the speed-accuracy function (SAF) across five sessions. General task performance was controlled for by assessing performance on randomly generated trajectories. Groups included physical practice (PP; with and without added visual feedback), MI, and perceptual control (PC), the latter of which only observed the trajectories. All groups performed physically on the final session. Upon the final session, the MI group performed better than the PC group, and better than initial session PP performance. These results suggest that motor learning occurred in the MI group despite the lack of sensory feedback related to the movement, and that this learning was not simply the result of perceptual learning. Our results question long-standing assumptions about MI based learning and the necessity of feedback in motor learning generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony G J Ingram
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Jack P Solomon
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - David A Westwood
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Canada; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Canada; School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Canada; School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gerasimenko Y, Sayenko D, Gad P, Kozesnik J, Moshonkina T, Grishin A, Pukhov A, Moiseev S, Gorodnichev R, Selionov V, Kozlovskaya I, Edgerton VR. Electrical Spinal Stimulation, and Imagining of Lower Limb Movements to Modulate Brain-Spinal Connectomes That Control Locomotor-Like Behavior. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1196. [PMID: 30283341 PMCID: PMC6157483 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal control of stepping movement in healthy human is based on integration between brain, spinal neuronal networks, and sensory signals. It is generally recognized that there are continuously occurring adjustments in the physiological states of supraspinal centers during all routines movements. For example, visual as well as all other sources of information regarding the subject's environment. These multimodal inputs to the brain normally play an important role in providing a feedforward source of control. We propose that the brain routinely uses these continuously updated assessments of the environment to provide additional feedforward messages to the spinal networks, which provides a synergistic feedforwardness for the brain and spinal cord. We tested this hypothesis in 8 non-injured individuals placed in gravity neutral position with the lower limbs extended beyond the edge of the table, but supported vertically, to facilitate rhythmic stepping. The experiment was performed while visualizing on the monitor a stick figure mimicking bilateral stepping or being motionless. Non-invasive electrical stimulation was used to neuromodulate a wide range of excitabilities of the lumbosacral spinal segments that would trigger rhythmic stepping movements. We observed that at the same intensity level of transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tSCS), the presence or absence of visualizing a stepping-like movement of a stick figure immediately initiated or terminated the tSCS-induced rhythmic stepping motion, respectively. We also demonstrated that during both voluntary and imagined stepping, the motor potentials in leg muscles were facilitated when evoked cortically, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and inhibited when evoked spinally, using tSCS. These data suggest that the ongoing assessment of the environment within the supraspinal centers that play a role in planning a movement can routinely modulate the physiological state of spinal networks that further facilitates a synergistic neuromodulation of the brain and spinal cord in preparing for movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yury Gerasimenko
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dimitry Sayenko
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Parag Gad
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin Kozesnik
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tatiana Moshonkina
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Grishin
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Pukhov
- Velikie Luki State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Velikiye Luki, Russia
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Velikie Luki State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Velikiye Luki, Russia
| | - Ruslan Gorodnichev
- Velikie Luki State Academy of Physical Education and Sport, Velikiye Luki, Russia
| | - Victor Selionov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inessa Kozlovskaya
- Russian Federation State Scientific Center, Institute for Bio-Medical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States.,Institute Guttmann, Hospital de Neurorehabilitació, Institut Universitari adscrit a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xygonakis I, Athanasiou A, Pandria N, Kugiumtzis D, Bamidis PD. Decoding Motor Imagery through Common Spatial Pattern Filters at the EEG Source Space. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 2018:7957408. [PMID: 30154834 PMCID: PMC6092991 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7957408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a rapidly developing technology that aims to support individuals suffering from various disabilities and, ultimately, improve everyday quality of life. Sensorimotor rhythm-based BCIs have demonstrated remarkable results in controlling virtual or physical external devices but they still face a number of challenges and limitations. Main challenges include multiple degrees-of-freedom control, accuracy, and robustness. In this work, we develop a multiclass BCI decoding algorithm that uses electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging, a technique that maps scalp potentials to cortical activations, to compensate for low spatial resolution of EEG. Spatial features were extracted using Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) filters in the cortical source space from a number of selected Regions of Interest (ROIs). Classification was performed through an ensemble model, based on individual ROI classification models. The evaluation was performed on the BCI Competition IV dataset 2a, which features 4 motor imagery classes from 9 participants. Our results revealed a mean accuracy increase of 5.6% with respect to the conventional application method of CSP on sensors. Neuroanatomical constraints and prior neurophysiological knowledge play an important role in developing source space-based BCI algorithms. Feature selection and classifier characteristics of our implementation will be explored to raise performance to current state-of-the-art.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Xygonakis
- Biomedical Electronics Robotics and Devices (BERD) Group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alkinoos Athanasiou
- Biomedical Electronics Robotics and Devices (BERD) Group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Pandria
- Biomedical Electronics Robotics and Devices (BERD) Group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kugiumtzis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis D. Bamidis
- Biomedical Electronics Robotics and Devices (BERD) Group, Lab of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Functional Brain Connectivity during Multiple Motor Imagery Tasks in Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9354207. [PMID: 29853852 PMCID: PMC5954936 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9354207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal communication of the central and peripheral nervous systems is compromised during spinal cord injury due to neurotrauma of ascending and descending pathways. Changes in brain organization after spinal cord injury have been associated with differences in prognosis. Changes in functional connectivity may also serve as injury biomarkers. Most studies on functional connectivity have focused on chronic complete injury or resting-state condition. In our study, ten right-handed patients with incomplete spinal cord injury and ten age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed multiple visual motor imagery tasks of upper extremities and walking under high-resolution electroencephalography recording. Directed transfer function was used to study connectivity at the cortical source space between sensorimotor nodes. Chronic disruption of reciprocal communication in incomplete injury could result in permanent significant decrease of connectivity in a subset of the sensorimotor network, regardless of positive or negative neurological outcome. Cingulate motor areas consistently contributed the larger outflow (right) and received the higher inflow (left) among all nodes, across all motor imagery categories, in both groups. Injured subjects had higher outflow from left cingulate than healthy subjects and higher inflow in right cingulate than healthy subjects. Alpha networks were less dense, showing less integration and more segregation than beta networks. Spinal cord injury patients showed signs of increased local processing as adaptive mechanism. This trial is registered with NCT02443558.
Collapse
|
42
|
Scheil J, Liefooghe B. Motor command inhibition and the representation of response mode during motor imagery. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 186:54-62. [PMID: 29698848 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on motor imagery proposes that overt actions during motor imagery can be avoided by proactively signaling subthreshold motor commands to the effectors and by invoking motor-command inhibition. A recent study by Rieger, Dahm, and Koch (2017) found evidence in support of motor command inhibition, which indicates that MI cannot be completed on the sole basis of subthreshold motor commands. However, during motor imagery, participants know in advance when a covert response is to be made and it is thus surprising such additional motor-command inhibition is needed. Accordingly, the present study tested whether the demand to perform an action covertly can be proactively integrated by investigating the formation of task-specific action rules during motor imagery. These task-specific action rules relate the decision rules of a task to the mode in which these rules need to be applied (e.g., if smaller than 5, press the left key covertly). To this end, an experiment was designed in which participants had to switch between two numerical judgement tasks and two response modes: covert responding and overt responding. First, we observed markers of motor command inhibition and replicated the findings of Rieger and colleagues. Second, we observed evidence suggesting that task-specific action rules are created for the overt response mode (e.g., if smaller than 5, press the left key). In contrast, for the covert response mode, no task-specific action rules are formed and decision rules do not include mode-specific information (e.g., if smaller than 5, left).
Collapse
|
43
|
Investigating the Role of Alpha and Beta Rhythms in Functional Motor Networks. Neuroscience 2018; 378:54-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
44
|
Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface Coupled to a Robotic Hand Orthosis Aimed for Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2018; 2018:1624637. [PMID: 29849992 PMCID: PMC5903326 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1624637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have shown potential for the rehabilitation of stroke patients; however, low performance has restricted their application in clinical environments. Therefore, this work presents the implementation of a BCI system, coupled to a robotic hand orthosis and driven by hand motor imagery of healthy subjects and the paralysed hand of stroke patients. A novel processing stage was designed using a bank of temporal filters, the common spatial pattern algorithm for feature extraction and particle swarm optimisation for feature selection. Offline tests were performed for testing the proposed processing stage, and results were compared with those computed with common spatial patterns. Afterwards, online tests with healthy subjects were performed in which the orthosis was activated by the system. Stroke patients' average performance was 74.1 ± 11%. For 4 out of 6 patients, the proposed method showed a statistically significant higher performance than the common spatial pattern method. Healthy subjects' average offline and online performances were of 76.2 ± 7.6% and 70 ± 6.7, respectively. For 3 out of 8 healthy subjects, the proposed method showed a statistically significant higher performance than the common spatial pattern method. System's performance showed that it has a potential to be used for hand rehabilitation of stroke patients.
Collapse
|
45
|
Kraeutner SN, McWhinney SR, Solomon JP, Dithurbide L, Boe SG. Experience modulates motor imagery-based brain activity. Eur J Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29512844 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether or not brain activation during motor imagery (MI), the mental rehearsal of movement, is modulated by experience (i.e. skilled performance, achieved through long-term practice) remains unclear. Specifically, MI is generally associated with diffuse activation patterns that closely resemble novice physical performance, which may be attributable to a lack of experience with the task being imagined vs. being a distinguishing feature of MI. We sought to examine how experience modulates brain activity driven via MI, implementing a within- and between-group design to manipulate experience across tasks as well as expertise of the participants. Two groups of 'experts' (basketball/volleyball athletes) and 'novices' (recreational controls) underwent magnetoencephalography (MEG) while performing MI of four multi-articular tasks, selected to ensure that the degree of experience that participants had with each task varied. Source-level analysis was applied to MEG data and linear mixed effects modelling was conducted to examine task-related changes in activity. Within- and between-group comparisons were completed post hoc and difference maps were plotted. Brain activation patterns observed during MI of tasks for which participants had a low degree of experience were more widespread and bilateral (i.e. within-groups), with limited differences observed during MI of tasks for which participants had similar experience (i.e. between-groups). Thus, we show that brain activity during MI is modulated by experience; specifically, that novice performance is associated with the additional recruitment of regions across both hemispheres. Future investigations of the neural correlates of MI should consider prior experience when selecting the task to be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sean R McWhinney
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jack P Solomon
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lori Dithurbide
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shaun G Boe
- Laboratory for Brain Recovery and Function, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Rm 407, 4th Floor Forrest Building, 5869 University Avenue, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
McWhinney SR, Tremblay A, Boe SG, Bardouille T. The impact of goal-oriented task design on neurofeedback learning for brain-computer interface control. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 56:201-210. [PMID: 28687962 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurofeedback training teaches individuals to modulate brain activity by providing real-time feedback and can be used for brain-computer interface control. The present study aimed to optimize training by maximizing engagement through goal-oriented task design. Participants were shown either a visual display or a robot, where each was manipulated using motor imagery (MI)-related electroencephalography signals. Those with the robot were instructed to quickly navigate grid spaces, as the potential for goal-oriented design to strengthen learning was central to our investigation. Both groups were hypothesized to show increased magnitude of these signals across 10 sessions, with the greatest gains being seen in those navigating the robot due to increased engagement. Participants demonstrated the predicted increase in magnitude, with no differentiation between hemispheres. Participants navigating the robot showed stronger left-hand MI increases than those with the computer display. This is likely due to success being reliant on maintaining strong MI-related signals. While older participants showed stronger signals in early sessions, this trend later reversed, suggesting greater natural proficiency but reduced flexibility. These results demonstrate capacity for modulating neurofeedback using MI over a series of training sessions, using tasks of varied design. Importantly, the more goal-oriented robot control task resulted in greater improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R McWhinney
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - A Tremblay
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Department of Linguistics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada.,NovaScape Data Analysis and Consulting, 18, Stonehaven Road, Halifax, NS, B3N 1G1, Canada
| | - S G Boe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - T Bardouille
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, 5869 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,IWK Health Centre, Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre, 5850/5950 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3K 6R8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sound-Making Actions Lead to Immediate Plastic Changes of Neuromagnetic Evoked Responses and Induced β-Band Oscillations during Perception. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5948-5959. [PMID: 28539421 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3613-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory and sensorimotor brain areas interact during the action-perception cycle of sound making. Neurophysiological evidence of a feedforward model of the action and its outcome has been associated with attenuation of the N1 wave of auditory evoked responses elicited by self-generated sounds, such as talking and singing or playing a musical instrument. Moreover, neural oscillations at β-band frequencies have been related to predicting the sound outcome after action initiation. We hypothesized that a newly learned action-perception association would immediately modify interpretation of the sound during subsequent listening. Nineteen healthy young adults (7 female, 12 male) participated in three magnetoencephalographic recordings while first passively listening to recorded sounds of a bell ringing, then actively striking the bell with a mallet, and then again listening to recorded sounds. Auditory cortex activity showed characteristic P1-N1-P2 waves. The N1 was attenuated during sound making, while P2 responses were unchanged. In contrast, P2 became larger when listening after sound making compared with the initial naive listening. The P2 increase occurred immediately, while in previous learning-by-listening studies P2 increases occurred on a later day. Also, reactivity of β-band oscillations, as well as θ coherence between auditory and sensorimotor cortices, was stronger in the second listening block. These changes were significantly larger than those observed in control participants (eight female, five male), who triggered recorded sounds by a key press. We propose that P2 characterizes familiarity with sound objects, whereas β-band oscillation signifies involvement of the action-perception cycle, and both measures objectively indicate functional neuroplasticity in auditory perceptual learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While suppression of auditory responses to self-generated sounds is well known, it is not clear whether the learned action-sound association modifies subsequent perception. Our study demonstrated the immediate effects of sound-making experience on perception using magnetoencephalographic recordings, as reflected in the increased auditory evoked P2 wave, increased responsiveness of β oscillations, and enhanced connectivity between auditory and sensorimotor cortices. The importance of motor learning was underscored as the changes were much smaller in a control group using a key press to generate the sounds instead of learning to play the musical instrument. The results support the rapid integration of a feedforward model during perception and provide a neurophysiological basis for the application of music making in motor rehabilitation training.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ang KK, Guan C. EEG-Based Strategies to Detect Motor Imagery for Control and Rehabilitation. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2017; 25:392-401. [DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2646763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
49
|
The effector independent nature of motor imagery: Evidence from rTMS induced inhibition to the primary motor cortices. Neuropsychologia 2017; 97:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
50
|
Costello MC, Bloesch EK. Are Older Adults Less Embodied? A Review of Age Effects through the Lens of Embodied Cognition. Front Psychol 2017; 8:267. [PMID: 28289397 PMCID: PMC5326803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embodied cognition is a theoretical framework which posits that cognitive function is intimately intertwined with the body and physical actions. Although the field of psychology is increasingly accepting embodied cognition as a viable theory, it has rarely been employed in the gerontological literature. However, embodied cognition would appear to have explanatory power for aging research given that older adults typically manifest concurrent physical and mental changes, and that research has indicated a correlative relationship between such changes. The current paper reviews age-related changes in sensory processing, mental representation, and the action-perception relationship, exploring how each can be understood through the lens of embodied cognition. Compared to younger adults, older adults exhibit across all three domains an increased tendency to favor visual processing over bodily factors, leading to the conclusion that older adults are less embodied than young adults. We explore the significance of this finding in light of existing theoretical models of aging and argue that embodied cognition can benefit gerontological research by identifying further factors that can explain the cause of age-related declines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily K Bloesch
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|