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Breu MS, Ramezanpour H, Dicke PW, Thier P. A frontoparietal network for volitional control of gaze following. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:1723-1735. [PMID: 36967647 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Gaze following is a major element of non-verbal communication and important for successful social interactions. Human gaze following is a fast and almost reflex-like behaviour, yet it can be volitionally controlled and suppressed to some extent if inappropriate or unnecessary, given the social context. In order to identify the neural basis of the cognitive control of gaze following, we carried out an event-related fMRI experiment, in which human subjects' eye movements were tracked while they were exposed to gaze cues in two distinct contexts: A baseline gaze following condition in which subjects were instructed to use gaze cues to shift their attention to a gazed-at spatial target and a control condition in which the subjects were required to ignore the gaze cue and instead to shift their attention to a distinct spatial target to be selected based on a colour mapping rule, requiring the suppression of gaze following. We could identify a suppression-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response in a frontoparietal network comprising dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the anterior insula, precuneus, and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). These findings suggest that overexcitation of frontoparietal circuits in turn suppressing the gaze following patch might be a potential cause of gaze following deficits in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Breu
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H Ramezanpour
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P W Dicke
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - P Thier
- Cognitive Neurology Laboratory, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Motion or sociality? The cueing effect and temporal course of autistic traits on gaze-triggered attention. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1167-1177. [PMID: 35437701 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gaze-triggered attention changes have been found in individuals with high autistic traits in the nonclinical population. However, gaze cues used in previous studies imply not only sociality of gaze but also the motion of gaze. To exclude the influence of motion, we manipulated the cue sociality by setting dot cues with similar motion characteristics as gaze cues to explore the underlying reasons of gaze-triggered attention changes in individuals with high autistic traits. We used a cueing paradigm within a visual matching task and recorded individuals' eye movements. Both the RT and eye movement of probe interface showed the benefit from gaze of the low autistic trait group was larger than that from dot and was larger than that of the high autistic trait group. While the high autistic trait group show similar benefit between gaze and dot. Eye movement results showed the dynamic changes of validity effect in two groups. The interaction between autistic traits and cue sociality was not significant within the 500 ms of cue presentation, marginally significant within 500-1,000 ms after cue presentation, but significant after 1,000 ms of cue presentation. The results demonstrated that the changes of gaze-triggered attention in individuals with high autistic traits was mainly caused by the sociality of gaze in the relative late stage.
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Kou H, Gong N, Yu W, Xie Q, Bi T. Visual Attentional Bias Induced by Face Direction. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1089. [PMID: 32528391 PMCID: PMC7264406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of spatial cueing on eye gaze has been confirmed by a large number of studies, but the effect of spatial cueing on face direction and the impact of eye gaze on this effect are less known. In four experiments, we investigated the attentional bias induced by face direction. A modified paradigm of spatial cueing was adopted with stimuli that were static faces rotated by 90 or 45° to the left or right from the frontal view. To control the effect of eyes, face stimuli with eyes open and those with eyes closed were both used in each experiment. In Experiment 1, the facial cue (face rotated by 90°) and target were presented simultaneously, and the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the facial cue and target was set to be 300, 600, and 900 ms in Experiments 2 (face rotated by 90°), 3 (inverted face rotated by 90°), and 4 (face rotated by 45°), respectively. The response time of detecting the target position was recorded. The spatial cueing effects were nonsignificant in Experiment 1, in which the cue and target were presented simultaneously. However, significant spatial cueing effects of face direction were found in Experiments 2 and 3, in which the upright and inverted faces rotated by 90° were adopted, respectively, in both the eyes open and eyes closed conditions. In addition, we did not find an effect of spatial cueing with the face rotated by 45° (Experiment 4). Our results indicate that face direction can bias visual attention. This effect might not be based on the holistic processing of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Kou
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanling Gong
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenyu Yu
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Qinhong Xie
- School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyong Bi
- Center for Mental Health Research in School of Management, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
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Baier D, Ansorge U. Can subliminal spatial words trigger an attention shift? Evidence from event-related-potentials in visual cueing. VISUAL COGNITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2019.1704957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Baier
- Department for Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Ansorge
- Department for Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Kirk Driller K, Stephani T, Dimigen O, Sommer W. Large lateralized EDAN-like brain potentials in a gaze-shift detection task. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13361. [PMID: 30848515 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attentional cueing tasks using gaze direction as spatial cues have sometimes yielded an early directing attention negativity (EDAN) component in the ERP, presumably reflecting the initial orienting toward the cued location. However, other studies have failed to identify an EDAN component for gaze cues, yielding an inconsistent picture. In the present study, we re-examined the EDAN to gaze cueing, using a continuous task where the specific direction of the gaze changes was task irrelevant. Face stimuli changed gaze direction several times during each trial between direct, left-, and right-averted positions. Participants counted the number of gaze shifts during the trial. Results showed an unusually large EDAN-like ERP asymmetry at posterior scalp sites that was of similar amplitude for large and small gaze shifts into the periphery. Shifts from an averted position toward a direct gaze elicited a qualitatively similar but smaller effect than shifts into the periphery. Together, these findings shed new light on gaze-elicited spatial attention as they indicate a reflexive attention orienting, following the direction of gaze motion, even when the gaze direction itself is irrelevant for the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kirk Driller
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T Stephani
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Dimigen
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Torriero S, Mattavelli G, Lo Gerfo E, Romero Lauro L, Actis-Grosso R, Ricciardelli P. FEF Excitability in Attentional Bias: A TMS-EEG Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:333. [PMID: 30687035 PMCID: PMC6336732 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of distinct cortical regions in guiding social orienting needs further investigation. Our aim was to explore the contribution of the frontal eye field (FEF) in early orienting of attention towards stimuli with social value. We used a TMS-EEG approach to investigate event related potentials (ERPs; no-TMS block) and TMS evoked potentials (TEPs; TMS block) during the cueing phase of a modified version of the dot-probe task, comparing competing (face vs. house) and not competing (house vs. house) conditions. Our results revealed an increased amplitude of ERP components in the competing condition, showing greater posterior N170 and fronto-central vertex positive potential (VPP) and an enhanced frontal negative component at 250-270 ms from cue onset. TMS pulses over the FEF induced similar N170 and VPP amplified components. In addition, in the ERPs, a reduced positivity at 400 ms was shown when the face appeared on the left side vs. the right side of space. In contrast, in the TMS blocks, we found lateralized effects on N170 depending on the side of face presentation. The enhanced cortical excitability induced by TMS over the right FEF significantly correlated with the performance on the behavioral task, suggesting a link between the FEF activity during the cueing phase of the dot-probe task and the subsequent behavioral response times to the targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torriero
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mattavelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Lo Gerfo
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Department of Economics Management and Statistics, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonor Romero Lauro
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossana Actis-Grosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ricciardelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano—Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Fan L, Yu H, Zhang X, Feng Q, Sun M, Xu M. Conflict Tasks of Different Types Divergently Affect the Attentional Processing of Gaze and Arrow. Iperception 2018; 9:2041669518771713. [PMID: 29770186 PMCID: PMC5946621 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518771713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the attentional processing mechanisms of gaze and arrow cues in two different types of conflict tasks. In Experiment 1, participants performed a flanker task in which gaze and arrow cues were presented as central targets or bilateral distractors. The congruency between the direction of the target and the distractors was manipulated. Results showed that arrow distractors greatly interfered with the attentional processing of gaze, while the processing of arrow direction was immune to conflict from gaze distractors. Using a spatial compatibility task, Experiment 2 explored the conflict effects exerted on gaze and arrow processing by their relative spatial locations. When the direction of the arrow was in conflict with its spatial layout on screen, response times were slowed; however, the encoding of gaze was unaffected by spatial location. In general, processing to an arrow cue is less influenced by bilateral gaze cues but is affected by irrelevant spatial information, while processing to a gaze cue is greatly disturbed by bilateral arrows but is unaffected by irrelevant spatial information. Different effects on gaze and arrow cues by different types of conflicts may reflect two relatively distinct specific modes of the attentional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengdan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengsi Xu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Takao S, Yamani Y, Ariga A. The Gaze-Cueing Effect in the United States and Japan: Influence of Cultural Differences in Cognitive Strategies on Control of Attention. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2343. [PMID: 29379457 PMCID: PMC5775299 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direction of gaze automatically and exogenously guides visual spatial attention, a phenomenon termed as the gaze-cueing effect. Although this effect arises when the duration of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between a non-predictive gaze cue and the target is relatively long, no empirical research has examined the factors underlying this extended cueing effect. Two experiments compared the gaze-cueing effect at longer SOAs (700 ms) in Japanese and American participants. Cross-cultural studies on cognition suggest that Westerners tend to use a context-independent analytical strategy to process visual environments, whereas Asians use a context-dependent holistic approach. We hypothesized that Japanese participants would not demonstrate the gaze-cueing effect at longer SOAs because they are more sensitive to contextual information, such as the knowledge that the direction of a gaze is not predictive. Furthermore, we hypothesized that American participants would demonstrate the gaze-cueing effect at the long SOAs because they tend to follow gaze direction whether it is predictive or not. In Experiment 1, American participants demonstrated the gaze-cueing effect at the long SOA, indicating that their attention was driven by the central non-predictive gaze direction regardless of the SOAs. In Experiment 2, Japanese participants demonstrated no gaze-cueing effect at the long SOA, suggesting that the Japanese participants exercised voluntary control of their attention, which inhibited the gaze-cueing effect with the long SOA. Our findings suggest that the control of visual spatial attention elicited by social stimuli systematically differs between American and Japanese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Takao
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamani
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Atsunori Ariga
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Atypical Processing of Gaze Cues and Faces Explains Comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:1496-1509. [PMID: 28255758 PMCID: PMC5385202 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the neurobiological basis of comorbidity between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We compared children with ASD, ADHD or ADHD+ASD and typically developing controls (CTRL) on behavioural and electrophysiological correlates of gaze cue and face processing. We measured effects of ASD, ADHD and their interaction on the EDAN, an ERP marker of orienting visual attention towards a spatially cued location and the N170, a right-hemisphere lateralised ERP linked to face processing. We identified atypical gaze cue and face processing in children with ASD and ADHD+ASD compared with the ADHD and CTRL groups. The findings indicate a neurobiological basis for the presence of comorbid ASD symptoms in ADHD. Further research using larger samples is needed.
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Caruana N, de Lissa P, McArthur G. Beliefs about human agency influence the neural processing of gaze during joint attention. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:194-206. [PMID: 26942996 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1160953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study measured adults' P350 and N170 ERPs while they interacted with a character in a virtual reality paradigm. Some participants believed the character was controlled by a human ("avatar" condition, n = 19); others believed it was controlled by a computer program ("agent" condition, n = 19). In each trial, participants initiated joint attention in order to direct the character's gaze toward a target. In 50% of trials, the character gazed toward the target (congruent responses), and in 50% of trials the character gazed to a different location (incongruent response). In the avatar condition, the character's incongruent gaze responses generated significantly larger P350 peaks at centro-parietal sites than congruent gaze responses. In the agent condition, the P350 effect was strikingly absent. Left occipitotemporal N170 responses were significantly smaller in the agent condition compared to the avatar condition for both congruent and incongruent gaze shifts. These data suggest that beliefs about human agency may recruit mechanisms that discriminate the social outcome of a gaze shift after approximately 350 ms, and that these mechanisms may modulate the early perceptual processing of gaze. These findings also suggest that the ecologically valid measurement of social cognition may depend upon paradigms that simulate genuine social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Caruana
- a Department of Cognitive Science , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia.,c Perception in Action Research Centre , Sydney , Australia
| | - Peter de Lissa
- a Department of Cognitive Science , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia.,d Department of Psychology , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia
| | - Genevieve McArthur
- a Department of Cognitive Science , Macquarie University , Sydney , Australia.,b ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders , Sydney , Australia
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The neural time course of evaluating self-initiated joint attention bids. Brain Cogn 2015; 98:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lockhofen DEL, Gruppe H, Ruprecht C, Gallhofer B, Sammer G. Hemodynamic Response Pattern of Spatial Cueing is Different for Social and Symbolic Cues. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:912. [PMID: 25426057 PMCID: PMC4226146 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional social gaze and symbolic arrow cues both serve as spatial cues, causing seemingly reflexive shifts of an observer's attention. However, the underlying neural substrates remain a point at issue. The present study specifically addressed the differences in the activation patterns associated with non-predictive gaze and arrow cues, placing special emphasis on brain regions known to be involved in the processing of social information [superior temporal sulcus (STS), fusiform gyrus (FFG)]. Additionally, the functional connectivity of these brain regions with other areas involved in gaze processing and spatial attention was investigated. Results indicate that gaze and arrow cues recruit several brain regions differently, with gaze cues increasing activation in occipito-temporal regions and arrow cues increasing activation in occipito-parietal regions. Specifically, gaze cues in contrast to arrow cues enhanced activation in the FFG and the STS. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that during gaze cueing the STS was more strongly connected to the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields, whereas the FFG was more strongly connected to the IPS and the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Gruppe
- Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Ruprecht
- Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Gallhofer
- Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Sammer
- Cognitive Neuroscience at the Centre for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Bender Institute of Neuroimaging, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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